Реализация высокоточных вычислений в базисе модулярно-интервальной арифметики

Автор: Коржавина Анастасия Сергеевна, Князьков Владимир Сергеевич

Журнал: Программные системы: теория и приложения @programmnye-sistemy

Рубрика: Математические основы программирования

Статья в выпуске: 3 (42) т.10, 2019 года.

Бесплатный доступ

Проблема влияния ошибок округления возникает в большом количестве задач в различных областях знаний, включая вычислительную математику, математическую физику, биохимию, квантовую механику, математическое программирование. Для решения таких задач может потребоваться точность в 100-1000 десятичных цифр. В рамках данного исследования разработаны новые способы представления числовой информации - модулярно-позиционные интервально-логарифмические системы счисления, а также методы выполнения арифметических операций для повышения скорости высокоточных вычислений.

Модулярная арифметика, гибридные системы счисления, логарифмическая интервальная характеристика, высокоточные вычисления, длинная арифметика

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/143169803

IDR: 143169803   |   УДК: 004.222.3:681.5.07+004.421.4   |   DOI: 10.25209/2079-3316-2019-10-3-81-127

High-precision computations using residue-interval arithmetic on FPGAS

The problem of round-off errors arises in a large number of issues in various fields of knowledge, including computational mathematics, mathematical physics, biochemistry, quantum mechanics, mathematical programming. Today, experts place particular emphasis on accuracy, fault tolerance, stability, and reproducibility of computation results of numerical models when solving a wide range of industrial and scientific problems, such as: mathematical modeling and structural designs of aircrafts, cars, ships; process modeling and computations for solving large-scale problems in the field of nuclear physics, aerodynamics, gas, and hydrodynamics; problems on reliable predictive modeling of climatic processes and forecasting of global changes in the atmosphere and water environments; faithful modeling of chemical processes and synthesis of pharmaceuticals, etc.Floating-point arithmetic is the dominant choice for most scientific applications. However, there are a lot of unsolvable with double-precision arithmetic problems...

Список литературы Реализация высокоточных вычислений в базисе модулярно-интервальной арифметики

