Модели частиц, атомов и молекул

The construction of models is based on a systematic approach. The following can be considered as a system: an atom whose elements are particles; a molecule consisting of atoms, etc. The elements of the system create electric and magnetic fields, which determine the forces of attraction and repulsion between them. In an equilibrium state, the elements of the system are at a certain distance from each other, forming the structure of the system. Thus, the most important characteristics of the proposed models are the forces of attraction and repulsion between the elements of the system, its structure and the energy associated with the creation or change of the system. This allows, from physically clear positions and taking into account the proposed quantitative dependencies: firstly, to approach issues of physics, chemistry, electrical properties of materials, solutions, electrolytes, etc. from a unified position, and secondly, to calculate unmeasurable, and also without costly measurements of the characteristics of particles, atoms and molecules; thirdly, to determine the most probable structure of atoms and molecules. The proposed approach will stimulate the study of internal and external fields of atoms and molecules in order to systematically approach the search for effective catalysts for chemical reactions.