Synonymy in the English language

Phenomenon of synonymy is in every developed language. It appears in an effort to name those aspects of reality, which should be submited in several variants. Synonyms are used in lexical, grammatical, derivational systems of language. Synonyms are used in many texts including those, which are dedicated to architecture and construction, synonyms are used in education and in life.

The purpose of this article: to get acquainted with the synonyms of the English language in the texts of the construction profile. In this regard, the following tasks were solved:

• 1.    Studied literature on the subject.

• 2.    The analysis of the texts of the construction profile and the identified synonyms.

• 3.    The classification of words-synonyms is executed; the texts of a construction profile taken from the English and American sources served as a Material of research. Synonymy is a phenomenon characteristic of any developed language. As you know, synonyms - words identical or similar in meaning. Such words, as a rule, belong to one part of speech and are able to replace each other. Synonymy in language occurs when you try to name aspects of reality that must be represented by several options. The developed language tends to the greatest variability in space and time, as it allows the linguistic system to adapt to the

dynamic conditions of the environment. Synonyms are marching manifestation of this variability. Synonymy - comes from the Greek 's, together' and 'name, designation’. Synonymy is found in the lexical, phraseological, grammatical and word-formation systems of the language. Words included in one synonymic series may have a restriction on compatibility, and the restrictions are lexical, semantic and reference. It should be noted that the synonymous relations are entered by separate meanings of each polysemous word.[1]

Synonyms allow us to adapt speech to certain situations, to identify the main features of the individual in a particular lexical choice. They provide an opportunity to identify their speech preferences, to find their speech flair, to show the wealth and volume of their vocabulary, and thus demonstrate the level of their education. The more precise the speaker or writer wants to achieve in his speech, the more attention should be paid to synonyms, since they allow to designate the same situation in different ways, to give a different characteristic to a person or object. It should be borne in mind that, for example, in the Russian language absolutely identical synonyms (doublets), such as hippopotamus, spelling -spelling, linguistics - linguistics, there is little, as the language seeks to avoid a simple duplication of meaning at the lexical level.

How can they be invented at the end to use them alternately in lengthy works? If we consider what is the similarity of synonyms, we find that one word never embraces the whole space and all the power of the other word's signs, and that all the similarity consists only in the main idea." Indeed, synonyms are usually different defined semantic components. Synonyms are especially relevant, because they have a metalinguistic function, they are able to give an explanation by means of language means, to explain the incomprehensible, which is especially important when introducing new foreign words, terms, jargon into the text. Such synonymous substitutions are aimed at achieving mutual understanding between the speaker and the listener, between the author and the reader.[2] In English, we can easily find synonyms for a particular word. For example, synonyms of the English adjective main are principle, chief, central, and synonyms to the noun automobile are the words car, machine, motorcar, auto, banger. In English, such doublets can occur, but mostly these words are the result of borrowing from other languages. For example, the English word lift is duplicated by the word elevator, which is Americanism. Similar pairs can be found among other words. This is luggage (Brt.) - baggage (Am.); flat(Brt.) - apartment (Am.) etc. Synonyms are used in oral and written speech in different situations, they make speech more expressive. [3] So, students can always pick up the English word term (semester) its American version of the semester. In the same way, the words first year student, second year student - by analogy with the Russian freshman and sophomore, and will be a little more difficult with their American doublets freshman and sophomore-will be easily assimilated. When communicating in English synonyms can be used in everyday life: the word sateen is replaced by glazed cotton (satin), use on application in the meaning of "use, application". [4] So, we are faced with an interesting phenomenon.

Polysemous words in the English language will have different synonyms for each specific meaning, so that the above words can not be called full synonyms, their translation and use will be the same only in one case. Such partial synonyms are the words summary, abstract, sketch in the sense of "abstract"; finish, end, cloze, play - game, performance; game, play. Another variant of incomplete synonyms is a pair of patient - case (patient). Words-synonyms can be borrowed from another language. A striking example is the word: driver - chauffeur (driver), girl - lies - coleen, fresh - caller - fresh. The word "chauffeur" is of French origin, and "coleen" is Irish, and "caller" is from Scottish. Synonyms are widely used in the field of education. You should pay attention to the words hostel - dormitory (hostel), applicant, candidate - entrant, which are also incomplete synonyms. Consider how synonyms are used in the construction industry. The analysis revealed that there are mainly words of British and American origin. This applies to synonymous pairs such as: basement (Am.) and cellar (Brit.) - basement; soil / sever pipe (Am.) and drain - sewer.

Other examples distinguish different shades of meaning: the Word skeleton can be translated as skeleton, frame, and framework, the word staircase is synonymous with the words stairway and stair. House, housing is called dwelling, abode, home, house, building. Various texts of the construction profile were analyzed, the analysis in them was carried out with the help of English-Russian dictionaries. The analysis revealed several lexico-semantic groups.

• 1.    Building materials: Stone, rock; crushed stone, road metal; ferro concrete, reinforced concrete, steel concrete; bituminous concrete, asphaltic concrete; timber, wood.

• 2.    Building parts and interior: Glab, plate; steps, staircase, porch; floor, storey; beam, ginger; skeleton, frame, framework; lift, elevator; staircase, stairway, stair; curtain, blind; carpet, rug; design, construction, basement, cellar.

• 3.    Auxiliary building structures and devices: Filtering, seal; Filter, cleaner, filter; Ventilator, fan; Motor grader, power grader; pump, pomp.

• 4.    Construction processes and building professions: Assembling, assemblage, cutting, montageж, builder, constructor - Builder.

Thus, we can conclude that synonyms are used in different areas, but among other things are used in everyday life - it is common vocabulary, as well as in the field of educational activities - the words inherent in the education system. In addition, they are used in construction. As a result of the analysis, the following lexical and semantic groups were identified: building materials, parts of the building and interior, auxiliary structures and devices, construction processes and representatives of the construction professions. It is important to understand that synonyms are used not only in the learning process, but also in professional activities, Learning to work with synonyms, you can avoid difficulties in the process of communication not only in your native language, but also when meeting with representatives of foreign countries.