"Culture" and "civilization" in the context of western and domestic cultural philosophy of the XVIII - XX centuries

The article traces the formation of the terms "culture" and "civilization" in Western European and Russian science at the turn of the XVIII - XX centuries, analyzes the factors that influenced this process. It is indicated that already in the ancient Roman tradition, the terms implicitly accumulated semantic variants, which were emphasized by philosophers of subsequent epochs. The author analyzes the features of the socio-political context that had a dominant impact on the formation of different approaches to the interpretation of the terms "culture" and "civilization" in Germany and France of the late XVIII - early XIX centuries. It is emphasized that the specificity of the existence of these terms in the context of the national culture of the early nineteenth century is associated with several circumstances, among which the orientation of Russian society either to the French or German cultural tradition, and the influence of the philosophy of Romanticism with its interest in the national past. The result of this process was the replacement by Russian society of the words "culture" and "civilization" with the synonymous "enlightenment".