The Impact of Individual and Organizational Characteristics on Work Ethics- Cross-Cultural Comparison

Автор: Tahir Masood Qureshi, Marija Runic-Ristic, Vilmos Tot

Журнал: International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education @ijcrsee

Рубрика: Original research

Статья в выпуске: 3 vol.12, 2024 года.

Бесплатный доступ

This study aims to analyze the effect of individual (gender and education) and organizational (organizational sector) characteristics on work ethics in the United Kingdom, Serbia, and the United Arab Emirates. This research is centered around a survey conducted among managers, from the UK, the UAE, and Serbia. Their main task was to evaluate the aspects of the Multidimensional Work Ethic Profile (MWEP) short form. The MWEP was chosen for this study as it does not explicitly address work ethics with religion, making it a suitable tool for examining work ethics across three cultures with different religious practices. This study contributes to existing literature by exploring how organizational factors influence work ethics in three countries that share business interests and have cultural and economic ties. The findings indicate that these factors have an impact on work ethics in studied countries.

Еще

Individual characteristics, MWEP, organizational characteristics, cross-cultural comparison, gender, education, human resources development, Serbia, UK, UAE

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/170206565

IDR: 170206565   |   DOI: 10.23947/2334-8496-2024-12-3-633-645

Список литературы The Impact of Individual and Organizational Characteristics on Work Ethics- Cross-Cultural Comparison

