Beyond the grid, the Symbiosis of Virtual Power Plants and Communication Networks: A review

Virtual power plants (VPPs) are smart energy systems that aggregate geographically distributed energy resources (DERs), including renewable and non-renewable energy sources, energy storage devices, and controllable loads, into a single virtual plant. These plants are integrated into distribution networks to enhance grid stability and reliability. VPPs require a two-way communication framework to monitor and control all generation sources and loads, ensuring a balance between supply and demand while providing services to distribution or transmission network operators. In VPPs, various applications are used, each with specific communication quality requirements, such as reliability, latency, and bandwidth. Therefore, selecting communication technologies and protocols that meet these requirements and deliver optimal performance for each application is essential. This research paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on VPPs, exploring their applications, communication requirements, and structural frameworks. It also examines the protocols and standards necessary to ensure reliability, security, and communication quality. Finally, the paper summarizes the global development and implementation of VPPs over the past two decades.