Evolution of federal statehood: global trends and national identity

Subject and purpose. The article considers the global trends in the evolution of federal statehood and the peculiarities of their manifestation in federal states, taking into account their national identity. The general and distinctive features of the transformation of federalism models in modern conditions of development are revealed. Conclusions and prospects. Modern models of statehood are undergoing processes of hybridization, and it can be argued about the gradual dominance of hybrid (mixed) federalism as a principle, regime and form of government. There has been a steady trend of binarity in the centralization and decentralization of public power in federal states, due to both external and internal factors. The main external factor is globalization and the increasing role of international law and intergovernmental organizations in regulating the public system of States. The main internal factor is the request to reflect the national identity and take into account the needs of a particular country. Under the influence of these factors, in order to optimize power and counter the challenges of human civilization, the model of integration federalism is being approved - the unification of the center and the constituent parts of the state to solve common problems of survival and development. This hybrid model flexibly integrates elements of unitarianism and federalism; dualistic, cooperative, competitive (competitive) and solidary federalism. To indicate the effective models of the federal structure at a certain stage of the development of a particular country, the construction "successful federalism" is proposed. Its main qualities are optimality, democracy (subsidiarity), efficiency and adequacy (reflection of national identity) of the state structure. While preserving the necessary elements of centralization in a federal state provided by the principles of state sovereignty, subordination of the system of national law and unity of state power, as well as the vertical separation of state power based on a certain independence of the parties to federal relations, in the modern modification of federalism, the system of public power is increasingly supplemented by the development of self-government, cooperation and solidarity relations.