The role of kinesics in the formation of idiomatic expressions in Russian and English

Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice

UDC 81'221.2:811.111:811.161.1                     

(ос) CD

Kinesics, the study of body movements, gestures, and facial expressions as a form of nonverbal communication, plays a significant role in shaping how meaning is conveyed in different languages and cultures. In both Russian and English, kinesic elements are not only essential for face-to-face interactions but also deeply embedded in the languages themselves through idiomatic expressions. Idiomatic expressions that derive from or include references to body movements can reflect cultural values, social norms, and shared experiences, making them an intriguing subject for linguistic and cultural analysis [1].

Kinesics is a critical component of communication that helps convey emotions, attitudes, and intentions beyond the spoken word. According to Birdwhistell, who was among the pioneers of kinesic research, body movements account for a significant portion of communication, complementing verbal messages and often conveying more nuanced meanings . The integration of kinesics into language, particularly through idiomatic expressions, reflects how deeply non-verbal communication is woven into the fabric of everyday speech [2, 3].

For instance, in English, idioms like “to keep a stiff upper lip” or “to lend a hand” use body parts and associated actions to convey specific cultural concepts such as resilience and assistance. Similarly, in Russian, expressions like “держать хвост пистолетом” (keep one's tail up) or “разводить руками” (shrug one's shoulders) employ body movements metaphorically to express emotional states or social behaviors. These idioms highlight how kinesics is not only a physical aspect of communication but also a linguistic and cultural one.

Idiomatic expressions often serve as windows into the cultural mindsets and social norms of a language community. In English and Russian, many idioms are rooted in kinesic actions, illustrating how body language is conceptualized and verbalized differently across cultures. For example, Samovarov notes that Russian idioms frequently reflect a direct, sometimes dramatic, engagement with emotions, as seen in expressions like “рвать и метать” (to tear and throw), which visually conveys intense anger. In contrast, English idioms often emphasize restraint and subtlety, such as “to bite one's tongue”, indicating a controlled response [10].

The different ways in which these idioms use kinesic references suggest variations in how body language is interpreted and valued in each culture. In English-speaking cultures, where individualism and self-control are often emphasized, idioms involving kinesics may reflect a more restrained or symbolic use of body language. In contrast, Russian idioms might reveal a cultural propensity towards vivid emotional expression and the physical embodiment of feelings, as highlighted by studies on Russian communication styles [9].

Comparative studies of kinesics in idiomatic expressions between Russian and English can illuminate broader cross-cultural differences in communication styles and social values. For example, research by Anderson and Brown found that while both languages use idioms related to common body movements, the contexts and connotations often differ, reflecting underlying cultural attitudes. In Russian, the idiom “пустить слезу” (to shed a tear) may not carry the same cultural stigma of weakness that its English counterpart might in more stoic contexts [4].

Moreover, the frequency and type of kinesic idioms can reflect broader societal values. English, with its rich history of pragmatism and understatement, frequently uses idioms like “to turn a blind eye” that suggest subtle, non-confrontational body language. In contrast, Russian idioms often capture a sense of physical and emotional immediacy, resonating with a cultural narrative that values direct and unambiguous expression, as discussed by Ivanova [7].

This study aims to explore the role of kinesics in the formation of idiomatic expressions in Russian and English, focusing on how these expressions reflect cultural and linguistic differences. By examining the types of body movements referenced in idioms, their metaphorical meanings, and their usage contexts, the study seeks to provide insights into the interplay between language, culture, and non-verbal communication [6].

The research will address the following key questions: What are the common kinesic elements found in idiomatic expressions in Russian and English?

How do these idioms reflect cultural attitudes towards body language and non-verbal communication?

What are the key differences in the usage and interpretation of kinesic idioms between the two languages?

Understanding the role of kinesics in idiomatic expressions enhances our comprehension of how non-verbal communication influences language and thought. As idioms often encapsulate cultural nuances that are not immediately apparent through literal translations, this study will contribute to cross-cultural communication strategies and translation practices. By highlighting the cultural underpinnings of kinesic idioms, this research aims to foster better understanding and appreciation of linguistic diversity and the subtle ways in which body language permeates everyday speech.

The methodology of this study aims to explore the role of kinesics in the formation of idiomatic expressions in Russian and English languages. This involves a detailed analysis of how gestures, movements, and nonverbal behaviors influence idiomatic expressions, reflecting cultural nuances and linguistic patterns in both languages. The methodology is structured into several key stages, each focusing on specific aspects of data collection, analysis, and interpretation.

