The Study of Cognitive Abilities in Russian Psychology: Evolution of Theoretical Approaches and Current State

The article examines theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of cognitive abilities in Russian psychology. The views of leading scientists – L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev, S.L. Rubinstein, B.M. Teplov, B.G. Ananyev, etc. – on the nature, structure and conditions of ability formation as a complex dynamic formation are analyzed. Cultural, historical and activitybased approaches are highlighted, attention is focused on the interrelation of cognitive, personal and motivational factors. Modern concepts integrating psychological and social aspects are presented. The necessity of a systematic and interdisciplinary approach to the study of abilities as the basis of effective educational practice is substantiated. Particular attention is paid to the role of cognitive activity, individual thinking style, reflexivity and learning motivation in the development of abilities. The possibilities of applying the obtained theoretical principles in the diagnosis and correction of cognitive development of students are revealed. The importance of a comprehensive analysis of abilities in the context of modern requirements for the education and training of a competent person is emphasized.