Отгородиться от южных соседей: как пандемия COVID-19 ограничила передвижения по Арктической зоне Канады

Автор: Emily Tsui

Журнал: Российская Арктика @russian-arctic

Рубрика: Переводные статьи the Artcic Institute

Статья в выпуске: 3S, 2021 года.

Бесплатный доступ

Чтобы приостановить распространение COVID-19, правительства по всему миру и, в частности в Канаде, ввели ограничения на поездки. Арктические регионы Канады стали в этом смысле показательным примером, поскольку во всех пяти арктических юрисдикциях Канады не было зарегистрировано ни одной смерти по причине COVID-191). Однако введенные ограничения на поездки поднимают ряд фундаментальных вопросов, касающихся прав и свобод человека и статуса Канады как государства с федеральной политической системой. 20 мая 2020 года Ким Тейлор и Канадская ассоциация гражданских свобод (CCLA) подали заявление в Верховный суд Ньюфаундленда и Лабрадора (НиЛ), оспаривая законность правительственных ограничений на поездки2). Из-за введенных мер Тейлор, жительница Новой Шотландии, не смогла приехать в НиЛ для участия в похоронах ее матери3). Аналогичные ограничения на передвижение установлены на всей арктической территории Канады, поэтому более 100 человек не могут попасть на Север4). CCLA выразил озабоченность по поводу юридических последствий введенных ограничений на поездки в Юкон5), Северо-западные территории (СЗТ)6) и Нуна- вут7). Возможно, аналогичные проблемы, связанные с въездными ограничениями, могут воз- никнуть на территории канадской Арктики. В этой статье мы обсудим обоснование, формы и законность ограничений на перемещение в пяти арктических юрисдикциях Канады, введенных в связи с пандемией COVID-19 , с точки зрения национального законодательства. Этот регион включает три территории Канады (Юкон, СЗТ и Нунавут), а также северные регионы двух провинций Канады (Нунавик в Квебеке и Нунатсиавут в НиЛ). Таким образом, правовой статус ограничений на поездки пока не ясен. У правительства есть веские аргументы в защиту этих ограничений из-за уникальных обстоятельств, с которыми сталкивается арктический регион, и характера этой глобальной пандемии. Учитывая, что ситуация с пандемией COVID-19 меняется ежедневно, обратите внимание, что информация в этой статье действительна на 6 июля 2020 года.

Еще

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/170174538

IDR: 170174538

Список литературы Отгородиться от южных соседей: как пандемия COVID-19 ограничила передвижения по Арктической зоне Канады