The research follows a comparative, cross-linguistic design, aimed at identifying and analyzing idiomatic expressions that have kinesic origins or are influenced by nonverbal communication in Russian and English. The study uses a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses to provide a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon [5].

Idiomatic expressions with potential kinesic elements were selected from both Russian and English languages using linguistic corpora and lexicographical resources. The selection criteria included:

— Idioms directly referencing gestures or body movements (e.g., “to shrug off” in English or “развести руками” in Russian);

— Idioms with implied nonverbal cues or behaviors (e.g., “to keep an eye on” in English or “держать в поле зрения” in Russian);

— Data Sources: Russian National Corpus: A comprehensive database of Russian language texts that provides examples of idiomatic usage in various contexts;

— British National Corpus (BNC): A representative collection of samples of written and spoken English from a wide range of sources.

Lexicographical resources, including idiom dictionaries and gesture dictionaries, were utilized to understand the definitions, usage contexts, and cultural connotations of selected idiomatic expressions. This stage also involved identifying the historical evolution of idioms and their links to kinesic behaviors.

A lexical-semantic analysis was conducted to identify the semantic fields of the idiomatic expressions and their associated kinesic behaviors. This involved examining:

— The literal and figurative meanings of idioms;

— The connection between specific gestures or movements and their idiomatic representations in both languages;

— Cross-linguistic similarities and differences in how kinesic elements are verbalized within idiomatic contexts.

A comparative analysis was performed to identify the similarities and differences in the role of kinesics in idiomatic expressions across Russian and English. The analysis focused on:

— Frequency and types of gestures represented in idioms in each language;

— Cultural variations in the interpretation and usage of these idioms.

The extent to which kinesic elements influence idiomatic meanings differently in Russian and English.

This stage involved analyzing the contextual and pragmatic functions of idiomatic expressions with kinesic elements. It examined: How idiomatic expressions with kinesic origins are used in different communicative contexts (e.g., formal vs. informal settings) [8].

The pragmatic implications of using these idioms, such as politeness, emphasis, or humor.

The impact of kinesic elements on the effectiveness and clarity of communication in both languages.

A cultural analysis was conducted to understand how cultural norms and values shape the use of kinesics in idiomatic expressions. This included: Examining the cultural significance of specific gestures in Russian and English-speaking contexts.

Identifying idioms that reflect unique cultural behaviors or attitudes towards nonverbal communication.

Assessing how cultural perceptions of gestures influence the evolution of idiomatic language.

To ensure the reliability and validity of the findings, the study employed triangulation by cross-referencing data from multiple sources (corpora, dictionaries, and literature). Expert reviews were conducted with linguists specializing in kinesics and idiomatic expressions to validate the interpretations of the data.

AntConc: Used for corpus analysis and frequency calculations of idiomatic expressions in Russian and English.

NVivo: Employed for qualitative data analysis, including coding and thematic analysis of idiomatic expressions and their cultural contexts.

The methodology outlined provides a structured approach to examining the role of kinesics in the formation of idiomatic expressions in Russian and English languages. By employing a combination of lexical-semantic, comparative, and cultural analyses, the study aims to offer insights into the complex interplay between language, culture, and nonverbal communication.

This methodological framework ensures a comprehensive analysis that takes into account the linguistic, cultural, and pragmatic aspects of kinesics in idiomatic expressions, contributing to a deeper understanding of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural variations.

This section presents the results of a comparative analysis of the role of kinesics (gestures, body movements, and facial expressions) in the formation of idiomatic expressions in Russian and English. The analysis focuses on identifying common and unique kinesic idioms in both languages, examining their meanings, cultural significance, and frequency of use.

Common Kinesic Idioms in Russian and English. The study found that certain kinesic idioms are common in both Russian and English, reflecting universal human behaviors and emotions. These idioms are related to basic gestures widely recognized across cultures, such as shrugging shoulders, nodding, and closing eyes. The frequent use of these idioms in both languages suggests that these gestures carry similar meanings and are used in comparable contexts, highlighting a shared cultural understanding of these actions.

The data from the table indicate that these idioms are not only present in both languages but are also frequently used, albeit with slight differences in frequency that may be attributed to variations in conversational context and specific cultural nuances.