  • Adeyeye, O. J., Adeniji, A. A., Osinbanjo, A. O., and Oludayo, O. O. (2015). Effects of workplace ethics on employees and organisational productivity in Nigeria.
  • Ali, A. J., and Al-Kazemi, A. A. (2007). Islamic work ethic in Kuwait. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 14(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600710745714 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600710745714
  • Alsarhan, F., Ali, S., Weir, D., and Valax, M. (2021). Impact of gender on use of wasta among human resources management practitioners. Thunderbird International Business Review, 63(2), 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22186
  • Arandarenko, M., Vujić, S., Avlijaš, S., Vladisavljević, M., and Ivanović, N. (2012). Gender Pay Gap in the Western Balkan Countries: Evidence from Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia. http://dcs.ien.bg.ac.rs/id/eprint/40
  • Arslan, M. (2001). The work ethic values of protestant British, Catholic Irish and Muslim Turkish managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 31, 321–339. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010787528465 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010787528465
  • Asio, J. M. R., Riego de Dios, E., and Lapuz, A. M. (2019). Professional skills and work ethics of selected faculty in a local college. Asio, JMR, Riego de Dios, EE, and Lapuz, AME (2019). Professional Skills and Work Ethics of Selected Faculty in a Local College. PAFTE Research Journal, 9(1), 164–180.
  • Avlijaš, S., Ivanović, N., Vladisavljević, M., and Vujić, S. (2013). Gender pay gap in the Western Balkan countries: Evidence from Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia. FREN-Foundation for the Advancement of Economics.
  • Bageac, D., Furrer, O., and Reynaud, E. (2011). Management Students’ Attitudes Toward Business Ethics: A Comparison Between France and Romania. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(3), 391–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0555-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0555-5
  • Barragan, S., Erogul, M. S., and Essers, C. (2018). ‘Strategic (dis) obedience’: Female entrepreneurs reflecting on and acting upon patriarchal practices. Gender, Work and Organization, 25(5), 575–592. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12258 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12258
  • Berengaut, J., and Muniz, C. (2005). United Arab Emirates Staff Report for the 2005 Article IV Consultation. Staff Representatives for the 2005 Consultation with the United Arab Emirates,Dubai.
  • Boonsathorn, W. (2007), “Understanding conflict management styles of Thais and Americans in multinational corporations in Thailand”, International Journal of Conflict Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 196–221. https://doi.org/10.1108/10444060710825972 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/10444060710825972
  • Budhwar, P. S., and Mellahi, K. (2016). The Middle East context: An introduction. Handbook of Human Resource Management in the Middle East, 3–14. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784719524.00007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784719524.00007
  • Chen, C., Gotti, G., Kang, T., and Wolfe, M. C. (2018). Corporate Codes of Ethics, National Culture, and Earnings Discretion: International Evidence. Journal of Business Ethics, 151(1), 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3210-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3210-y
  • Constandt, B., and Willem, A. (2019). The trickle-down effect of ethical leadership in nonprofit soccer clubs. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 29(3), 401–417. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21333
  • ESG and Education: Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI). (2024, February 23). Global Business Coalition for Education. https://gbc-education.org/esg/education-and-esg-materiality/esg-and-education-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-dei/
  • Forstenlechner, I., Madi, M. T., Selim, H. M., and Rutledge, E. J. (2012). Emiratisation: Determining the factors that influence the recruitment decisions of employers in the UAE. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(2), 406–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.561243 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.561243
  • Furnham, A., and Rajamanickam, R. (1992). The Protestant Work Ethic and Just World Beliefs in Great Britain and India. International Journal of Psychology, 27(6), 401–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207599208246905 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207599208246905
  • Gallyamova, D. Kh. (2015). Development of the Countries with a Transition Economy. Procedia Economics and Finance, 24, 251–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00656-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00656-5
  • Ghahremani, J., and Ghourchian, G. N. (2012). Investigating Effective Factors on the Teacher’s Work Ethics of Three Educational Levels to represent a Model. American Journal of Scientific Research, 54, 101–110.
  • Ghorpade, J., Lackritz, J., and Singh, G. (2006). Correlates of the Protestant Ethic of Hard Work: Results From a Diverse Ethno-Religious Sample. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(10), 2449–2473. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00112.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00112.x
  • Gierczyk, M., and Harrison, T. (2019). The effects of gender on the Ethical Decision-making of Teachers, Doctors and Lawyers. https://czasopisma.marszalek.com.pl/images/pliki/tner/201901/tner5512.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.2019.55.1.12
  • Heinrich, C. J., and Marschke, G. (2010). Incentives and their dynamics in public sector performance management systems. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 29(1), 183–208. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.20484 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.20484
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s Recent Consequences: Using Dimension Scores in Theory and Research. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 1(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/147059580111002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/147059580111002
  • ILO Data Explorer. (2023). Labour force participation rate by sex and age / ILO modelled estimates, nov 2022 (%)—Annual. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/arab-states/
  • Kalemci, R. A., and Kalemci Tuzun, I. (2019). Understanding Protestant and Islamic Work Ethic Studies: A Content Analysis of Articles. Journal of Business Ethics, 158(4), 999–1008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3716-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3716-y
  • Keller, A. C., Smith, K. T., and Smith, L. M. (2007). Do gender, educational level, religiosity, and work experience affect the ethical decision-making of U.S. accountants? Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 18(3), 299–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2006.01.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2006.01.006
  • Khan, K., Abbas, M., Gul, A., and Raja, U. (2015). Organizational Justice and Job Outcomes: Moderating Role of Islamic Work Ethic. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(2), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1937-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1937-2
  • Kim, N. Y., and Miller, G. (2008). Perceptions of the Ethical Climate in the Korean Tourism Industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(4), 941–954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9604-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9604-0
  • Kirkman, B. L., Lowe, K. B., & Gibson, C. B. (2006). A quarter century of culture’s consequences: A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede’s cultural values framework. Journal of international business studies, 37, 285-320. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400202
  • Kolthoff, E., Erakovich, R., and Lasthuizen, K. (2010). Comparative analysis of ethical leadership and ethical culture in local government: The USA, The Netherlands, Montenegro and Serbia. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 23(7), 596–612. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513551011078879 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513551011078879
