A Novel Computational Modeling for Grid and Place Neurons in Spatial Mapping and Navigation in 3-D Environment

In environments where human presence is restricted due to safety concerns, cognitive robots can play a vital role in executing tasks. While robotic systems have made impressive advances in tasks such as object recognition, they still fall short in terms of true spatial understanding. Robots are not yet able to understand the 3D spatial semantics and contextual meaning of their 3D surroundings for navigation, of objects to handle in complex tasks. This research tackles this obstacle by developing a computational agent capable of learning cognitive maps from spatial data inputs in a simulated environment, mimicking the functionalities of grid and place neurons. To emulate the grid neuron's ability to generate periodic hexagonal grid-like patterns from body movements in 3-dimensional space, a novel Octant model is introduced. Additionally, a place-grid neuron interaction system is proposed to predict environmental sensations from body movements, facilitating cognitive map formation and learning mechanisms. The model was experimentally tested through a set of simulation-based experiments including: (i) a grid-based spatial arena intended to measure the accuracy of memory retrieval and encoding, (ii) a morphologically perturbed environment to measure resiliency to deformations in the trajectories, and (iii) a collection of more (object) recognition activities, to test resiliency to distortions in the object identification task. The quantitative data indicate that there is a steady high recall confidence and cosine similarity measure during the navigational trials, and a controlled growth of the place-neuron memory capacity and a strong stabilization of spatial representations in different environments. In the conditions of obstacles, the model achieves a mean Absolute Trajectory Error (ATE) of 0.42m and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.46m, which confirms that the localisation error is limited even without an explicit mapping structure. These results provide a substantive confirmation of the fact that the interference-based grid place representation allows reliable spatial localisation, mnemonic recall and navigational performance in both limited and irregular operational conditions.