Analysis of Common Idioms. Shrug Shoulders (Пожимать плечами): This idiom is used to express indifference, uncertainty, or lack of knowledge. The gesture of shrugging shoulders is universally understood as a non-verbal cue indicating that the person does not know something or does not care. The frequency of this idiom is relatively high in both languages (52 per million words in English and 45 in Russian), showing that this gesture has a similar communicative function across cultures.

Cultural Context: In both English and Russian, shrugging shoulders is a common response in casual conversations when expressing uncertainty or indifference. Its usage in idiomatic expressions emphasizes the non-committal nature of the response, which can be used in both informal and formal settings to indicate a lack of definite opinion or knowledge.

Table 1

COMMON KINESIC IDIOMS IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH

Idiom (English)	Idiom (Russian)	Literal Translation	Meaning	Frequency in English (per million words)	Frequency in Russian (per million words)
Shrug shoulders	Пожимать плечами	Shrug shoulders	Indifference, uncertainty	52	45
Nod in agreement	Кивать головой в знак согласия	Nod head in agreement	Agreement, affirmation	60	57
Turn a blind eye	Закрывать глаза на что-то	Close eyes to something	Ignoring a problem, overlook	28	31

Nod in Agreement: Nodding is a widely recognized gesture for agreement or affirmation. The idiom “nod in agreement” is used similarly in both languages to convey consent or acceptance of a statement or suggestion. With frequencies of 60 per million words in English and 57 in Russian, this idiom's usage reflects its role as a key gesture in positive or affirming responses.

Cultural Context: Nodding as a sign of agreement is almost universal, making it an easily translatable idiom. However, slight cultural differences may exist in the context or formality of use. For instance, in English-speaking contexts, nodding might often be subtle and quick, whereas in Russian settings, it could be more pronounced or accompanied by verbal affirmations.

Cultural Context: In both cultures, this idiom is often used in contexts where ignoring a problem or issue might be seen as a practical choice, albeit one that involves a conscious decision to overlook potentially important information. The slight variation in frequency might suggest differing degrees of acceptance or situations where such behavior is considered appropriate.

Implications of Frequency Differences. The slight variations in frequency between English and Russian for these idioms could reflect differences in conversational style, cultural attitudes towards expressing indifference or agreement, or the contexts in which ignoring a problem might be deemed acceptable. For instance, in English-speaking contexts, there may be a greater tendency to verbally articulate uncertainty rather than relying solely on a shrug, which could explain the marginally higher frequency of verbal expressions of doubt. Conversely, Russian speakers might employ the idiom “пожимать плечами” more readily as part of everyday interactions, reflecting a cultural norm of expressing indifference or uncertainty through non-verbal means.

Universal Recognition and Cultural Nuances. These common idioms highlight how universal human gestures can transcend language barriers, allowing for mutual understanding in communication. However, the frequency and subtle connotations attached to these gestures can vary slightly, influenced by cultural practices and societal norms. The recognition of these gestures and their associated idioms across cultures underscores the shared aspects of human behavior, while the nuances observed in their usage reflect the richness and diversity of cultural expression.

Understanding these idiomatic expressions and their cultural contexts is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication and translation. Recognizing both the universality and the specific nuances of these gestures can aid translators and communicators in preserving the intended meaning while respecting cultural differences.

Unique Kinesic Idioms in Russian. The study identified several kinesic idioms unique to the Russian language, reflecting cultural attitudes and social norms specific to Russian-speaking communities. These idioms often carry meanings that extend beyond the literal interpretation of gestures, embodying deeper cultural connotations, humor, or social critique.

Table 2

UNIQUE KINESIC IDIOMS IN RUSSIAN

Idiom (Russian)	Literal Translation	Meaning	Frequency (per million words)
Хлопать ушами	Flap ears	Not paying attention, being inattentive	12
Поджать хвост	Tuck tail	Show fear, retreat	9
Скривить губы в усмешке	Twist lips in a smirk	Show contempt or disdain	15

Analysis of Unique Idioms and Cultural Contexts. Flap ears: This idiom is used to describe someone who is inattentive or not paying attention, often in a situation where attentiveness is expected. The phrase humorously personifies the action of being inattentive by equating it with the exaggerated, almost cartoonish image of someone literally flapping their ears like a distracted animal.