  • T. Kawahira. “The Riemann hypothesis and holomorphic index in complex dynamics”, Experimental Mathematics, 27:1 (2018), pp. 37-46. DOI: 10.1080/10586458.2016.1217443
  • W. Worden. “Experimental statistics of veering triangulations”, Experimental Mathematics, 2018, 22 pp. DOI: 10.1080/10586458.2018.1437850
  • A. Ash, L. Beltis, R. Gross, W. Sinnott. “Frequencies of successive pairs of prime residues”, Experimental Mathematics, 20:4 (2011), pp. 400-411. DOI: 10.1080/10586458.2011.565256
  • A. Voros. “Discretized Keiper/Li approach to the Riemann hypothesis”, Experimental Mathematics, 2018, 18 pp. DOI: 10.1080/10586458.2018.1482480
  • N. K. Johnson-McDaniel, A. G. Shah, B. F. Whiting. “Experimental mathematics meets gravitational self-force”, Physical Review D, 92:4 (2015), 044007. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.92.044007
  • D. H. Bailey, J. M. Borwein. “High-precision numerical integration: Progress and challenges”, Journal of Symbolic Computation, 46:7 (2011), pp. 741-754.
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jsc.2010.08.010
  • E. Panzer. “Algorithms for the symbolic integration of hyperlogarithms with applications to Feynman integrals”, Computer Physics Communications, 188 (2015), pp. 148-166.
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.cpc.2014.10.019
  • D. H. Bailey, J. M. Borwein, J. S. Kimberley, W. Ladd. “Computer discovery and analysis of large Poisson polynomials”, Experimental Mathematics, 26:3 (2017), pp. 349-363.
  • DOI: 10.1080/10586458.2016.1180565
  • K. K. H. Cheung, A. Gleixner, D. E. Steffy. “Verifying integer programming results”, IPCO 2017: Integer Programming and Combinatorial Optimization, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 10328, Springer, 2017, pp. 148-160.
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59250-3_13
  • A. V. Panyukov, V. A. Golodov. «Parallel algorithms of integer arithmetic in radix notations for heterogeneous computation systems with massive parallelism», Вестн. ЮУрГУ. Сер. Матем. моделирование и программирование, 8:2 (2015), с. 117-126 (in English).
  • DOI: 10.14529/mmp150210
  • M. Miltenberger, T. Ralphs, D. E. Steffy. “Exploring the numerics of branch-and-cut for mixed integer linear optimization”, Operations Research Proceedings 2017, Operations Research Proceedings, Springer, 2018, pp. 151-157.
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89920-6_21
  • W. Cook, Th. Koch, D. E. Steffy, K. Wolter. “An exact rational mixed-integer programming solver”, IPCO 2011: Integer Programming and Combinatoral Optimization, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 6655, Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg, 2011, pp. 104-116.
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20807-2_9
  • A. M. Gleixner, D. E. Steffy, K. Wolter. “Iterative refinement for linear programming”, INFORMS Journal on Computing, 28:3 (2016), pp. 449-464.
  • DOI: 10.1287/ijoc.2016.0692
  • A. F. Cheviakov, J. He. “A symbolic computation framework for constitutive modelling based on entropy principles”, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 324 (2018), pp. 105-118.
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.amc.2017.12.004
  • M. Wei, J. Cai. “The exact rational solutions to a shallow water wave-like equation by generalized bilinear method”, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 5:03 (2017), pp. 715-721.
  • DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2017.53060
  • Z. Cao, X. Hou. “A symbolic computation approach to parameterizing controller for polynomial Hamiltonian systems”, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2014 (2014), 806428, 8 pp.
  • DOI: 10.1155/2014/806428
  • Z. Krougly, M. Davison, S. Aiyar. “The role of high precision arithmetic in calculating numerical Laplace and inverse Laplace transforms”, Applied Mathematics, 8:04 (2017), pp. 562.
  • DOI: 10.4236/am.2017.84045
  • L. N. Gergidis, D. Kourounis, S. Mavratzas, A. Charalambopoulos. “Numerical investigation of the acoustic scattering problem from penetrable prolate spheroidal structures using the Vekua transformation and arbitrary precision arithmetic”, Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, 41:13.
