Verbs of motion in English

Modern human life is a constant movement, and therefore we are often faced with the need to express in the text information about the movement of the object/subject, as well as the need to translate it into another language. But because different cultures have different linguistic views of the world, the ways of expression will be different in different languages. That is why the study of verbs of motion important at the present time.

As you know, language is a special system where all levels interact with each other, each level is a set of homogeneous units. The lexical level of a language is a set of such lexical units, where there are certain relations that allow us to consider this set as a system. The relations between the meanings of words in the semantic field differ in the degree of generality (synonymy, antonymy, etc.). A.V. Bondarko gives the following definition to such a concept as functional-semantic field: "Functional-semantic field is specifically linguistic bilateral unity, the content plan of which includes semantic elements in the interpretation of this particular language". According to this definition, it should be concluded that at the heart of each functional-semantic field there is a certain semantic category, which is the semantic invariant that unites heterogeneous linguistic means and determines their interaction.

Lexico-semantic field is formed by lexico-semantic groups, whose characteristic feature is the belonging of its constituent elements to one of the parts of speech. The following classification is made taking into account the semantics of the main component, i.e. the verbal meaning. Verbs are divided into 15 classes, according to the classification of English verbs K.Fellbaum, given in English Verbs as a Semantic Net//Word-Net: Lexical Database. This classification is characterized by the fact that it is quite complete and simply reflects the system of verbs of any language and can claim to be universal. The classification includes 15 verbal groups:

• 1.    a Group of verbs that are called physiological processes (breathing, metabolism in the body, etc.). and actions to ensure the life of the body (dressing, hygiene, appearance care, etc.). ‒ to dress smb.(English. ); dress ‒ tobreath

• 2.    the Group of adverbial verbs, the main semantic component of which is the "become something" ‒ to melt

• 3.    these verbs are called verbal and non-verbal communication. ‒ to shrug -shrug your shoulders ‒ to mummeln - speaking

• 4.    verbs aspirations, achievements It includes verbs where the semantics associated with the topics of military action, sports, games, and daily actions aimed at achieving a certain goal, the subject of the action. For example, ‒ to strike - try with cunning

• 5.    this group of verbs refers to the processes of food consumption, waste, use, exhaustion, division, etc., i.e. verbs, the semantics of which in one way or another means any use of the object of action by the subject. ‒ to bolt - to swallow quickly

• 6.    contact verbs In this group are verbs, meaning any process that involves touching the surface of the object. ‒ to scuff - smash

• 7.    verbs of knowledge This group includes verbs of mental activity. For example, ‒ to reason - carefully study

• 8.    these verbs are United by the semantics of the physical creation of an object. For example, ‒ to chafe - to craft - to-make

• 9.    this group of verbs is the most numerous and is called physical movement. For example - to rumble - run away

• 10.    the Above group of verbs has a large number of verbs in the English language. ‒ to covet

• 11.    static verbs This group of verbs are few, and suggest an object at rest in any place, for example, to loll - sedatives fire, lights in the dusk

• 12.    this group of verbs includes verbs with the meanings of auditory, visual, gustatory, tactile, olfactory perception. For example - to stare

• 13.    in the English language there are a large number of verbs of possession. This is due to the fact that most of the verbs in this semantic group are broadvalued, adverbial meanings of which are expressed by other lexical means (postpositions in English).

• 14.    verbs of social interaction This rather large group includes verbs semantically correlated with any sphere of social life. ‒ to sweat - pray

• 15.    verbs denoting natural phenomena These verbs denote weather conditions. ‒ to pelt - drizzle - about rain. The most numerous semantic group of verbs in English and the language is the group of verbs of motion, which is not surprising, because almost every phenomenon of our life is accompanied by one or another movement. The table below confirms this statement.

Verbs of motion are verbs of direct motion, moving in space. Verbs of motion in the English language in intensity can be divided into the following groups: verbs of neutral pace of movement, verbs of fast pace of movement, verbs of slow pace of movement. Consider the first group - the verbs of neutral motion. Such verbs have in common this "moving in space", the most popular verb - to go (go/walk), which is synonymous with to walk (walk).

However, these verbs can move to the group of verbs of fast or slow motion, if combined with the adverb: quickly, slowly, fast, etc. Next, we consider the verbs of fast motion, where we find the verbs in the semantic structure of which in addition to the categorical sema "moving in space" there is a sema - fast motion. For example, this verb 'to run' - run the Last group - the verbs of slow motion, in the semantic structure of which there is a categorical sema "moving in space" and sema, indicating the slow pace of movement. For example, 'to wander' - (to go slowly, wander, plod) on the Basis of all the above, in the semantic structure of any verb of motion there is a sema "traffic", the verbs of motion can be divided into three large groups:

• 1)    verbs of the neutral rate of movement;

• 2)    verbs of the fast pace of the movement;

• 3)    verbs of the slow pace of movement. The lexico-semantic group of verbs of motion is represented in all languages, since motion is a universal category, respectively, verbs of motion, without any doubt, are included in the core of the system of linguistic means denoting spatial relations, and belong to the most significant lexical units of any natural language. To sum up, it should be noted that as an English language has rich possibilities for expressing different shades of the situation of movement and movement in space. Their classification helps to recreate one of the most important fragments of the linguistic picture of the world, namely the sphere of "movement" in the English language.