Cultural Significance: In Russian culture, this idiom is often used with a touch of humor or mild criticism, implying that the person should be more alert or focused. The use of animalistic imagery adds a layer of playfulness and serves to soften the critique, making it more socially acceptable in both informal and semi-formal settings. This idiom reflects a cultural tendency to address inattentiveness indirectly and humorously, rather than confronting it head-on.

Frequency: With a frequency of 12 occurrences per million words, “хлопать ушами” is a relatively common idiom, especially in colloquial speech, where it serves as a light-hearted admonishment for inattention.

Tuck tail: Literally translated as “tuck tail”, this idiom is used to describe someone showing fear, retreating, or avoiding a challenge. The expression draws from the behavior of animals that tuck their tails between their legs when they are scared or submissive, metaphorically applying this to human actions.

Cultural Significance: This idiom often carries a connotation of cowardice or a lack of courage, making it a pointed way of commenting on someone’s reluctance to face a difficult situation. It reflects a cultural value placed on bravery and perseverance, suggesting that retreating or showing fear is viewed negatively. However, it can also be used humorously or sympathetically, depending on the context.

Frequency: Appearing 9 times per million words, “Поджать хвост” is moderately frequent, indicating its use in both everyday conversations and in literary contexts where character traits or actions are described vividly.

Twist lips in a smirk: This idiom describes the action of twisting one's lips into a smirk, which conveys contempt, disdain, or mocking amusement. The expression captures a specific facial gesture that indicates a judgmental or superior attitude.

Cultural Significance: In Russian culture, this idiom often reflects a critical or dismissive attitude towards others, expressing disapproval or derision. It is commonly used to describe subtle, non-verbal cues that reveal a person's true feelings, often contradicting their words. This reflects a cultural nuance where facial expressions and non-verbal signals are carefully observed and interpreted as indicators of genuine emotion.

Frequency: With a frequency of 15 occurrences per million words, this idiom is fairly common, particularly in contexts involving interpersonal conflict, criticism, or descriptions of characters in literature who display arrogance or disdain.

The unique kinesic idioms in Russian demonstrate how gestures and facial expressions are deeply embedded in the language, often used to convey complex emotional states and social judgments. These idioms do more than describe actions; they reflect cultural attitudes towards behavior, social norms, and interpersonal interactions.

Personification and Humor: Idioms like use personification and humorous imagery to soften critiques or observations about inattentiveness. This reflects a cultural preference for addressing behavioral shortcomings in a non-confrontational and playful manner.

Emphasis on Courage and Disdain for Cowardice: Idioms such as “Поджать хвост” emphasize the value placed on bravery and the disdain for retreat or fearfulness in Russian culture. The animal imagery used in this idiom is evocative and serves to vividly communicate the social expectation to face challenges rather than shy away from them.

Non-verbal Cues as Indicators of True Feelings: highlights the importance of non-verbal communication in Russian culture, where facial expressions are often seen as revealing more about a person’s true thoughts and feelings than their words. This idiom underscores the cultural practice of reading between the lines and interpreting subtle gestures as key communicative acts.

Impact on Translation and Cross-Cultural Understanding. Understanding these unique kinesic idioms is crucial for translators and those engaged in cross-cultural communication. The idioms carry specific cultural meanings that may not have direct equivalents in other languages, making literal translations insufficient.

Translation Challenges: Translators must often find creative solutions or provide explanatory notes to convey the full meaning of these idioms in other languages. For example, “Хлопать ушами” cannot be directly translated into English without losing its playful and mildly critical connotations; a possible translation might be "daydreaming" or "not paying attention," but it would lack the humorous personification.

Cross-Cultural Understanding: For those learning Russian or engaging with Russian speakers, recognizing these idioms and their meanings can greatly enhance understanding of the nuanced ways in which Russians communicate disapproval, fear, or disdain. It also highlights the broader cultural context in which non-verbal communication is interpreted and valued.

Unique Kinesic Idioms in English. English contains several kinesic idioms that are unique and lack direct equivalents in Russian, often reflecting cultural values and social expressions prevalent in English-speaking societies. These idioms frequently rely on body language to convey nuanced social interactions, such as avoidance, restraint, or subtle disapproval, which may not have straightforward parallels in other languages.

