Статьи журнала - Региональные проблемы
Все статьи: 757
International instruments in the field of climate change
Статья научная
One of the important international treaties in the field of climate change is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Main objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. At present 165 countries joined to UNFCCC and get good experience in climate change issue and singed a lot of agreements as a Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, Bali Action Plan, etc. The parties to the convention have met annually from 1995 in Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was concluded and established legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in the period 2008-2012. The 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference produced an agreement stating that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0°C (3.6°F) relative to the pre-industrial level. The Protocol was amended in 2012 to encompass the period 2013-2020 in the Doha Amendment, which as of December 2015 had not entered into force. In 2015 the Paris Agreement was adopted, governing emission reductions from 2020 on through commitments of countries in ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions. The Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016. The aim of the current work is to give a brief review of agreements signed by the UNFCCC.
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Статья научная
Since its inception in Rio, 1992, United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC) has held 23 Conference of Parties (COP). COP21 of Paris, December 2015, by consensus, is a breakthrough in more than 25 years of debates and disputes over climate change and global warming issues. COP21 invites the world players to reduce the Global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, to limit Planet’s temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius, if not below 1.5, by the end of the 21st century. To meet the challenge, the main recommendations of the agreement are as follows: COP21 invites its member to propose an intended Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), towards meeting its goals, proportionate to their administrative, economic, and technological capabilities. NDCs are required to be Measurable, Reportable, and Verifiable (MRV). NDCs should be revised every 5 years on the basis of knowledge and experience gained in the process. COP21 urges the developed countries to assist the developing ones, technology-, finance-, and knowhow- wise to develop and execute their NDCs...
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Land reclamation and transformation of floodplain-channel complexes at the Middle Amur lowland
Статья научная
Due to the specifics of climate, geology and relief of the Russian Far East, extensive land reclamation has been carried out in this region for more than sixty years in order to create the necessary conditions for agricultural production. The purpose of this land reclamation is heavy soils drainage in Primorye and the Amur Region. An extensive network of reclamation systems of open and closed types was created. This paper presents the results of studying the effect of land reclamation on floodplain-channel complexes (FCC) of the Middle Amur Lowland. It was found that construction and subsequent operation of reclamation systems (water receivers, main canals, regulating dehumidifiers) led to general degradation of FCC with full cessation in development of channel and riverine forms at micro- and meso- relief, and their complete silting. The concentration and seasonal dynamics of heavy metals in the soils of meliorated lands, in bottom sediments and water of small rivers and main canals at FCC was estimated. The content of heavy metals in the soils of meliorated lands’ decreased in comparison with unaffected environment. At the same time, accumulation of heavy metals took place in the waters and bottom sediments of main canals and water receivers. In addition, the paper presents data on the impact of catastrophic and unfavorable hydrological phenomena (floods, freshets) on the dynamics and state of agrocenoses within the boundaries of FCC.
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Статья научная
Climate change has become a concern due to its adverse impacts on local livelihood and human security globally. This may affect livelihood options in a disaster-prone country, Bangladesh, particularly in the northern region, which experiences high temperature, low rainfall, and frequent disasters. This paper presents empirical evidences that indicate perceptions on climate change and local responses on this change to take different adaptation strategies using available livelihood resources. Primary data was collected in northern districts by applying Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis method and Focus Group Discussion. The study demonstrated that local communities experienced climate variabilities and disaster incidents. Several adaptation strategies were employed at different levels of capacities based on livelihood resources. The study demonstrated government level capacity would mostly influence resources utilization. Policies and programs aimed at enhancing and strengthening the adaptation strategies need to deliberate livelihood resources and capacity levels significantly.