  • Lee, L. Y.-S., and Tsang, N. K. F. (2013). Perceptions of Tourism and Hotel Management Students on Ethics in the Workplace. Journal of Teaching in Travel and Tourism, 13(3), 228–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220.2013.813323 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220.2013.813323
  • Li, J., Huang, M.-T., Hedayati-Mehdiabadi, A., Wang, Y., and Yang, X. (2020). Development and validation of work ethic instrument to measure Chinese people’s work-related values and attitudes. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 31(1), 49–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21374 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21374
  • Linz, S. J., and Luke Chu, Y.-W. (2013). Work ethic in formerly socialist economies. Journal of Economic Psychology, 39, 185–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.07.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.07.010
  • M. Fredricks, S., Tilley, E., and Pauknerová, D. (2014). Limited gender differences in ethical decision making between demographics in the USA and New Zealand. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 29(3), 126–147. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-08-2012-0069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-08-2012-0069
  • Malloy, D. C., and Agarwal, J. (2003). Factors influencing ethical climate in a nonprofit organisation: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 8(3), 224–250. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.215
  • McInerney, M. L., Mader, D. D., and Mader, F. H. (2010). Gender Differences In Responses To Hypothetical Business Ethical Dilemmas By Business Undergraduates. Journal of Diversity Management (JDM), 5(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.19030/jdm.v5i1.804 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19030/jdm.v5i1.804
  • Meriac, J. P., Woehr, D. J., and Banister, C. (2010). Generational Differences in Work Ethic: An Examination of Measurement Equivalence Across Three Cohorts. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9164-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9164-7
  • Meriac, J. P., Woehr, D. J., Gorman, C. A., and Thomas, A. L. E. (2013). Development and validation of a short form for the multidimensional work ethic profile. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82(3), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.01.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.01.007
  • Metle, M. Kh. (2002). The influence of traditional culture on attitudes towards work among Kuwaiti women employees in thepublic sector. Women in Management Review, 17(6), 245–261. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420210441905 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420210441905
  • Miller, M. J., Woehr, D. J., and Hudspeth, N. (2002). The Meaning and Measurement of Work Ethic: Construction and Initial Validation of a Multidimensional Inventory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60(3), 451–489. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1838 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1838
  • Mohammad, J., Quoquab, F., Idris, F., Al-Jabari, M., Hussin, N., and Wishah, R. (2018). The relationship between Islamic work ethic and workplace outcome: A partial least squares approach. Personnel Review, 47(7), 1286–1308. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2017-0138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2017-0138
  • Oliver, N. (1990). Work Rewards, Work Values, and Organizational Commitment in an Employee-Owned Firm: Evidence from the U.K. Human Relations, 43(6), 513–526. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679004300602 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679004300602
  • Perez, R. J. (2017). Leadership, Power, Culture, and Ethics in the Transcultural Context. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 19(8), 63–68. https://articlearchives.co/index.php/JABE/article/view/668
  • Phau, I., and Kea, G. (2007). Attitudes of University Students toward Business Ethics: A Cross-National Investigation of Australia, Singapore and Hong Kong. Journal of Business Ethics, 72(1), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9156-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9156-8
  • Read, J. G. (2003). The Sources of Gender Role Attitudes among Christian and Muslim Arab-American Women. Sociology of Religion, 64(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3712371 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3712371
  • Runić-Ristić, M., Savić Tot, T., Ljepava, N. and Tot, V. (2024). Work ethic, cultural impact and perceived performance – innovative insights from three countries. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-06-2023-0203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-06-2023-0203
  • Ryan, J. C., and Tipu, S. A. A. (2016). An Empirical Alternative to Sidani and Thornberry’s (2009) ‘Current Arab Work Ethic’: Examining the Multidimensional Work Ethic Profile in an Arab Context. Journal of Business Ethics, 135(1), 177–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2481-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2481-4
  • Sapada, A. F. A., Modding, H. B., Gani, A., and Nujum, S. (2018). The effect of organizational culture and work ethics on job satisfaction and employees performance. INA-Rxiv. https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/gcep4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/gcep4
  • Schminke, M., Ambrose, M. L., and Miles, J. A. (2003). The Impact of Gender and Setting on Perceptions of Others’ Ethics. Sex Roles, 48(7), 361–375. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022994631566 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022994631566
  • Schwartz, S. H., and Bardi, A. (1997). Influences of Adaptation to Communist Rule on Value Priorities in Eastern Europe. Political Psychology, 18(2), 385–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00062
  • Sidani, Y. M., and Thornberry, J. (2010). The Current Arab Work Ethic: Antecedents, Implications, and Potential Remedies. Journal of Business Ethics, 91(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0066-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0066-4
  • Sims, R. L., and Gegez, A. E. (2004). Attitudes towards Business Ethics: A Five Nation Comparative Study. Journal of Business Ethics, 50(3), 253–265. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000024708.07201.2d DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000024708.07201.2d
  • Speklé, R. F., and Verbeeten, F. H. M. (2014). The use of performance measurement systems in the public sector: Effects on performance. Management Accounting Research, 25(2), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar.2013.07.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar.2013.07.004
  • Stam, K., Verbakel, E., and De Graaf, P. M. (2013). Explaining Variation in Work Ethic in Europe. European Societies, 15(2), 268–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2012.726734 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2012.726734
  • Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, Employment. (2024). https://www.stat.gov.rs/en-us/oblasti/trziste-rada/registrovana-zaposlenost/
  • Stošić, D., Stanković, J., Milić, V. J., and Radosavljević, M. (2015). Glass ceiling phenomenon in transition economies-the case of south eastern serbia. Facta Universitatis, Series: Economics and Organization, 11(4), 309–317.
  • The Best Countries in the World. (2022). https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/rankings
  • UK - Office for National Statistics. (2024). https://www.ons.gov.uk/
  • Vitolla, F., Raimo, N., Rubino, M., and Garegnani, G. M. (2021). Do cultural differences impact ethical issues? Exploring the relationship between national culture and quality of code of ethics. Journal of International Management, 27(1), 100823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2021.100823 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2021.100823
  • Yousef, D. A. (2001). Islamic work ethic – A moderator between organizational commitment and job satisfaction in a cross-cultural context. Personnel Review, 30(2), 152–169. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480110380325 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480110380325
  • Zhang, Q., Cao, Y., and Tian, J. (2021). Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Cognition and Aggressive Behavior. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0676 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0676
Еще
Статья научная