Table 3 UNIQUE KINESIC IDIOMS IN ENGLISH

Idiom (English) Literal Meaning Frequency Translation (per million words)

Give someone the cold shoulder N/A To ignore someone deliberately 20

Bite one's tongue N/A To refrain from speaking 18

Raise eyebrows N/A To show surprise or disapproval 22

Analysis of Unique Idioms and Cultural Contexts. Give someone the cold shoulder. This idiom describes the act of deliberately ignoring someone or treating them with indifference. The phrase likely originates from the gesture of turning one’s back to someone, metaphorically offering the “cold shoulder” instead of welcoming them. This idiom encapsulates a culturally specific way of expressing disdain or displeasure through non-verbal cues, emphasizing social distancing or emotional withdrawal.

Cultural Significance: In English-speaking societies, giving someone the cold shoulder is a socially recognized way of signaling disapproval without direct confrontation. It reflects a cultural preference for subtle, non-verbal expressions of conflict or displeasure, rather than overt arguments or confrontations. This idiom is often used in both personal and professional contexts to indicate a breakdown in relationships or to send a message of exclusion.

Frequency: Appearing 20 times per million words, this idiom is moderately common, reflecting its integration into everyday language as a way of managing interpersonal dynamics through indirect communication.

Bite one's tongue: This idiom means to deliberately refrain from speaking, especially when one wants to say something but chooses not to, often to avoid conflict or to remain polite. The idiom invokes the physical act of holding back words by biting one’s tongue, symbolizing selfrestraint.

Cultural Significance: This expression highlights the value placed on self-control and the avoidance of potentially harmful or inappropriate comments in English-speaking cultures. It underscores the importance of maintaining social harmony and the ability to regulate one’s speech, which is considered a sign of maturity and tact. The idiom is widely used in both casual and formal settings to describe situations where discretion is necessary.

Frequency: With a frequency of 18 occurrences per million words, “bite one’s tongue” is a common idiom, illustrating how frequently this form of verbal restraint is employed or discussed in English-speaking environments.

Raise eyebrows: This idiom refers to the gesture of raising one’s eyebrows to show surprise, disbelief, or disapproval. It captures a subtle but effective non-verbal signal that conveys an immediate reaction to something unexpected or contentious.

Cultural Significance: In English-speaking cultures, raising one’s eyebrows is a widely understood and accepted form of non-verbal communication that conveys a reaction without words. This gesture is often used in social interactions to express a range of emotions, from mild surprise to strong disapproval, making it a versatile tool for non-verbal expression. It reflects a cultural nuance where facial expressions play a critical role in communication, often adding layers of meaning beyond spoken language.

Frequency: Appearing 22 times per million words, this idiom is prevalent, highlighting its effectiveness as a succinct way to describe a reaction that would otherwise require more detailed verbal explanation.

Cultural Implications of Unique Kinesic Idioms in English. The unique kinesic idioms in English underscore the importance of body language and non-verbal cues in social interactions within English-speaking societies. These idioms often encapsulate complex social behaviors, reflecting cultural norms around communication, restraint, and emotional expression.

Indirect Communication and Conflict Avoidance: Idioms like "give someone the cold shoulder" and "bite one's tongue" reflect a cultural tendency towards indirect communication, where non-verbal cues are used to navigate social tensions without explicit verbal confrontation. This aligns with broader cultural values that prioritize politeness, discretion, and the avoidance of direct conflict in social settings.

Emphasis on Subtlety and Social Cues: The idiom “raise eyebrows” exemplifies the emphasis on subtlety in English-speaking cultures, where small gestures can convey significant emotional or social information. This reflects an understanding that non-verbal communication often carries weight equal to or greater than words, especially in situations requiring tact or nuance.

Adaptation in Cross-Cultural Communication: Understanding these unique idioms is crucial for effective translation and cross-cultural communication. Direct translations may fail to capture the idiomatic meanings and cultural contexts, necessitating creative adaptations or explanations. For example, “give someone the cold shoulder” might be translated into Russian with an equivalent phrase like “относиться холодно” (to treat coldly), but the specific non-verbal connotations of the English idiom might be lost without additional context.

Impact on Translation and Cross-Cultural Understanding. The unique kinesic idioms in English highlight the challenges of translation where direct equivalents do not exist in the target language. These idioms require not only linguistic translation but also cultural interpretation to fully convey their intended meanings.