Duhaime G, Lévesque S & Baribeau M (2020) Current Economic Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic in the Canadian Arctic. May 22. https://www.nunivaat.org/doc/document/2020-05-27-01.pdf
Originating Application (Inter Parties) https://biturl.top/vie2qa
CCLA (2020) Travel Bans, Unwarranted Searches, and Increased Police Power in Newfoundland and Labrador. https://ccla.org/nl-travel-ban/ Accessed 10 June 2020.
Last J (2020) More than 100 people refused entry to the North under COVID-19 travel bans. CBC News, May 7. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/covid-19-travel-bans-1.5558172 Accessed 10 June 2020.
CCLA (2020) Mobility Rights and Travel to Yukon. 28 May. https://ccla.org/coronavirus-update-letter-yt/ Accessed 10 June 2020.
CCLA (2020) Mobility Rights and Travel to the Northwest Territories. 26 May. https://ccla.org/coronavirus-update-letter-nwtmobility/ Accessed 10 June 2020.
CCLA (2020) Mobility Rights and Travel to Nunavut. 26 May. https://ccla.org/coronavirus-update-letter-nu/ Accessed 10 June 2020.
World Health Organization (2020) Updated WHO recommendations for international traffic in relation to COVID-19 outbreak. February 29. https://www.who.int/news-room/articles-detail/updated-who-recommendations-for-international-traffic-in-relation-to-covid-19-outbreak
Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C, Agha M & Agha R (2020) The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review, International Journal of Surgery 78: 185-193.
Canadian Polar Commission (2014) Health and Well-being in the Canadian North: Recent Advances and Remaining Knowledge Gaps and Research Opportunities. http://www.polarcom.gc.ca/sites/default/files/health_and_wellbeing_summary.pdf Accessed 10 June
2020. See also Huot S, Ho H, Ko A, Lam S, Tactay P, MacLachlan J & Raanaas RK (2019) Identifying barriers to healthcare delivery and access in the Circumpolar North: important insights for health professionals, International Journal of Circumpolar Health 78(1). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22423982.2019.1571385
Young TK, Chatwood S & Marchildon GP (2016) Healthcare in Canada’s North: Are We Getting Value for Money? Healthcare Policy 12(1): 59-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5008132/
McLennan B, Green G, Marchildon G, Strand D & Zelmer J (2020) Putting People First – The final report of the comprehensive review of Yukon’s health and social programs and services. 40. ttps://yukon.ca/sites/yukon.ca/files/hss/hss-imgs/putting_people_first_final_report.pdf
Breen K (2020) Coronavirus pandemic puts Canada’s supply of ventilators in the spotlight. Global News, 20 March. https://globalnews.ca/news/6682780/coronavirus-pandemic-ventilators-canada/ Accessed 10 June 2020.
Coletta A (2020) Canada’s Nunavut: A vast territory with few people – and no coronavirus. The Washington Post, June 2. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/coronavirus-canada-nunavut-inuit-first-nations/2020/05/31/5bd6aeec-9f74-11ea-be06-af5514ee0385_story.html Accessed 10 June 2020.
Rogers S (2020) Nunavik village declines health centre renovation over COVID-19 concerns. Nunatsiaq News, 20 May. https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/nunavik-village-declines-health-centre-reno-over-covid-19-concerns/ Accessed 10 June 2020.
Vandinther J (2020) What life is like in Nunavut, the only coronavirus-free place in Canada. CTV News, May 11. https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/what-life-is-like-in-nunavut-the-only-coronavirus-free-place-in-canada-1.4934244 Accessed 10 June 2020.
Kral MJ (2016) Suicide and Suicide Prevention among Inuit in Canada, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 61(11): 688-695. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5066555/
Centre for Suicide Prevention (2019) Cross-Canada comparison statistics, https://www.suicideinfo.ca/resource/cross-canadacomparison-statistics/
Silva S (2020) ‘Shocked and disappointed’: Arctic Winter Games cancelled due to coronavirus concerns. CBC News, 7 March. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/arctic-winter-games-cancelled-coronavirus-1.5490055 Accessed 10 June 2020.
Toth K (2020) Don’t like moving? Try relocating your sinking house during a pandemic. CBC News, 23 April, https://www.cbc.ca/ news/canada/north/tuktoyaktuk-homes-relocated-pandemic-1.5542057 Accessed 10 June 2020.
Polar Knowledge Canada & Stratos Inc (2019) Northern Housing Policy Recommendations. https://www.canada.ca/en/polarknowledge/northern-housing-forum-knowledge-products/policy-recommendations.html#h5-4
Order-in-Council (2020) 2020-0175. 24 March. https://orders-in-council.canada.ca/attachment.php?attach=38989&lang=en
Government of Canada (2020) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Travel restrictions, exemptions and advice. Last modified 9 June 2020. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/latest-travel-health-advice.html#f Accessed 10 June 2020.