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Phenophase shifts across elevations on major mountains in North China
Статья научная
Previous studies have reported plant phenological changes along horizontal belts in North China, however, little is known about elevation effects on mountain phenophases in China, such as how vegetation phenophases shift across elevation on mountains, and how they change under background of global change. In this context, by application of remote sensing data, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), changes of spring phenophases across elevation on 6 typical mountains in North China, namely Wuling, Xiaowutai, Guandi, Migang, Huashan and Taibai Moutians, and the effects of elevation on phenophases along altitudinal gradients, were studied in current work. Preliminary results showed that, similar to our findings of phenological changes in plain area in North China, the onset of vegetation phenophases in spring advanced on these mountains, while the ending time for autumn phenophases delayed in the past two decades. Trends for advanced spring phenophase increased significantly with altitude in some mountain regions, and spring phenophase sensitivities to altitude are stronger in lower latitude than in higher latitude regions...
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Risk management in agriculture and adaptation to climate change
Статья научная
The study examines agricultural risk management policies in Russia and its response to conditions of climate change. Two types of policies are analysed: individual yield insurance triggered by observed yield shocks on the farm and ex post payments triggered by a large systemic shock. The impact of climate change differs depending on the location. For example, the most reliable sources now prove that climate change will increase production risk, measured by yield variability of the main crops in Russia. In the Southern Far East there is evidence that some crops show increased production risk and others show reduced risk. This research provides valuable information of the policies interact with risk management and adaptation strategies, and how to solve the problems of the policy-making under strong uncertainties. There are strong links between risk management and adaptation policies, and government responses to protect farmers from climate change risks that will affect their strategies. For example, support of insurance schemes and of ex post payments may reduce the incentive to diversify farm production giving up production of more climate sensitive crops and farm practices. In this sense these government supported instruments can potentially crowd out appropriate adaptation strategies by farmers.
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Role of weather modification technology in climate change adaptation: Indonesian case
Статья научная
Climate change has caused unexpected weather and extreme climate which induces increase both frequency and scale of intensity of hydro-meteorological disasters. As a maritime continent and lies at the equator, Indonesia became one of the most affected countries by climate change. The event of El Nino in 2015 which costed up to 0.2% of GDP became a very typical case related to extreme climates. Instead of farmers are blessed by fertility due to surroundings seasonal regular periodicity and ring-of-fire, the seasonal period shows a shift in rainfall and drought periods in the last 60 years. It thus affects the cropping pattern and damage the soil fertility. In an effort to handle prolonged drought and its effect on forest and land fire prevention, the so-called rain making of Weather Modification Technology (WMT) is conducted. Basically, the cloud atmospheric intervention is stimulated by sodium particles, the process of which is left naturally. The use of WMT for other purpose is to intervene in potentially heavy rain and water shed recharge. Activities of WMT are being introduced to accommodate the adaptation of climate change process. Several examples of WMT successful delivery are presented.
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Статья научная
The salinity level in the coastal ecosystem and agricultural lands is being increased gradually due to the climate change effect, and Bangladesh is no exception to suffer salinity intrusion threatening its food security. In order to bring the salinity-affected lands under agriculture, the application of salt-tolerant, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as biofertilizer could be a method of choice. The current research reports the isolation of a salt-tolerant PGPR, identified as Bacillus aryabhattai MS3 from a coastal rice field of Bangladesh. Under laboratory condition, the strain showed profound plant growth-promoting activities: nitrogen fixation, production of indole acetic acid (IAA), phosphorus solubilization and siderophore production under 200 mM salinity. While in soil, rice growth under non-saline condition was comparable in between biofertilizer-added and control pots, the scenario was statistically significant when challenged with salts, 46% and 8% survival were recorded respectively...
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Signs of climate change in Afghanistan: drought and its effect on agriculture
Статья научная
Afghanistan is one of the countries that have suffered the most damages from the change of climate. Over the recent decades, its temperature has increased and on the contrary, precipitation has decreased, with serious change in its special and temporal distribution. Decrease in the thickness and area of the avalanches, retreat of the snow line, decline of the ground water level, decrease of river flows, and shortage of potable water for humans, animals and irrigation are considered as other signs and effects of the climate change (CC). Occurrence of successive droughts, poverty, mass immigration, decrease of the price of cattle or their death, loss of rain-fed agriculture or its serious damage, decrease of the level of agricultural products, lack of food security, elimination of pastures, spread of human, animal and plant diseases, pollution of water, soil and air and tens of other cases have been continually caused due to the CC in Afghanistan. Although the part of Afghanistan has very little signs of the climate change, it suffers more than any other country. There are two solutions to decrease the effects of the CC in the country. First, to take preventive measures, or to be prepared before the occurrence of an incident and second, to coordinate life conditions with climate changes; all effects of the CC in Afghanistan should be considered.