Translation Challenges: Translators must navigate the complexities of these idioms by finding culturally appropriate equivalents or by explaining the idiom’s meaning within the context of the target language. For instance, “bite one’s tongue” might be rendered as “сдержаться от слов” (restrain from words) in Russian, capturing the essence of restraint but lacking the vivid imagery of the original English idiom.

Enhancing Cross-Cultural Competence: For English language learners and professionals engaged in cross-cultural communication, understanding these kinesic idioms is vital for grasping the subtleties of English social interactions. This awareness can help prevent misunderstandings and foster more effective communication by recognizing the non-verbal cues embedded in these expressions.

Analysis of Frequency and Cultural Contexts. The analysis of kinesic idioms across Russian and English reveals distinct patterns in their usage and frequency, highlighting cultural differences in the expression of non-verbal communication. The comparative data show that while both languages frequently utilize kinesic idioms, English displays a greater diversity in unique expressions, which may point to cultural tendencies that emphasize non-verbal communication in social interactions.

Analysis of Frequency and Cultural Significance. Common Idioms: The frequency of common kinesic idioms is relatively high in both English (140 per million words) and Russian (133 per million words), indicating that idioms involving gestures, facial expressions, and body movements play a significant role in everyday communication in both cultures. These common idioms often describe universally understood actions, such as nodding, shrugging, or closing eyes, which reflect basic human behaviors and emotions.

Implication: The high frequency of common kinesic idioms suggests that both cultures recognize the importance of non-verbal cues in conveying meaning, emphasizing that some forms of body language are nearly universal and are embedded in the linguistic expressions of multiple languages. This universality underlines shared human experiences and emotions that transcend cultural boundaries.

Table 4

COMPARATIVE FREQUENCY OF KINESIC IDIOMS

Language	Common Idioms (per million words)	Unique Idioms (per million words)
English	140	60
Russian	133	36

Unique Idioms: English exhibits a higher frequency of unique kinesic idioms (60 per million words) compared to Russian (36 per million words). This disparity highlights a broader range of expressions in English that rely on body language, reflecting a cultural inclination towards utilizing non-verbal communication as a nuanced and significant part of social interaction.

Cultural Context in English: English-speaking cultures often emphasize the subtleties of nonverbal communication, such as facial expressions and gestures, as crucial components of effective interaction. The diversity of unique kinesic idioms in English suggests that there is a richer vocabulary for describing specific social cues and body language, which are seen as integral to navigating complex social dynamics. Idioms like “give someone the cold shoulder” or “raise eyebrows” encapsulate behaviors that are culturally significant for expressing social nuances such as disapproval, exclusion, or surprise.

Cultural Context in Russian: While Russian also employs kinesic idioms frequently, the lower number of unique expressions suggests that Russian culture may prioritize verbal or direct communication slightly more than English, or that certain gestures and non-verbal cues are not as extensively idiomatically represented. The unique kinesic idioms in Russian, such as “хлопать ушами” (flap ears) or “поджать хвост” (tuck tail), often involve humor or a more direct critique, reflecting social norms around attention, behavior, and emotional expression.

Implications of Frequency Differences. The differences in frequency and diversity of kinesic idioms between English and Russian may reflect underlying cultural values and communication styles:

Emphasis on Non-Verbal Communication in English: The higher diversity of unique kinesic idioms in English suggests a cultural tendency to pay close attention to body language and nonverbal cues. English-speaking societies often value subtlety and the ability to read between the lines, which is reflected in the language’s rich repertoire of idioms that describe specific gestures and expressions. This cultural trait is mirrored in social norms, where maintaining eye contact, reading facial expressions, and interpreting body language are critical components of effective communication.

Social Dynamics: In English-speaking cultures, there is often an emphasis on managing social dynamics through indirect or non-confrontational means, which aligns with the use of idioms like “bite one’s tongue” (refraining from speaking) or “give someone the cold shoulder” (ignoring someone deliberately). These expressions allow speakers to navigate social tensions without direct verbal confrontation, utilizing body language to communicate their stance or feelings subtly.

Directness and Verbal Expression in Russian: The lower frequency of unique kinesic idioms in Russian may indicate a cultural preference for more direct communication, where the emphasis is placed on verbal interactions rather than solely relying on non-verbal cues. This does not imply a lack of non-verbal communication but rather reflects a tendency to integrate gestures within a broader context of verbal expression.