  • DOI: 10.1002/mma.5058
  • R. Barrio, A. Dena, W. Tucker. “A database of rigorous and high-precision periodic orbits of the Lorenz model”, Computer Physics Communications, 194 (2015), pp. 76-83.
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.cpc.2015.04.007
  • G. Khanna. “High-precision numerical simulations on a CUDA GPU: Kerr black hole tails”, Journal of Scientific Computing, 56:2 (2013), pp. 366-380.
  • DOI: 10.1007/s10915-012-9679-3
  • L. Yang, D. Ma, A. Ebrahim, C. J. Lloyd, M. A. Saunders, B. O. Palsson. “solveME: fast and reliable solution of nonlinear ME models”, BMC bioinformatics, 17:1 (2016), 391.
  • DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-1240-1
  • M. Fasi, N. J. Higham. “Multiprecision algorithms for computing the matrix logarithm”, SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, 39:1 (2018), pp. 472-491.
  • DOI: 10.1137/17M1129866
  • R. Iakymchuk, D. Defour, S. Collange, S. Graillat. “Reproducible and accurate matrix multiplication”, SCAN 2015: Scientific Computing, Computer Arithmetic, and Validated Numerics, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 9553, Springer, 2015, pp. 126-137.
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31769-4_11
  • M. Cornea. “Precision, accuracy, rounding, and error propagation in exascale computing”, 2013 IEEE 21st Symposium on Computer Arithmetic (7-10 April 2013, Austin, TX, USA), pp. 231-234.
  • DOI: 10.1109/ARITH.2013.42
  • К. С. Исупов, В. С. Князьков. «Арифметика многократной точности на основе систем остаточных классов», Программные системы: теория и приложения, 7:1 (2016), с. 61-97.
  • DOI: 10.25209/2079-3316-2016-7-1-61-97
  • K. Isupov, V. Knyazkov. “A modular-positional computation technique for multiple-precision floating-point arithmetic”, PaCT 2015: Parallel Computing Technologies, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 9251, Springer, 2015, pp. 47-61.
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21909-7_5
  • N. Nakasato, H. Daisaka, T. Fukushige, A. Kawai, J. Makino, T. Ishikawa, F. Yuasa. “GRAPE-MPs: Implementation of an SIMD for quadruple/hexuple/octuple-precision arithmetic operation on a structured ASIC and an FPGA”, 2012 IEEE 6th International Symposium on Embedded Multicore SoCs (20-22 Sept. 2012, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Japan), 2012, pp. 75-83.
  • DOI: 10.1109/MCSoC.2012.31
  • H. Daisaka, N. Nakasato, T. Ishikawa, F. Yuasa. “Application of GRAPE9-MPX for high precision calculation in particle physics and performance results”, Procedia Computer Science, 51 (2015), pp. 1323-1332.
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2015.05.317
  • E. El-Araby, I. Gonzalez, T. A El-Ghazawi. “Bringing high-performance reconfigurable computing to exact computations”, 2007 International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (27-29 Aug. 2007, Amsterdam, Netherlands), 2007, pp. 79-85.
  • DOI: 10.1109/FPL.2007.4380629
  • Y. Lei, Y. Dou, J. Zhou. “FPGA-specific custom VLIW architecture for arbitrary precision floating-point arithmetic”, IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, E94.D:11 (2011), pp. 2173-2183.
  • DOI: 10.1587/transinf.E94.D.2173
  • M. Ishii, J. Detrey, P. Gaudry, A. Inomata, K. Fujikawa. “Fast modular arithmetic on the Kalray MPPA-256 processor for an energy-efficient implementation of ECM”, IEEE Transactions on Computers, 66:12 (2017), pp. 2019-2030.
  • DOI: 10.1109/TC.2017.2704082
  • M. J. Schulte, E. E. Swartzlander. “A family of variable-precision interval arithmetic processors”, IEEE Transactions on Computers, 49:5 (2000), pp. 387-397.
  • DOI: 10.1109/12.859535
  • B. Pan, Y. Wang, S. Tian. “A high-precision single shooting method for solving hypersensitive optimal control problems”, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2018 (2018), 7908378, 11 pp.
  • DOI: 10.1155/2018/7908378
  • I. V. Grossu, C. Besliu, D. Felea, A. Jipa. “High precision framework for chaos many-body engine”, Computer Physics Communications, 185:4 (2014), pp. 1339-1342.