These include Canadian citizens, permanent residents of Canada, persons registered under Canada’s Indian Act, and protected persons. Foreign nationals that are exempt include transiting passengers and temporary foreign workers. Government of Canada (2020) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Who can travel to Canada – citizens, permanent residents, foreign nationals and refugees. Last modified 2 July. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/coronavirus-covid19/travel-restrictions-exemptions.html#exempt Accessed 4 July 2020.
Canada Border Services Agency, Travel restrictions to Canada remain in place for July holidays. Last updated 30 June 2020. https://www.canada.ca/en/border-services-agency/news/2020/06/travel-restrictions-to-canada-remain-in-place-for-july-holidays.html Accessed 6 July 2020.
Order in Council (2020) 2020-0260. 14 April. https://orders-in-council.canada.ca/attachment.php?attach=39166&lang=en
Government of Yukon (2020) Current COVID-19 situation. Last updated 9 June 2020. https://yukon.ca/en/health-and-wellness/covid-19/current-covid-19-situation Accessed 10 June 2020.
Government of N&L (2020) Atlantic Bubble. https://www.gov.nl.ca/covid-19/individuals-and-households/travel-advice-2/ Accessed 6 July 2020.
CBC (2020) Nunavut and Northwest Territories to create travel bubble. CBC News, 4 June. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nunavut-covid-19-1.5597376 Accessed 10 June 2020.
Government of Yukon (2020) Border restrictions during COVID-19. Last updated 3 July 2020. https://yukon.ca/en/health-andwellness/covid-19-information/borders-and-travel-covid-19/border-enforcement-during-covid-19 Accessed 6 July 2020.
Ministerial Order 2020/19. Yukon. 17 April 2020. http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/mo2020_019.pdf
COVID-19 Travel Restrictions and Self-Isolation Protocol – as amended April 27, 2020. Government of NWT. 27 April 2020. https://www.hss.gov.nt.ca/sites/hss/files/resources/public-health-order-covid-19-travel-restrictions-self-isolation-protocol-amended-april-27-2020.pdf
Travel Restriction Order, Nunavut. 20 March 2020. https://www.gov.nu.ca/sites/default/files/order_re_travel_to_nunavut_7.pdf Accessed 10 June 2020.
Pringle J (2020) Quebec asks residents to avoid non-essential trips as checkpoints lifted at Ottawa-Gatineau border. CTV News, May 18. https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/quebec-asks-residents-to-avoid-non-essential-trips-as-checkpoints-lifted-at-ottawa-gatineauborder-1.4943483 Accessed 10 June 2020.
Special Measures Order (Travel) Made pursuant to Section 28 of the Public Health protection and Promotion Act, N&L. 15 May 2020. https://www.gov.nl.ca/covid-19/files/Special-Measures-Order-Travel-May-15-2020.pdf
Government of N&L (2020) Travel Bubble.
Government of Yukon (2020) Yukon’s Chief Medical Officer of Health provides update on COVID-19. March 22. https://yukon.ca/en/news/yukons-chief-medical-officer-health-provides-update-covid-19-0 Accessed 10 June 2020.
Government of NWT (2020) Travellers arriving in NWT. May 14. https://www.gov.nt.ca/covid-19/en/services/travel-moving-around/travellers-arriving-nwt Accessed 10 June 2020.
Government of Nunavut (2020) COVID-19 Department of Health Services Update. June 8. https://www.gov.nu.ca/health/news/covid-19-department-health-services-update Accessed 10 June 2020.
Ministerial Order 2020-011 of the Minister of Health and Social Services dated 28 March 2020, Québec. https://cdn-contenu.quebec.ca/cdn-contenu/adm/min/sante-services-sociaux/publications-adm/lois-reglements/AM_numero_2020-011_anglais.pdf?1585448894
Kativik Civil Security (2020) Travel Ban Lifted Within Nunavik: COVID-19 Restrictions Eased. May 29. https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://krg.ca/en-CA/assets/press-releases/2020/May/restrection-en.pdf Accessed 10 June 2020.
Nunatsiavut Government (2020) Nunatsiavut Government rescinds position on non-essential travel from within the province.June 5. https://www.nunatsiavut.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/NEWS-RELEASE-Travel-to-Nunatsiavut.pdf Accessed 10 June 2020.
Exemptions to travel restrictions for those exercising treaty rights exist for the three territories. Yukon: Ministerial Order 2020/19; NWT: COVID-19 Travel Restrictions and Self-Isolation Protocol – as amended April 27, 2020. Government of NWT. 27 April 2020. https://www.hss.gov.nt.ca/sites/hss/files/resources/public-health-order-covid-19-travel-restrictions-self-isolation-protocol-amended-april-27-2020.pdf Nunavut: Travel Restriction Order, ss. 2(k), 2(l).
See for example, Government of Yukon (2020) Border restrictions during COVID-19. Last updated 9 June. https://yukon.ca/en/health-and-wellness/covid-19/border-enforcement-during-covid-19 Accessed 10 June 2020.