Humor and Critique: Russian kinesic idioms often carry humorous or critical undertones, using gestures metaphorically to comment on behavior or social norms. For example, “хлопать ушами” (flap ears) humorously critiques inattentiveness, while “скривить губы в усмешке” (twist lips in a smirk) captures disdain. This suggests that while body language is important, it is frequently used in tandem with explicit verbal commentary, aligning with cultural preferences for straightforward communication with a touch of humor or critique.

Cultural Reflections and Cross-Cultural Insights. Understanding the frequency and use of kinesic idioms in both English and Russian provides valuable insights into how these cultures utilize body language in communication. The greater diversity of unique idioms in English may point to a more nuanced approach to non-verbal communication, where subtle cues are heavily relied upon in social interaction. In contrast, Russian may integrate these cues with more direct verbal expressions, reflecting a cultural balance between non-verbal and verbal communication.

Cross-Cultural Communication: For translators and individuals engaged in cross-cultural communication, awareness of these differences is crucial. Recognizing that English speakers might often “say” things non-verbally through gestures captured in idioms, while Russian speakers may favor more direct verbal exchanges, can help in navigating social interactions and avoiding miscommunication.

Translation Challenges and Strategies: Translators must navigate these cultural nuances when rendering kinesic idioms between languages. English idioms that heavily rely on non-verbal cues may need expanded explanations or adapted phrasing when translated into Russian to ensure the intended meaning is preserved. For instance, “raise eyebrows” might require a descriptive approach in Russian to convey the sense of surprise or disapproval effectively, as the direct translation might not fully capture the idiomatic connotations.

The findings suggest that kinesic idioms serve not only as linguistic tools but also as reflections of cultural attitudes towards non-verbal communication. In Russian, the focus on idioms that emphasize personal and social behavior (e.g., “Хлопать ушами”) highlights a cultural tendency to critique inattentiveness or disengagement. English, on the other hand, often uses kinesic idioms to express subtle social maneuvers, such as ignoring someone (“give someone the cold shoulder”) or exercising restraint (“bite one's tongue”).

The differences in kinesic idiom usage underline the importance of cultural awareness in both translation and communication. For translators and language learners, understanding these nuances can enhance the accuracy and depth of communication across cultural boundaries.

The comparative analysis of kinesic idioms in Russian and English reveals significant insights into how body language is conceptualized and integrated into the linguistic fabric of each language. While both languages share some common ground in using kinesic references to convey universal human experiences, they also exhibit distinct cultural patterns that reflect deeper societal values and norms. Understanding these patterns is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication and translation, as it allows for more nuanced interpretations that respect the cultural context of each language.

The presence of common kinesic idioms in both Russian and English, such as “shrug shoulders” (пожимать плечами) or “nod in agreement” (кивать головой в знак согласия), highlights the universality of certain body movements. These gestures are not only easily recognizable across cultures but also serve similar communicative functions, such as expressing indifference or agreement. This universality suggests that, despite linguistic and cultural differences, there are shared human behaviors that transcend cultural boundaries.

Implications for Cross-Cultural Understanding: These common idioms provide a basis for mutual comprehension in cross-cultural interactions. Recognizing that certain gestures carry similar meanings across languages can facilitate smoother communication and reduce the potential for misunderstandings. However, the slight variations in frequency and usage context, as observed in the study, also point to subtle differences in how these gestures are perceived and valued in different cultures.

Despite the commonality of some kinesic idioms, cultural nuances play a significant role in shaping how these expressions are used and interpreted. For example, the idiom “to turn a blind eye” (закрывать глаза на что-то) appears in both languages but may carry slightly different connotations based on cultural attitudes towards ignoring problems or issues. In English, this idiom often implies a pragmatic or strategic choice to overlook something undesirable, whereas in Russian, it might be used in contexts that criticize such behavior more openly.

Cultural Contexts and Interpretation: The study’s findings indicate that Russian idioms tend to have more direct or vivid expressions of emotions and social judgments, often reflecting a cultural preference for unambiguous communication. For example, Russian idioms like “разводить руками” (to shrug one’s shoulders) are used not only to express indifference but also to convey a sense of helplessness or resignation, reflecting a cultural narrative that values the expression of genuine emotions. In contrast, English idioms may lean towards restraint and subtlety, aligning with cultural values that prioritize self-control and understated expressions.