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.cpc.2013.12.024
  • V. Nehra, R. Sehgal. “Symbolic computation of mathematical transforms and its application: A MATLAB computational project-based approach”, IUP Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 8:1 (2015), pp. 53-76.
  • M. A. Agwa, A. P. Da Costa. “Using symbolic computation in the characterization of frictional instabilities involving orthotropic materials”, International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, 25:2 (2015), pp. 259-267.
  • DOI: 10.1515/amcs-2015-0020
  • E. Dovlo, N. Baddour. “Building a symbolic computer algebra toolbox to compute 2D Fourier transforms in polar coordinates”, MethodsX, 2 (2015), pp. 192-197.
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2015.03.008
  • J. G. Liu, Z. F. Zeng. “Extended generalized hyperbolic-function method and new exact solutions of the generalized hamiltonian and NNV equations by the symbolic computation”, Fundamenta Informaticae, 132:4 (2014), pp. 501-517.
  • DOI: 10.3233/FI-2014-1056
  • S. Asif, Y. Kong. “Highly parallel modular multiplier for elliptic curve cryptography in residue number system”, Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, 36:3 (2017), pp. 1027-1051.
  • DOI: 10.1007/s00034-016-0336-1
  • Y. Li, J. Wang, X. Zeng, X. Ye. “Fast Montgomery modular multiplication and squaring on embedded processors”, IEICE Transactions on Communications, 100:5 (2017), pp. 680-690.
  • DOI: 10.1587/transcom.2016EBP3189
  • J.-C. Bajard, L. Imbert. “A full RNS implementation of RSA”, IEEE Transactions on Computers, 53:6 (2004), pp. 769-774.
  • DOI: 10.1109/TC.2004.2
  • S. Antao, J. C. Bajard, L. Sousa. “RNS-based elliptic curve point multiplication for massive parallel architectures”, The Computer Journal, 55:5 (2011), pp. 629-647.
  • DOI: 10.1093/comjnl/bxr119
  • O. Harrison, J. Waldron. “Efficient acceleration of asymmetric cryptography on graphics hardware”, AFRICACRYPT 2009: Progress in Cryptology - AFRICACRYPT 2009, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5580, Springer, 2009, pp. 350-367.
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02384-2_22
  • K. Bigou, A. Tisserand. “Single base modular multiplication for efficient hardware RNS implementations of ECC”, CHES 2015: Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems - CHES 2015, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 9293, Springer, 2015, pp. 123-140.
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-48324-4_7
  • S. Asif, M. S. Hossain, Y. Kong, W. Abdul. “A fully RNS based ECC processor”, Integration, 61 (2018), pp. 138-149.
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.vlsi.2017.11.010
  • Н. Н. Непейвода. «Использование локализации и переполнения для управления параллельными и распределёнными вычислениями», Программные системы: теория и приложения, 8:3 (2017), с. 87-107.
  • DOI: 10.25209/2079-3316-2017-8-3-87-107
  • N. I. Chervyakov, P. A. Lyakhov, M. G. Babenko, I. N. Lavrinenko, A. V. Lavrinenko, A. S. Nazarov. “The architecture of a fault-tolerant modular neurocomputer based on modular number projections”, Neurocomputing, 272 (2018), pp. 96-107.
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2017.06.063
  • М. Г. Бабенко, А. Н. Черных, Н. И. Червяков, В. А. Кучуков, В. Миранда-Лопес, Р. Ривера-Родригес, Чж. Ду. «Эффективное сравнение чисел в системе остаточных классов на основе позиционной характеристики», Труды ИСП РАН, 31:2 (2019), с. 187-202.
  • DOI: 10.15514/ISPRAS-2019-31(2)-13
  • D. V. Telpukhov, R. A. Solovyev, V.M. Amerbaev, E.S. Balaka. «Hardware implementation of FIR filter based on number-theoretic fast Fourier transform in residue number system», Проблемы разработки перспективных микро-и наноэлектронных систем (МЭС), 2015, №4, с. 42-42 (in English).
  • N. Revol. “Introduction to the IEEE 1788-2015 standard for interval arithmetic”, NSV 2017: Numerical Software Verification, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 10381, Springer, 2017, pp. 14-21.
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63501-9_2
  • F. Johansson. “Arb: efficient arbitrary-precision midpoint-radius interval arithmetic”, IEEE Transactions on Computers, 66:8 (2017), pp. 1281-1292.
