Functional grammar analysis of Uzbek short news (on Kun.Uz)

It is known there is a system of special signs or features that make languages differ from each other. English and Uzbek languages are not exceptions. Under structural discordance we understand differences in grammatical structure. Grammatical systems of the English and Uzbek languages differ much in typological and genetic aspects.

If English belongs to the group of Indo-European languages, Uzbek is included into the group of Turkic languages. It means their systems of grammar are totally different. English is an analytical language from the point of grammatical structure. It means English is rich in grammatical inflections and have strict order of words in sentences.

Uzbek is an agglutinative language. It is also rich in grammatical inflections but each inflection can express only one category. For example, if we analyze the Uzbek word “chopyapman”, we can reveal three inflections: “yap” – expresses tense (present), “m” – expresses person (I) and “an” – expresses number (singular)6.

The total difference of grammatical systems of the English and Uzbek languages generate inconceivable difficulties in the process of intercultural dialogue, especially if it is held in the form of synchronic translation. Besides responsibility of appropriate rendering of the meaningful content of the utterance, a translator should be able to express it by the proper grammatical structure in the translated language. It is rather complicated and demands hardworking training and much practice. Why structure is so important in translation? The point is: if even one word changes its position in the English sentence, its whole meaning can be totally changed7.

The forms that serve to convey the grammatical categories which were mentioned above may be built up in diverse ways.

We find three basic forms that provide as a foundation for building up all the other forms of the English verb. These forms are:

• 1)    the basic verb stem which is also often referred to as the infinitive without the particle to,

• 2)    the Past Indefinite, and

• 3)    the participle⁸.

As it exists in English definitely in Uzbek language also it is defined as:

> Shaxs-son

• >    Zamon,

• >    Nisbat,

• >    Mayl.

TEXT 1

00:23/ 07.04.2021

“Navbahor” – “Paxtakor” o‘yinidan keyin ichida hakamlar bo‘lgani aytilgan MTRK mashinasi hujumga uchradi ⁹

Superliga 5-turining markaziy o‘yini Namanganda o‘tkazildi. Mahalliy «Navbahor» klubi amaldagi chempion va turnir jadvali yetakchisi «Paxtakor»ni qabul qildi.

Bosh hakam Firdavs Norsafarov jarima maydonchasi ichida Sardor Rashidovga qarshi qo‘pollik ishlatildi deb topdi va penalti belgiladi.

O‘yin tugashi bilan hammasi yanada jiddiy ko‘rinish oldi. «Navbahor» muxlislari hakamlar guruhi ichida bo‘lgani aytilgan MTRK mashinasiga hujum qilishdi. Mashinaga zarar ham yetkazilgan.

Table 2.2.1

1.    Superliga 5-turining markaziy o‘yini	o‘tkazildi	Namanganda
Complex subject	Finite Predicate	modifier of place
Mood	Declarative
Voice	Passive
Tense	Past simple
2. Mahalliy «Navbahor» klubi	qabul qildi	amaldagi chempion va turnir jadvali yetakchisi «Paxtakor»ni
Complex subject	Finite predicate	Complex object
Mood	Declarative
Voice	Active

7Тukhlieva Sh.B. Systemic relations of speech formulas and stylistic-pragmatic peculiarities of their functioning in the texts of dialogue speech. -Tashkent, 1994. p.24

8 Hockett Ch. T. A. Course in modern Linguistics, - New York: Arbor: University Michigan Press, 2001.458 p.

9

Tenses	Past simple
3.    Bosh hakam Firdavs Norsafarov	Sardor Rashidovga qarshi qo‘pollik ishlatildi deb topdi va penalti belgiladi.	jarima maydonchasi ichida
Complex subject	Finite predicate	Modifier of place
Mood	Declarative
Voice	Passive & active
Tense	Past

In this news passage all subjects are in ‘ the second person ’ and numbers are ‘ singular. These complex subjects: “Superliga 5-turining markaziy o‘yini”, “Mahalliy «Navbahor» klubi”, “Bosh hakam Firdavs Norsafarov” are interpreted by adjectives. Finite predicates are used in past simple tense. Active and passive voices are utilized in given extract.

TEXT 2

20:10 / 07.04.2021

Pandemiyadan keyingi turizm: O‘zbekiston nimalarga e'tibor qaratishi kerak?

Turizm COVID-19 pandemiyasi davrida eng ko‘p zarar ko‘rgan sohalardan biri hisoblanadi. Birlashgan millatlar tashkilotining Jahon sayyohlik tashkiloti (UNWTO) ma'lumotlariga ko‘ra, sayyohlarning tashrifi 2020 yilda 2019 yilgi ko‘rsatkichga nisbatan 74 foizga kamaygan.

