Психическое здоровье населения в период пандемии COVID-19: тенденции, последствия, факторы и группы риска

Психическое здоровье населения в период пандемии COVID-19: тенденции, последствия, факторы и группы риска

Автор: Шматова Юлия Евгеньевна

Журнал: Экономические и социальные перемены: факты, тенденции, прогноз @volnc-esc

Рубрика: Научные обзоры

Статья в выпуске: 2 т.14, 2021 года.

Бесплатный доступ

Цель исследования - анализ потерь психического здоровья населения в период пандемии COVID-19. На основе систематизации зарубежных и российских исследований влияния пандемии на психическое здоровье зафиксированы два основных бремени (психоневрологическое и психоэмоциональное) и три уровня проявлений нездоровья (физиологические, психические и поведенческие нарушения). В качестве метода использовался анализ статей из международных электронных баз данных по теме утраты психического здоровья вследствие пандемии новой коронавирусной инфекции и других эпидемий. Научная новизна исследования заключается в выделении психоэмоционального и психоневрологического бремени пандемии, определении трехуровневой структуры проявлений психического нездоровья и комплексном подходе к анализу потерь (включает характеристику возникающих нарушений психического здоровья, факторов и групп риска, а также поиск направлений их профилактики). Результаты: психоневрологическое бремя выражается в повреждениях центральной и периферической нервной системы, психоневрологических и цереброваскулярных осложнениях, изменениях психического статуса вследствие нейротоксичного воздействия вируса SARS-CoV-2. Психоэмоциональное бремя пандемии COVID-19 проявляется на физиологическом уровне - в соматических реакциях на стрессовую ситуацию. На психическом уровне наблюдается дебют или рецидив панических, тревожных, депрессивных расстройств, расстройства адаптации, возникают симптомы посттравматического стрессового расстройства. Поведенческий уровень связан с ростом случаев домашнего насилия, различных аддикций, суицидального и защитного поведения, изменением пищевых привычек и др. Сделан вывод о предотвратимости большинства негативных последствий. Практическая значимость работы заключается в подготовке перечня нарушений психического здоровья в период пандемии, групп и факторов риска его утраты. Выводы о группах и факторах риска позволят обосновать структуру дальнейшего социологического исследования. Полученные результаты (в т. ч. перечень направлений снижения бремени) могут быть использованы органами власти при разработке программ укрепления психического здоровья населения, включая группы повышенного риска. Их внедрение позволит снизить нагрузку на медицинскую сеть, повысить качество жизни населения, сохранить трудовой потенциал и социальную стабильность в обществе, необходимые для восстановления экономики после пандемии, а также предотвратить психоэмоциональное бремя будущих эпидемий. Перспективы исследования: межстрановое сравнение психоэмоционального бремени пандемии и его зависимости от проводимой государствами противоэпидемической политики (введение жестких мер самоизоляции, локдаун, деятельность СМИ, обязательное тестирование и другие).

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Пандемия covid-19, психическое здоровье, психоэмоциональное бремя, психические расстройства, психоневрологические нарушения, суицид, депрессия, тревога, домашнее насилие, инфодемия

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/147225323

IDR: 147225323   |   DOI: 10.15838/esc.2021.2.74.13

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