  • DOI: 10.1109/TC.2017.2690633
  • 1788-2015 IEEE Standard for Interval Arithmetic, 2015 URL https://standards.ieee.org/standard/1788-2015.html.
  • N. Revol, Ph. Theveny. “Numerical reproducibility and parallel computations: Issues for interval algorithms”, IEEE Transactions on Computers, 63:8 (2014), pp. 1915-1924.
  • DOI: 10.1109/TC.2014.2322593
  • M. G. Arnold, J. Garcia, M. J. Schulte. “The interval logarithmic number system” (15-18 June 2003, Santiago de Compostela, Spain), pp. 253-261.
  • DOI: 10.1109/ARITH.2003.1207686
  • U. Lotri P. Bulić. “Logarithmic arithmetic for low-power adaptive control systems”, Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, 36:9 (2017), pp. 3564-3584.
  • DOI: 10.1007/s00034-016-0486-1
  • U. Lotri P. Bulić. “Applicability of approximate multipliers in hardware neural networks”, Neurocomputing, 96 (2012), pp. 57-65.
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2011.09.039
  • M. S. Kim, A. A Del Barrio, R. Hermida, N. Bagherzadeh. “Low-power implementation of Mitchell's approximate logarithmic multiplication for convolutional neural networks”, 2018 23rd Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC) (22-25 Jan. 2018, Jeju, South Korea), pp. 617-622.
  • DOI: 10.1109/ASPDAC.2018.8297391
  • H. Kim, B.-G. Nam, J.-H. Sohn, J.-H. Woo, H.-J. Yoo. “A 231-MHz, 2.18-mW 32-bit logarithmic arithmetic unit for fixed-point 3-D graphics system”, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 41:11 (2006), pp. 2373-2381.
  • DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2006.882887
  • A. Avramovć, Z. Babić, D. Rai D. Strle, P. Bulić. “An approximate logarithmic squaring circuit with error compensation for DSP applications”, Microelectronics Journal, 45:3 (2014), pp. 263-271.
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.mejo.2014.01.005
  • M. Gautschi, M. Schaffner, F. K. Gürkaynak, L. Benini. “An extended shared logarithmic unit for nonlinear function kernel acceleration in a 65-nm CMOS multicore cluster”, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 52:1 (2017), pp. 98-112.
  • DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2016.2626272
  • D. Nandan, J. Kanungo, A. Mahajan. “An error-efficient gaussian filter for image processing by using the expanded operand decomposition logarithm multiplication”, Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 2018, pp. 1-8.
  • DOI: 10.1007/s12652-018-0933-x
  • J. Coleman, R C. Ismail. “LNS with co-transformation competes with floating-point”, IEEE Transactions on Computers, 65:1 (2016), pp. 136-146.
  • DOI: 10.1109/TC.2015.2409059
  • J. Le Maire, N. Brunie, F. De Dinechin, J. M. Muller. “Computing floating-point logarithms with fixed-point operations”, 2016 IEEE 23nd Symposium on Computer Arithmetic (ARITH) (10-13 July 2016, Santa Clara, CA, USA), pp. 156-163.
  • DOI: 10.1109/ARITH.2016.24
  • H. Fu, O. Mencer, W. Luk. “Comparing floating-point and logarithmic number representations for reconfigurable acceleration”, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Field Programmable Technology (13-15 Dec. 2006, Bangkok, Thailand), pp. 337-340.
  • DOI: 10.1109/FPT.2006.270342
  • M. Chugh, B. Parhami. “Logarithmic arithmetic as an alternative to floating-point: A review”, 2013 Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (3-6 Nov. 2013, Pacific Grove, CA, USA), 2013, pp. 1139-1143.
  • DOI: 10.1109/ACSSC.2013.6810472
  • M. Haselman, M. Beauchamp, A. Wood, S. Hauck, K. Underwood, K. S. Hemmert. “A comparison of floating point and logarithmic number systems for FPGAs”, 13th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM'05) (18-20 April 2005, Napa, CA, USA, USA), pp. 181-190.
  • DOI: 10.1109/FCCM.2005.6
  • R. C. Ismail, J. N. Coleman, N. Norzahiyah, Z. Sauli. “A comparative analysis between logarithmic number system and floating-point ALU”, Advances in Environmental Biology, 7:12 (2013), pp. 3601-3606.
  • M. G. Arnold. “Iterative methods for logarithmic subtraction”, ASAP 2003 (24-26 June 2003, The Hague, Netherlands), pp. 315-325.
  • DOI: 10.1109/ASAP.2003.1212855
