The semantic content of the Udmurt words osto and kozma in written sources of the late XIX and early XX centuries

Introduction. The article deals with the semantic content of the Udmurt words osto and kozma, which are recorded in written sources of the late XIX and early XX centuries. The analysis of the materials has shown that establishing the exact meaning of these lexemes during that period presented considerable complexity. This research is undertaken with the aim of approaching the determination of the true meanings of the mentioned words, using extensive material found in the sources as examples.