Ecological Variability of the Phytochemical Composition of Punica granatum L. Populations in the Northeastern Lesser Caucasus

The article deals with the determination of the composition and quantitative diversity of phytochemicals - phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, and organic acids - in Punica granatum L. populations distributed in the northeastern part of the Lesser Caucasus. The main reason for studying this diversity is to evaluate the interaction between ecological factors, including altitudinal gradients, soil properties, humidity, temperature, and light regimes. The article reflects, on a scientific basis, the mechanisms of influence of ecological variability on the phytochemical profile. These populations, depending on the ecological conditions reflecting the climate and soil diversity of the region, undergo regular changes and spread throughout the territory, playing an important role in the formation of the adaptive capabilities and phytochemical diversity of the species. The levels of tannins and phenolic acids in pomegranate populations increased significantly under nitrogen limitation. This increase reflects the adaptation of the plant to metabolic stress. The increase in anthocyanin and total phenol levels in populations accompanied by water deficit is explained by the compensation of drought-induced oxidative stress.