  • A. R. Omondi, B. Premkumar. Residue Number Systems: Theory and Implementation, Advances in Computer Science and Engineering Texts, World Scientific, 2007, , 296 pp.
  • ISBN: 978-1860948664
  • N. S. Szabo, R. I. Tanaka. Residue Arithmetic and its Applications to Computer Technology, McGraw-Hill Series in Information Processing and Computers, McGraw-Hill, 1967, 236 pp.
  • И. Я. Акушский, Д. И. Юдицкий. Машинная арифметика в остаточных классах, Сов. радио, М., 1968, 440 с.
  • K. Bigou, A. Tisserand. “RNS modular multiplication through reduced base extensions”, 2014 IEEE 25th International Conference on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures and Processors (18-20 June 2014, Zurich, Switzerland), pp. 57-62.
  • DOI: 10.1109/ASAP.2014.6868631
  • J. C. Bajard, J. Eynard, N. Merkiche. “Montgomery reduction within the context of residue number system arithmetic”, Journal of Cryptographic Engineering, 8:3 (2018), pp. 189-200.
  • DOI: 10.1007/s13389-017-0154-9
  • M. Langhammer, B. Pasca. “Single precision natural logarithm architecture for hard floating-point and DSP-enabled FPGAs”, 2016 IEEE 23nd Symposium on Computer Arithmetic (ARITH) (10-13 July 2016, Santa Clara, CA, USA), pp. 164-171.
  • DOI: 10.1109/ARITH.2016.20
  • 754-2008 - IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic, IEEE, 2008 URL
  • DOI: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4610935
  • M. Cornea, J. Harrison, P. T. P. Tang. Scientific Computing on Itanium-Based Systems, Intel Press, Hillsboro, 2002, , 280 pp.
  • ISBN: 978-0971288775
  • M. Czyzak, R. Smyk, Z. Ulman. “Pipelined scaling of signed residue numbers with the mixed-radix conversion in the programmable gate array”, Poznan University of Technology Academic Journals. Electrical Engineering, 2013, no.76, pp. 89-99.
  • A. P. Shenoy, R. Kumaresan. “Fast base extension using a redundant modulus in RNS”, IEEE Transactions on Computers, 38:2 (1989), pp. 292-297.
  • DOI: 10.1109/12.16508
  • S. Kawamura, M. Koike, F. Sano, A. Shimbo. “Cox-Rower architecture for fast parallel Montgomery multiplication”, EUROCRYPT 2000: Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2000, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1807, Springer, 2000, pp. 523-538.
  • DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45539-6_37
  • K. C. Posch, R. Posch. “Base extension using a convolution sum in residue number systems”, Computing, 50:2 (1993), pp. 93-104.
  • DOI: 10.1007/BF02238608
  • А. С. Коржавина, В. С. Князьков. «Методы расширения базиса в системе остаточных классов: обзор и анализ вычислительной сложности», Современные наукоемкие технологии, 2017, №12, с. 37-42.
  • А. С. Коржавина, В. С. Князьков. «Метод расширения базиса систем остаточных классов с применением систем счисления со смешанными основаниями», Научно-технический вестник Поволжья, 2017, №6, с. 204-207.
  • G. A. Jullien. “Residue number scaling and other operations using ROM arrays”, IEEE Transactions on Computers, C-27:4 (1978), pp. 325-336.
  • DOI: 10.1109/TC.1978.1675105
  • Y. Kong, B. Phillips. “Fast scaling in the residue number system”, IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 17:3 (2009), pp. 443-447.
  • DOI: 10.1109/TVLSI.2008.2004550
  • S. Ma, J. Hu, Y. Ye, L. Zhang, X. Ling. “A 2ⁿ scaling scheme for signed RNS integers and its VLSI implementation”, Science in China Series F: Information Sciences, 53:1 (2010), pp. 203-212.
  • DOI: 10.1007/s11432-010-0015-y
  • C. H. Chang, J. Y. S. Low. “Simple, fast, and exact RNS scaler for the three-moduli set three-moduli set 2ⁿ-1,2ⁿ,2ⁿ1”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 58:11 (2011), pp. 2686-2697.
  • DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2011.2142950
  • A. Hiasat. “Efficient RNS scalers for the extended three-moduli set 2ⁿ-1,2^np,2ⁿ1”, IEEE Transactions on Computers, 66:7 (2017), pp. 1253-1260.
  • DOI: 10.1109/TC.2017.2652474
  • А. С. Коржавина, В. С. Князьков. Способ организации выполнения операции умножения двух чисел в модулярно-логарифмическом формате представления с плавающей точкой на гибридных многоядерных процессорах, 2018.
Еще