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Spatial-temporal patterns of travel climate comfortable period in Northeast China from 1981 to 2010
Статья научная
As a kind of time scale to the assessment of travel climate comfort degree, travel climate comfortable period (TCCP) is of significance to tourism development, such as architectural design of the tourism scenic spot, health of the tourists, and regional tourism development strategy under climate influence etc. Most of studies on TCCP generally took month-scale as the time granularity, which was too long to precisely chart the intra- or inter- regional differences. TCCP spatial and temporal characteristics of Northeast China from 1981 to 2010 in day-scale are described. Based on the daily meteorological data from 98 basic weather stations in Northeast China, including Heilongjiang province, Jilin province, and Liaoning province, this paper made use of Temperature Humidity Index and Wind Chill Index, and built the compound model based on them to assess the climate comfortableness of this area in the past 30 years since the 1980s. This study indicates the average annual and seasonal TCCP and its spatial patterns in Northeast China. The research results can provide the basic cognition and important reference of the travel health guarantee and climate environmental adaption for the tourism development in this area.
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Статья научная
Attaining sustainable food security in Iran, as a country located on an arid and semi-arid region requires overcoming many challenges including limited basic resources (water and arable land), improving food safety and health and increasing productivity of agroecosystems as well as reconstructing market and affordability to food. Climate change has further threatened country’s capabilities for sustainability of agricultural systems. Reconsideration for intensive farming due to diminished quality and quantity of water, soil, and biodiversity resources which are caused by long time conventional practices is a necessity for providing sustainability of agroecosystems in Iran. Food security, however, should not be declined in the process; so, we need a new paradigm of “sustainable intensification” which integrates food security and meanwhile ecological sustainability of these systems. Sustainable intensification is a prerequisite of adaptation for climate change in Iran, as adaptation needs to reduce water consumption and increase water use efficiency (WUE), optimize soil tillage and management and maximize productivity of whole production chain. This would be done in triple steps including reducing input consumption, replacing conventional inputs and practices by integrated and sustainable ones and finally recreating and redesign climate- resilient agroecosystems. Opportunities and challenges of the duty are reviewed in the current work.
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Weather dependence of patients with respiratory pathology at the south of Primorsky krai
Статья научная
Climato-physiological reactions can be considered as favorable or adequate one, when irregular reactions of functional systems initiate autoregulatory processes returning the system to optimal functioning. The weather dependence is an ability of an organism to respond to changes in particular weather parameter and a complex of weather factors (atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind, etc.). The climatic factors mainly exposure to the skin and the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract; the respiratory system changes induced by the contrasting climate can be the result of meteophysiological processes and meteopathic reactions. Disadaptation in patients with respiratory diseases occurs more often and is more severe than in healthy people. The aim of the current study is to define the weather dependence degree of external respiration function of patients with bronchopulmonary pathology in the south of Primorsky Krai, characterized by the monsoon climate with negative effect on human health.
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«Идиш-сообщества» в социальном пространстве Еврейской автономной области
Статья научная
В статье проанализированы понятия «идиш-сообщество», «социальное пространство», их взаимовлияние в пределах Еврейской автономной области. Авторы исходят из постулата о том, что выявление этих взаимоотношений необходимо для их учета при решении вопроса о дальнейшем сохранении и развитии области как автономного национального образования в составе Российской Федерации.
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Агрохимическая оценка пахотных земель Еврейской автономной области за период 1963-1992 гг
Статья научная
Проведен ретроспективный анализ территориального распределения площадей пахотных почв с различными агрохимическими показателями на территории Еврейской автономной области в период с 1963 по 1992 гг. Показано, что внесение минеральных и органических удобрений в оптимальных дозах, выполнение всех технологических процессов в земледелии позволило увеличить урожайность сельскохозяйственных культур и удовлетворить потребности населения в продуктах растениеводства.
