Древний мир и археология. Рубрика в журнале - Вестник ВолГУ. Серия: История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения
Статья научная
Introduction. In this paper, evidence is presented about the relocation of certain citizens of oriental origin to the Municipium Dardanorum in Dardania. The territory of Dardania, which included today’s Kosovo and Metohija, belonged to Upper Moesia (86 CE). These territorial changes also caused ethnic changes in the south of Upper Moesia, about which we do not have enough information. The previous period was marked by events related to the military conquest of Dardania, while the upcoming period, from the second half of the 1st century CE, is typical of the penetration of Roman culture and civilization into the Balkans and work on the organization of administration in Upper Moesia. Methods and materials. The article focuses on the analysis of mainly epigraphic material: these are inscriptions on tombstones, altars, and temple slabs from the Roman era. Analysis and results. The political and economic occupation of these areas was carried out by organizing the administration, building roads, establishing colonies and municipia, settling the Italic population and veterans, and granting civil rights to individual members of the local population, as well as settling the population of eastern origin. It is believed that the local population was unable to meet the increased need for labor in the mines, or rather in the production of precious metals, so a number of new residents of oriental origin (Asia Minor region) were relocated (by imperial decree) in an organized manner to the Roman settlement near the present-day village of Sočanica (Municipium Dardanorum). The original data that is the basis of research on the population structure of the Roman provinces, and thus Upper Moesia, is almost exclusively based on the epigraphic texts. Epigraphic monuments mentioning persons of oriental origin, dated to the reigns of Antoninus (98–192 CE) and Severus (193–235 CE), are especially important. The names and naming formulas contained in the inscriptions allow us to draw conclusions about the regional and ethnic origin and legal and social status of individuals, as well as the degree of Romanization. Funding. This research was supported by the Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (Contract No. 451-03-136/2025-03200184).
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Статья научная
Introduction. The time period between the 9th and the 7th centuries BC in the Volga-Ural and the Lower Volga regions is commonly referred to in scholarly literature as the “Pre-Sauromatian period.” This article analyzes previously unpublished archaeological and paleoanthropological materials from five pre-Sauromatian burial mounds: Solodovka I (2 burials), Lenin II, Tingutinsky (Volgograd region), and the single kurgan Evdyk (Republic of Kalmykia). Four of the five burial complexes presented here have not been published before. Methods and materials. Due to the poor preservation of the paleoanthropological material, the study employed a standard protocol for assessing the occurrence of pathological conditions in the bones of the postcranial skeleton and skull. Analysis and discussion. The burials examined in this publication, originating from the Lower Volga region, date back to the 8th – early 7th century BC. The most characteristic feature of the archaeological complexes of this period in the Lower Volga region is the “impoverishment” of the material artifacts. Conclusions. Pre-Sauromatian burials are most often secondary insertions. The grave pits are predominantly rectangular in shape. The deceased individuals are typically placed in a flexed or semi-flexed position on their side with their heads oriented eastward or westward. The burials are usually accompanied by animal remains and characteristic ceramic vessels, while metal objects are relatively rare. The study of pathological features in individuals from the pre-Sauromatian burials in the Lower Volga region suggests that the diet of this population was dominated by tough and hard foods rich in animal protein. Traumas and markers of intense physical activity indicate some degree of social tension within the community, likely related to competition for resources under changing conditions. Signs of episodic and specific stress suggest that the population experienced stress during childhood. Indicators of negative environmental (vascular reactions) and social influences (traumas, arthrosis, and spinal diseases) allow us to hypothesize that nomadic communities of the 9th – 7th centuries BC were highly mobile. Authors’ contribution. A.N. Dyachenko analyzed the archaeological material examined in this study. E.V. Pererva analyzed the anthropological material from pre-Sauromatian burials. Funding. The study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 25-68-00011 “Tempora incognita in the history of the Volga-Ural region: culturalhistorical, anthropological paleoecological prerequisites and consequences of the change of eras and cultures at the turn of the Late Bronze Age – at the beginning of the Early Iron Age”, https://rscf.ru/project/25-68-00011/.
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Transmission of Technical Information in Traditional Societies
Статья научная
Introduction. This article is theoretical in nature. The objective of this work is to raise the problem of information transfer in the formation of ancient technical reality. The novelty of this article raises the problem of transmitting technical information in antiquity as being posed for the first time, despite the abundance of works on the history of craftsmanship in foreign and Russian archeology. Methods and materials. The multidisciplinary nature of modern archeology determined the choice of research material, which includes publications by foreign and Russian archaeologists, anthropologists, folklorists, ethnologists, and historians. Research methods: comparative and systematic approach. The methodological basis of the work is a systematic approach to an object as a set of subsystems: morphology (the study of form in the general scientific sense), material, technology, and function. Analysis. These subsystems are presented in the form of two triads: historical and cultural (“morphology, material, and function”) and historical and industrial (“morphology, material, and technology”). The subject of research is the second triad. Results. As a result, we have identified the following ways of transmitting technical information in ancient times: replication according to a ready-made sample; imitation in another technology or material; the use of matrices or stamps; templates in the manufacture of complex artifacts; semi-finished products, the shape of which indicated the processing technology; and relocation of craftsmen. Presumably, “designers” or “interpreters” broadcast information from other-cultural “customers” about the peculiarities of decorating things with a high semiotic status; the focus on human characteristics; the preservation of technical information in folklore (epos and songs) and scientific treatises; and the proportions and sizes of the human body and its parts (transmitting metric ratios). Authors’ contribution. Yu.A. Likhter proposed the article’s concept, justified the methods and methodology used, and contributed some of the factual material. Yu.G. Kokorina collected the second part of the factual material, including foreign material, and conducted an analysis.
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Половозрастная специфика кочевников Волго-Донского региона по материалам средневековых могильников
Статья научная
Введение. В статье приводятся результаты демографического анализа средневековых кочевников Волго-Донского региона, которые впервые вводятся в научный оборот. Материал и методы.Материалом исследования послужили четыре культурно-хронологические серии: раннетюркского, хазарского, дозолотоордынского и золотоордынского времени. Первые две группы были сформированы из антропологических материалов разрозненных могильников, их численность – 59 и 154. Две другие группы были получены в результате раскопок отдельно взятых могильников: кочевнический могильник Саркел – Белая Вежа (46 костяков) и могильник Бахтияровка (121 костяк). Половозрастная структура и демографические показатели определялись на основе таблиц смертности. Расчет палеодемографических параметров производился при помощи компьютерной программы Д.В. Богатенкова PDemography 3R Acheron, построенной на базе MS Excel. Анализ и обсуждение. Результаты исследования продемонстрировали для всех исследуемых групп средневековых кочевников нарушения нормального распределения половозрастной структуры в сторону преобладания мужчин над женщинами и значительного сокращения детей всех возрастов в погребениях под курганами. Сравнительный анализ таких демографических показателей, как средний возраст дожития взрослого населения, доля когорты молодых людей (15–35 лет) и лиц старше 50 лет, показал сходство как между собой, так и с городскими золотоордынскими сериями. Выводы. Выявленные в результате исследования нарушения половозрастной структуры исследуемых средневековых кочевников можно связать с их тюркским происхождением и номадным способом хозяйствования, который предполагает использование, кроме ингумаций, иных типов погребений (воздушный, наземный и др.), отмеченных этнографами и путешественниками у тюрков-кочевников нового времени Сибири, Средней Азии и Казахстана. Финансирование. Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-28-00772 «Исследование антропологии полиэтничных социумов Нижнего Поволжья в эпоху средневековья», https://rscf.ru/project/24-28-00772/.
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