Unique kinesic idioms in each language provide a window into specific cultural values and social norms. English idioms such as “give someone the cold shoulder” or “bite one’s tongue” emphasize indirect communication and the value of restraint, often used to navigate social dynamics without overt conflict. These idioms encapsulate behaviors that are culturally significant for managing social relationships in English-speaking societies.

Social Dynamics and Non-Verbal Communication: The prevalence of such idioms in English suggests a cultural inclination towards using non-verbal cues to convey complex social messages, often favoring indirect approaches to conflict resolution and emotional expression. This contrasts with the more direct and sometimes dramatic expressions found in Russian kinesic idioms, such as “поджать хвост” (tuck tail) or “хлопать ушами” (flap ears), which often involve humor or critique. These expressions reflect a cultural tendency to address behavior and emotions openly, sometimes using vivid metaphors that draw on animalistic or exaggerated imagery.

The differences in kinesic idiom usage between Russian and English have important implications for translation and cross-cultural communication. Translators must navigate these cultural nuances carefully to ensure that the intended meanings are preserved and accurately conveyed. Literal translations of kinesic idioms often fall short, as they may not fully capture the cultural connotations or the non-verbal nuances embedded in the original language [11].

Translation Challenges: For instance, translating the English idiom “bite one’s tongue” into Russian as “сдержаться от слов” (restrain from words) may convey the general sense of restraint but lacks the vivid, physical imagery of the original. Similarly, idioms like “give someone the cold shoulder” require careful adaptation to convey the non-verbal cues of emotional withdrawal, which may not have a direct equivalent in Russian. Translators must often employ creative solutions, such as explanatory notes or culturally adapted phrases, to bridge these gaps.

Strategies for Effective Translation: To enhance cross-cultural understanding, translators and communicators can benefit from a deeper awareness of how body language is conceptualized differently across cultures. This includes recognizing when an idiom relies heavily on cultural knowledge and finding ways to convey its meaning that resonate with the target audience. In some cases, replacing the idiom with a culturally analogous expression or providing additional context can help maintain the intended impact of the original message.

Understanding kinesic idioms and their cultural contexts is essential for improving cross-cultural competence. For professionals engaged in international communication, education, or business, this knowledge can aid in navigating cultural differences and avoiding potential misinterpretations of non-verbal cues. By appreciating the ways in which each culture uniquely integrates kinesics into language, individuals can develop more effective strategies for interaction and communication [12].

Applications in Language Learning and Cultural Training: Incorporating kinesic idioms into language learning and cultural training programs can enhance learners' ability to understand and use these expressions appropriately. This can also help bridge cultural divides by fostering a greater appreciation of the subtle ways in which non-verbal communication is woven into everyday language.

The exploration of kinesics in the formation of idiomatic expressions in Russian and English underscores the profound influence of non-verbal communication on language and culture. Kinesic idioms serve as linguistic reflections of how body movements, gestures, and facial expressions are perceived and valued differently across cultures. While both Russian and English share some common idioms rooted in universal human behaviors, such as shrugging or nodding, each language also possesses unique expressions that reveal distinct cultural attitudes toward body language and communication.

In Russian, kinesic idioms often emphasize directness and emotional expressiveness, reflecting a cultural tendency to openly display and address emotions and social behaviors. These idioms frequently use vivid, sometimes humorous imagery to convey messages, highlighting the value placed on authenticity and the physical embodiment of feelings in Russian communication. On the other hand, English kinesic idioms often capture subtler, more restrained forms of expression, aligned with cultural norms that prioritize self-control, politeness, and indirect communication.

This divergence points to broader differences in how body language is conceptualized and utilized within each language community . For translators and cross-cultural communicators, these findings highlight the importance of understanding the cultural nuances embedded in kinesic idioms. Effective translation and communication require more than literal word-for-word equivalents; they demand an appreciation of the underlying cultural contexts and non-verbal cues that shape the meaning of these expressions. Recognizing these subtleties can enhance the accuracy and impact of translations and foster more meaningful cross-cultural interactions. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the interplay between kinesics and language, revealing how idiomatic expressions serve as cultural signposts that guide us in navigating the complexities of human communication. By examining the role of kinesics in idiomatic language, we gain valuable insights into the diverse ways in which cultures integrate body language into their linguistic landscapes, enriching our appreciation of global communication dynamics. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, such knowledge is crucial for building bridges of understanding and enhancing the effectiveness of communication across linguistic and cultural divides.