Укрепленные села средневековой Византии: город или деревня?
Автор: Вин Юрий Яковлевич
Журнал: Вестник ВолГУ. Серия: История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения @hfrir-jvolsu
Рубрика: Византийское общество и государство
Статья в выпуске: 6 т.26, 2021 года.
Бесплатный доступ
Общим положением в освещении проблемы укрепленных сел Средневековой Византии является поиск истоков типового сельского поселения - «села». С одной стороны, византийское Средневековье отличало многообразие типов селений, обусловленное климатическими и другими местными природными особенностями, с другой - типологические черты сельского селения предопределяли общественный уклад и закономерности развития всех сторон жизни обитателей сел, включая жилище. Задачи защиты населения диктовали необходимость сооружения крепостей («кастра») и их развертывание в оборонительную систему. Это вполне отвечает процессам, происходившим в Раннее и Развитое Средневековье во многих южных регионах Европы, где возведение укреплений, по сути, превращающих село в крепость - «каструм», становится правилом. Строительство крепостей и иных укреплений в городах и сельских селениях Средневековой Византии становится тенденцией, обозначившей собою степень необходимой защиты для их жителей. Эта тенденция легко ощутима и в поздней Византии. Здесь огражденные оборонительными сооружениями сельские селения уже не были единичны. Повсеместно возводятся пирги или так называемые жилые башни - оборонительные постройки, служившие убежищем селянам во дни военных испытаний. Само название «пирг» становится синонимом обозначения сельского поселения, как господского имения, и, по существу, замещает термин «хорион». Пирги выступали «ключевыми точками» практически всех описаний территорий крупных землевладений и сельских населенных пунктов с ведущими к ним дорогами и расположенными там хозяйствами. В сельских местностях Византии развертывается система укреплений в качестве оборонительного рубежа целого региона, в которой могло занимать значимое положение сельское поселение. Статья состоит из Введения («Введение. Село и ключевые проблемы его изучения»), трех разделов («Укрепленные селения», «Сельские укрепления», «Пирг»), а также раздела «Результаты и Заключение. Общие закономерности», где рассматриваются основные проблемы изучения средневекового византийского села, укрепленного селения, сельских укреплений, пиргов и общие закономерности укрепления поздневизантийского села.
Средневековое византийское село, сельское укрепление, крепость, пирг, жилая башня
Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/149139485
IDR: 149139485 | DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.6.17
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