Radical Interpretations of the Figure of the Other in Philosophy

The article explores the figure of the Other as a radical (root) problem of philosophy, which determines the foundations of ethical and political discourse. The work traces the development of this problem from Aristotle, the ideas of radical responsibility by E. Levinas, and the "justus hostis" by C. Schmitt. Two main lines of its interpretation in the European tradition are analyzed: the Aristotelian paradigm of the Other as a friend and the Hobbesian paradigm of the Other as an enemy. It is proved that the ontological status of the Other is not essential but contextually determined. In the context of the crisis of classical political models, hybrid wars, and digitalization, understanding the Other becomes the key to new forms of solidarity. Special attention is paid to the challenge associated with the emergence of non-human Others (artificial intelligence, natural systems), which requires a fundamental "reassembly" of ethical and political categories. A theoretical understanding of the nature of the Other determines practical actions and is a condition for genuine justice.