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Статья научная
В статье на основании анализа социологической информации приводится совокупность стратегий адаптации, позволившая сельским жителям Еврейской автономной области сохранить нормальные условия жизнеобеспечения.
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Адвентивный компонент флоры Еврейской автономной области: современный список видов, дополнения
Статья научная
В статье приводятся современные сведения об адвентивном компоненте флоры Еврейской автономной области, который представлен 203 видами из 137 родов и 34 семейств, что составляет 14% природной флоры региона (1450 видов). Из этого списка семь видов являются новыми для области (Hesperis matronalis L. - вечерница матроны, Impatiens parviflora DC. - недотрога мелкоцветковая, Hippophae rhamnoides L. - облепиха крушиновидная, Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.) Small. - желтокислица рожковая, Phalacroloma annuum (L.) Dumort. - тонколучник однолетний, Solidago canadensis L. - золотарник канадский, Tussilago farfara L. - мать-и-мачеха обыкновенная). Для 34 чужеродных видов сосудистых растений ЕАО определен и указан инвазионный статус (IS).
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Айгунский договор - памятная дата Еврейской автономной области
Статья научная
Законом Еврейской автономной области 28 мая признано одной из официальных памятных дат в истории области. Именно в этот день в 1858 году в китайском городе Айгунь был подписан Айгунский договор - исторический документ о разграничении владений двух стран: России и Китая. Договор явился юридическим обоснованием присоединения к Российской империи земель, лежавших по левому берегу Амура, а также Приморья. История Еврейской автономной области является неотъемлемой частью общей истории освоения россиянами земель Сибири и Дальнего Востока, истории Российского государства. Ее начальным этапом следует считать 1581 год, когда с берегов Камы на восток выступил отряд Ермака Тимофеевича, который способствовал открытию и присоединению к российскому государству новых богатых земель, расположенных за горами Урала. Последующее продвижение от Оби к Енисею, от Енисея к Лене и далее к Тихому океану русских землепроходцев положило основание российскому господству на Амуре и присоединению приамурских земель к России. Движение в Сибирь и на Дальний Восток служило не только источником пополнения дефицита государственной казны, завязыванию торговых связей с народами, проживавшими на этих землях, но и обеспечивало Российскому государству возможность прорыва изоляции и блокады на западе и юго-западе страны. Однако на Амуре пребывание русских было недолгим и прервалось середине XVII века военными действиями хорошо организованных вооруженных войск Цинской империи. Не имея возможности перебросить в Приамурье крупные военные силы, в 1689 г. Россия была вынуждена подписать Нерчинский договор, согласно которому русские покинули левобережное Приамурье более чем на полтора века. Но усилия и жертвы первопроходцев XVII века в Приамурье оказались не напрасными. Они стали прологом для последующего восстановления и закрепления Российским государством своих территориально-политических позиций.
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Актуальные вопросы экспорта лесоматериалов с территории Дальневосточного федерального округа
Статья научная
В статье рассматриваются основные проблемы экспорта лесоматериалов с территории Дальневосточного федерального округа. Показано, что основными проблемами при экспорте древесины являются незаконные рубки и теневой оборот древесины, которые в сочетании с недостоверным декларированием наносят вред экономике государства в целом. Полученные выводы позволяют определить основные пути совершенствования экспортного оборота древесины не только в зоне действия ДФО, но и на территории Российской Федерации в целом.
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Статья научная
Предложен алгоритм прогноза метеорологической пожарной опасности с заблаговременностью 10 суток на основе глобальной климатической модели Global Forecast System. Выбрана система управления массивами данных и специализированное программное обеспечение загрузки данных National Centers for Environmental Prediction для реализации алгоритма в информационной системе прогноза возникновения и распространения пожаров растительности на примере территории Дальнего Востока.
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