The devolution agreements in Yukon (2003) and the NWT (2014) made the legislative powers delegated to the territories substantially similar to provinces. Nunavut has not undergone devolution. However, for the issues under discussion in this article (health, border closure, etc.), Nunavut’s legislative powers are also similar to provinces. In comparison, Nunatsiavut and Nunavik have limited selfgovernance powers, and these regions must share power with the provincial governments of N&L and Québec respectively. The Labrador Inuit Land Claims Agreement gives the Nunatsiavut Government power to legislate health and community matters, among other powers. The James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement gives the Kativik Regional Government in Nunavik power to deliver public services, and the Act respecting Northern Villages and the Kativik Regional Government gives this government authority to legislate issues of health and general welfare in the region, as long as these laws do not contravene Québec laws. Given the differing circumstances of each jurisdiction, this article identifies the specific jurisdiction referenced, while noting that there are nonetheless other complex individual circumstances not addressed here.
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s 7, Part 1 of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11.
The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their power and authority from the Constitution Act, 1867. In contrast, the Parliament of Canada delegates power to territorial governments. Historically, this meant that the federal government was responsible for the resource management and certain economic and social issues in the territories. However, in recent years, Yukon and NWT have undergone a process of “devolution,” meaning that the territories now receive the ability to conduct their own affairs, much like a province. For more information, see “Differences from Provincial Governments.” Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories. https://www.ntassembly.ca/visitors/what-consensus/differences-provincial-governments Accessed 4 July 2020.
Constitution Act, 1867 (UK), 30 & 31 Vict, c 3, reprinted in RSC 1985, App II, No 5. It should be noted that Canada’s constitutional law is comprised of not only the Constitution Act and other written instruments, but also includes a large body of precedents and uncodified conventions.
Yukon Act, SC 2002, c 7, section 18. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/y-2.01/page-1.html#h-472491
Northwest Territories Act, SC 2014, c. 2, s. 2, section 18. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-27.05/page-2.html#h-366930
Nunavut Act, SC 1993, c. 28, section 23. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/n-28.6/page-1.html#h-369785
Fleming S (2020) Quarantine and the constitution: Are Newfoundland and Labrador’s public health measures legal? CBC News, May 17. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/quarantine-and-the-constitution-1.5571151 Accessed 10 June 2020.
Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (U.K.), 1982, c. 11.
Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 states: 35. (1) The existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada are hereby recognized and affirmed. (2) In this Act, “aboriginal peoples of Canada” includes the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. (3) For greater certainty, in subsection (1) “treaty rights” includes rights that now exist by way of land claims agreements or may be so acquired. (4) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, the aboriginal and treaty rights referred to in subsection (1) are guaranteed equally to male and female persons.
Gwich’in Comprehensive Land Claims Agreement, SC 1992, c. 53 [GCLA].
GCLA, s. 4.1.1.
To harvest any wildlife with less restrictions, Gwich’in must be participants. Eligibility for participation is extended to Gwich’in who are Canadian citizens. GCLA, s. 4.2.1. However, for Gwich’in who are non-participants, they may still harvest fish or migratory game birds. At certain times of the year, they may also harvest moose. They may also hunt, but not trap, wolves, wolverines and coyotes on lands other than Gwich’in lands throughout the settlement area. GCLA, s. 12.4.1, 12.4.3, 12.4.4, 12.4.5.
The issue of non-citizens exercising Treaty rights is currently under apparel to the Supreme Court of Canada in R v Desautel, 2019 BCCA 151. See Carrière S (2020) Whose Sovereignty is it Anyway? The Borders of Aboriginal Rights along the Sovereign Borders of Canada. ABlawg, 20 January. https://ablawg.ca/2020/01/20/whose-sovereignty-is-it-anyway-the-borders-of-aboriginal-rights-along-thesovereign-borders-of-canada/ Accessed 6 July 2020
Dyck L E, Pattern D G (2016) Border Crossing Issues and the Jay Treaty. Standing Senate Committee on Aboriginal Peoples, 7-9. https://orders-in-council.canada.ca/attachment.php?attach=39166&lang=en
Francis v The Queen, [1956] SRC 618; Fatah S (2019) Canada’s Toughest Border Crossing. The Walrus, November 14. https://thewalrus.ca/canadas-toughest-border-crossing/ Accessed 13 July 2020.
