Some aspects of questioning during the preliminary investigation of the crimes

One of the most important investigative actions in the investigation of crimes is an interrogation. This investigative action is one of the primary means of gathering and testing evidence, and from its success largely depends on the result of the investigation.

Investigative practices and forensic science has developed, analyzed and systematized set of tactics and guidance on the identification information status of persons with whom the interrogators, in exposing the lies in their testimony, their correlation with the requirements of the law.

Feature information in the course of questioning is that it is the source of a person's mental (perfect) map, which is disclosed. Hence, on the one hand, the interrogation is possible to consider as a method of obtaining information about the mental (ideally) displayed evidence, imprinted in the human mind, and on the other - as the activities for the implementation of this method, dressed in a procedural form [1].

For the investigator testimony is a source of evidence, which contains evidence. For suspected and accused testimony - a remedy against them arising from suspicion or accusation.

As a procedural activity, interrogation is a form of implementation of tactical, psychological and other techniques and tool to produce, research, recording and checking the reading of the interrogated.

Questioning in the course of a criminal investigation plays a critical role in getting the perfect information. As shown by the results of some authors of studies about 50% of the investigators believe that the interrogation his, the most informative of the criminal case [2, p.126].

Through the analysis of the new data and comparing them with already received and verified information on the case he investigator is able to identify the information, which doesn’t match with.

The reasons for such discrepancies or gaps may be different. The main result is the deliberate distortion of data interrogation, as evidenced by the position of practitioners. About 70% of respondents, investigators and investigators believe hear deliberate misrepresentation in the course of questioning the primary cause of false information can take place [3, p.127].

Elimination of these effects may contribute to the timely application of complex verbal and nonverbal working methods.

So, if in the course of a free story the witness were interrogated by analyzing the information and comparing it with the previously verified information on the case, revealed a discrepancy, it may resort to verbal method of question and answer, arguing that the questions set out in the course of the investigation data. Among the non-verbal methods the most effective is the presentation of collected material and other evidence. The same methods are used for detection of gaps in information in order to identify those listed in the interrogation of data.

In modern conditions the questioning is the investigative action, qualified production of which requires both extensive knowledge of different nature and use of information received from various sources. It is therefore very important remark N.I. Porubova that "the rapid development of forensic psychology, logic, investigation, legal cybernetics, sociology and criminology constantly put on the agenda the task of using the achievements of these sciences in the conduct of investigations in general and in particular the questioning" [4].

Managed communication process during the interrogation can be represented in the form of five steps that form the actual structure of the interrogation tactics, namely: 1) preparation (forecasting and planning the upcoming communication); 2) the establishment of psychological contact; 3) exchange of speech (and other) information; 4) the end of the interrogation (yield of communication); 5) analysis of the results.

The most significant of these are listed steps which defines all the rest, is preparatory step.

Preparing for questioning include: a) collecting baseline data; b) tactical support; c) selection of the time and place, the definition of a method call in for questioning; d) technical support.

The gathering of baseline data determines the success and effectiveness of the interrogation. According to its sources and content these data are heterogeneous. First of all they, should be allocated to those that relate to the subject of interrogation.

In preparation for interrogation, the investigator shall determine the terms consequences in respect of which will get a reading. In the absence of a clear understanding of the investigator about the circumstances questioning loses sense of purpose in the testimony, on the one hand, there will inevitably be gaps, and on the other - unnecessary information.

Questioning of the witness is the most common investigative action on the collection of evidence, which does not require great organizational effort. However, with the production of this particular investigative action due to greatest number of violations of its meaning, purpose and procedures. They harm the investigation and hurt people. The essence of these disorders due to the fact that that as witnesses (often random) actively interrogated a large number of citizens who are not witnesses. As a result of the interrogation protocol completes record that merits interrogated unknown. To interrogate a person as a witness, he must first be identified.

• 1.    Zorin G.A. Manual interrogation tactics. - Moscow, 2001; Soloviev, A.B. The use of evidence in the interrogation of the preliminary investigation. - M., Bykhovsky; Bykhovsky I.E. Procedural and tactical issues of investigative actions: Author. dis. Dr.... jurid. Sciences. - M., 1976, P.17

• 2.    Efremov D.L. Scientific and legal basis for the use of information in the investigation of crimes: monograph. - M .: 2014 P.126

• 3.    Efremov D.L. ibid. P.127

• 4.    Porubov N.I. Interrogation tactics during the preliminary investigation. -Moscow, 1998

Абражеева А.С.

студент

Ямалеева А.И.

студент

Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»

Россия, г. Пермь

ЛИБЕРАЛЬНЫЙ РЕФОРМИЗМ ДЖ.СТ.МИЛЛЯ

В 20 веке началось активное видоизменение классического либерализма как идеологии. Либерализм сменился на либеральный реформизм. Дж.Ст.Милль (1806-1873) стал одним из первых идеологов либерализма, который увидел необходимость и перспективность подобной стратегии. Он предложил свою программу социальной политики и систему реформирования.

О функциях государства

Два фундаментальных произведения Дж.Ст. Милль написал и опубликовал в 1836-1848 г.г. В своём труде «Система логики» он обобщил собственные философские взгляды, а в «Основе политической экономики» Милль выступил последователем учений Рикардо и идеологом социального реформизма. В 1840-х г.г. социальная обстановка стала напряжённой и в основе всего встал «рабочий вопрос». Милль придерживался идей либерального реформизма с целью модернизации капитализма и улучшения положения рабочего класса. Он считал, что необходимо просвещать рабочее

"Экономика и социум" №4(13) 2014