Methodological aspects of improving the assessment of risks in investment projects in the mineral resources complex

The article is devoted to the development of risk assessment methods for investment projects in the mineral resources sector. In conditions of high uncertainty, standard approaches such as discounted cash flow analysis (DCF) cannot provide a complete picture. As a solution, an integrated model is proposed that includes three key components: assessing strategic flexibility using the real options method, managing extreme risks through stress testing, and incorporating ESG factors (environmental, social, and governance). As a result, it has been proven that the combined use of these methods allows for a more comprehensive understanding of investment attractiveness and sustainability for large-scale projects.