For a great summary of the implications of UNDRIP for the Inuit of Canada, see Coppes M (2016) Canada’s Acceptance of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Implications for the Inuit. The Arctic Institute, 9 August. https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/canadas-acceptance-declaration-rights-indigenous-peoples/ Accessed 6 July 2020.
Last J (2019) What does ‘implementing UNDRIP’ actually mean? CBC News, 2 November. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/implementing-undrip-bc-nwt-1.5344825 Accessed 6 July 2020.
Philpott A (2019) The Ship is not the only vessel on the river: Revisiting First Nations’ Mobility Rights under Article III of the 1794 Jay Treaty. 24 Appeal 157: 174-175. https://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/appeal/article/view/18885/8101
General K E. Treaty Rights and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Indian Law Resource Centre. https://indianlaw.org/content/treaty-rights-and-un-declaration-rights-indigenous-peoples Accessed 6 July 2020.
Jackman M (1985) Interprovincial Mobility Rights Under the Charter. University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review 43: 16-44. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2319188
Yukon’s order states “during this emergency.” Ministerial Order 2020/19, Yukon. 17 April 2020. Section 2. http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/mo2020_019.pdf NWT’s regulation states ““in order to prevent, combat, or alleviate the effects of the Public Health Emergency.” COVID-19 Travel Restrictions and Self-Isolation Protocol – as amended April 27, 2020. Government of NWT. 27 April 2020. Section 1 https://www.hss.gov.nt.ca/sites/hss/files/resources/public-health-order-covid-19-travel-restrictions-self-isolation-protocolamended-april-27-2020.pdf
CBC News (2020) Who would win border restriction charter case unclear, says law prof. CBC News, May 11. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/who-win-unclear-charter-1.5564583 Accessed 10 June 2020.
R v Oakes [1986] 1 SCR 103.
This standard was first articulated in Alberta v Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony, 2009 SCC 47, [2009] 2 SCR 567 [Hutterian Brethren] and was recently re-affirmed in Carter v Canada (Attorney General), 2015 SCC 5, [2015] 1 SCR 331 at para. 102. For more information about this standard, see “Section 1 – Reasonable Limits.” Department of Justice. Last modified 17 June 2019, https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/rfc-dlc/ccrf-ccdl/check/art1.html Accessed 4 July 2020.
Like Southern governments, they would be able to argue that the healthcare powers delegated to them by the federal government or provincial governments in Nunatsiavut and Nunavik, creates an obligation on them to take reasonable steps to protect the health and safety of its residents.
Government of Canada (2020) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update. Last updated 9 June 2020. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection.html#a1 Accessed 10 June 2020.
Hutterian Brethren at para 37.
Butler M & Tiedemann M (2011) The Federal Role in Health and Health Care. Ottawa: Parliamentary Information and research Service. 1. https://lop.parl.ca/staticfiles/PublicWebsite/Home/ResearchPublications/InBriefs/PDF/2011-91-e.pdf
Section 92(16) of the Constitution Act, 1867; Section 18(1)(x) of the Yukon Act and Northwest Territories Act; and Section 23(1)(v) of the Nunavut Act.
Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v Vavilov, 2019 SCC 65 at para 65.
Reference re Anti-Inflation Act, [1976] 2 SCR 373 at page 425.
Reference re Anti-Inflation Act, [1976] 2 SCR 373 at page 425.
Québec is not discussed as no formal travel restrictions were issued.
R v Sparrow [1990] 1 SCR 1075.
CBC (2020) Travel now allowed among Nunavik communities. CBC News, May 29. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/travelban-among-nunavik-communities-lifted-1.5591368 Accessed 6 July 2020.
There is not much case law discussion section 2(c). However, some section 2(c) jurisprudence have noted that reasonable measures to regulate public health do infringe this right. See Pitts Atlantic Construction Ltd. v United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing Industry of the United States and Canada, Local 740 (1984), 7 DLR (4th) 609 (Nfld. C.A.); Hussain v Toronto (City) [2016] OJ 2768 (Div. Ct.).
See Native Land (2020) https://native-land.ca/ Accessed 6 July 2020. Click “treaties.”
In Nunavik: Act respecting Northern Villages and the Kativik Regional Government, CQLR c V-6.1, s. 166. In Nunatsiavut: Labrador Inuit Land Claims Agreement Act, SC 2005, c. 27, s. 17.9.
Glowacki L (2020) Epidemiologists brace for 2nd wave of COVID-19 — and it may come in September. CBC News, May 20. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/second-wave-covid-19-1.5570905 Accessed 10 June 2020.

Еще

Статья научная