Pandemiyadan oldin turizm yirik biznes hisoblanib, global yalpi ichki mahsulotning 10 foizidan ko‘prog‘ini tashkil qilgan. Turizmga bog‘liq yoki ixtisoslashgan mamlakatlarda bu ulush yanada ko‘proqni tashkil etadi.

Table 2.2.2.

1.   Turizm	eng ko‘p zarar ko‘rgan sohalardan biri hisoblanadi	COVID-19 pandemiyasi davrida
Subject	finite predicate (complex)	modifier of time
Mood	Declarative
Voice	Passive
Tense	present simple
2.    sayyohlarning tashrifi	Kamaygan	2020 yilda 2019 yilgi ko‘rsatkichga nisbatan 74 foizga
Complex subject	finite predicate	Complex object
Mood	Declarative
Voice	Active
Tenses	past simple
3.   global yalpi ichki mahsulotning    10 foizidan ko‘prog‘ini	tashkil qilgan	jarima maydonchasi ichida
Complex subject	finite predicate	Modifier of place
Mood	Declarative
Voice	Active
Tense	Past

Finite predicates are used in past and present simple tenses. Active and passive voices are utilized in given extract. Declarative mood are interpreted in all sentences. In this news passage all subjects are in ‘ the second person ’ and numbers are ‘ singular. These subjects are interpreted by adjectives.

TEXT 3

17:23 / 06.04.2021

Lotin yozuvli o‘zbek alifbosi: o‘zgarishlar xronologiyasi

Lotin alifbosiga o‘tish masalasini o‘tgan asrning boshlarida yashab ijod etgan jadidlar ko‘tarib chiqqan edi.

O‘zbekiston Respublikasining «Lotin yozuviga asoslangan o‘zbek alifbosini joriy etish to‘g‘risida»gi qonuni e'lon qilindi. Yangidan qabul qilingan o‘zbek alifbosi 31 harf va bir tutuq belgisi (apostrof)dan iborat deb belgilandi.

Hozirda tavsiya qilinayotgan loyihada harf olib tashlangani ham, qo‘shilgani ham yo‘q, faqat 4ta harfning shakli isloh qilinmoqda.

Table 2.2.3.

1. o‘tgan asrning boshlarida yashab ijod etgan jadidlar	ko‘tarib chiqqan edi	Lotin   alifbosiga   o‘tish masalasini
Complex subject	Finite Predicate (complex)	Complex object
Mood	Declarative
Voice	Active
Tense	Past simple
2. qonuni	e'lon qilindi	O‘zbekiston Respublikasining «Lotin yozuviga asoslangan o‘zbek alifbosini joriy etish to‘g‘risida»gi
Subject	Finite Predicate	Complex adjective
Mood	Declarative
Voice	Passive
Tense	Past simple
3. Yangidan      qabul qilingan       o‘zbek alifbosi	iborat deb belgilandi	31 harf va bir tutuq belgisi (apostrof)dan
Complex subject	Finite Predicate (complex)	Complex object
Mood	Declarative
Voice	Passive
Tense	Past simple
4. Hozirda       tavsiya qilinayotgan loyihada	isloh qilinmoqda	harf olib tashlangani ham, qo‘shilgani ham yo‘q, faqat 4ta harfning shakli
Complex subject	Finite Predicate (complex)
Mood	Declarative
Voice	Passive
Tense	Past simple

Finite predicates are used in past and present simple tenses. Active and passive voices are utilized in given extract. Declarative mood are interpreted in all sentences. In this news passage all subjects are in “ the second person ” and numbers are “singular”. These subjects “jadidlar”, “qonuni”, “alifbosi”, and “loyihasi” are interpreted by adjectives.

Uzbek is an agglutinative language. It is also rich in grammatical inflections but each inflection can express only one category.

If we compare in Uzbek short news passages, passive voice was as dominant, I mean more than active one. In both languages, past simple tense was in the top, and also present simple, present perfect, future simples were used.

In the analysis of certain material, such as novelty texts in some English presses, all of them are distinguished by certain stable characters at the linguistic and stylistic levels. At the same time, each of these features reflects the dynamics, informativeness, objective coverage and neutral style of the news text, and other important features. The cases of using different forms of the passive ratio are different and varied. Attempting to systematize news contexts using this has made it possible to distinguish the following most typical categories.

The first and most common are the use of passive forms, which constitute a group, in which information is transmitted without reference to any source and transmitted directly on behalf of a publishing editorial or news agency. The intensive use of passive forms here is largely due to the pursuit of objective neutrality: the style of news texts must be extremely neutral, authorless. It is therefore natural to give preference to the passive proportion in its development or “creation”. The second group consists of news in which the source of the information is not directly indicated and contains a hidden link: but its existence is implied by the use of certain expressions.