Assessment of fibro-sclerotic changes in the thyroid gland from a surgical perspective. Part IV

Introduction. SMinimally invasive techniques for the treatment of thyroid disorders based on various physical energy modalities provide targeted local destruction of focal lesions with subsequent volume reduction. The resulting morphological changes depend on the type of exposure and structural characteristics of thyroid nodules and determine long-term treatment outcomes. Objective. To analyze published data on the effectiveness and technical aspects of minimally invasive treatment methods and to assess the patterns of fibro-sclerotic changes in thyroid tissue and nodular formations. Methods. A literature review was performed using the eLIBRARY, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases with keywords related to fibrosis, sclerosis and various ablation techniques applied to thyroid pathology. Publications focusing on both immediate and long-term morphological outcomes were included in the analysis. Results. Despite differences in mechanisms of action, minimally invasive methods lead to the formation of coagulative necrosis followed by fibrosis, sclerosis and, in some cases, calcification. Over time, morphological changes become similar and are associated with partial or complete regression of nodules. The extent and rate of these processes may vary depending on the technique used and the initial structure of the treated lesion. Conclusion. Minimally invasive treatment modalities represent a promising direction in thyroid surgery; however, further studies are required to clarify the patterns of morphological changes and to evaluate long-term outcomes and clinical effectiveness