Вестник ВолГУ. Серия: История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения @hfrir-jvolsu
Статьи журнала - Вестник ВолГУ. Серия: История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения
Все статьи: 1769
Статья научная
Во II в. до н. э. на значительном степном пространстве Евразии и сопредельных территориях происходят значительные изменения этнополитического характера, которые имели продолжение и в начале новой эры. На территории Средней Азии и на юге Восточной Европы китайскими и античными источниками зафиксированы названия народов, которые ранее в источниках не упоминались. В статье рассматривается дискуссионная проблема отождествления владения Яньцай, упоминаемого в сочинениях древнекитайских историков, с территорией, занимаемой аорсами, известной из трудов античных авторов. Доказывается возможность их отождествления. Аорсы, находясь во враждебных отношениях со своими восточными соседями, препятствовали осуществлению экономических и культурных связей народов Восточной Европы и Средней Азии. В I в. н. э. Яньцай было подчинено аланами, действовавшим в русле политики среднеазиатского государственного образования Кангюй, в результате чего произошло налаживание отношений среднеазиатского и восточноевропейского регионов, что создало условия для начала функционирования северного ответвления Великого шелкового пути.
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Япония - США в XXI веке: региональные факторы упрочения альянса
Статья научная
Анализируются причины заинтересованности Японии и Соединенных Штатов в упроче- нии альянса. Решающее значение американского фактора для безопасноcти Страны восходящего солнца и всего Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона заставляет Токио постоянно идти на расшире- ние и углубление связей с США и стратегическое взаимодействие. Что касается Вашингтона, ввиду утраты безусловного лидерства в регионе он как никогда нуждается в сильном союзнике в лице Японии. Вместе с тем данное обстоятельство, безусловно, требует переориентации внешне- политической линии обоих партнеров.
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Япония - США: возможно ли равноправное партнерство?
Краткое сообщение
Анализируются условия становления Японии в качестве равноправного партнера по альян- су с Соединенными Штатами.
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“A Russian journal” by John Steinbeck and Robert Capa: “us” and “them” in photographs
Статья научная
Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the images of “us” and “them” in the photographs of Robert Capa on the pages of “A Russian Journal,” the text of which belongs to John Steinbeck. Containing both explicit and implicit markers of otherness, this text is an early example of nascent Cold War discourse. Methods and materials. Using methods of media and visual studies as well as photograph theory, the author of the article considers “A Russian Journal” as a single media text. Its specificity lies in the interaction of two media within it: visual (photo) and verbal (text). Analysis. The author of the article traces how the meaning of the images arises from their connection with text and how the presence of the images affects the whole narrative of “A Russian Journal.” The photographs here function on two levels. First, they certify the sincerity of the writer, as Capa is represented as an observer, and the very function of the photograph-document is informational. Second, the very presence of a camera is considered a threat and means power. The photographs construct the meaning of reality and implicitly become an instrument to reveal the differences between the two powers, the USSR and the USA.
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“May there always be sunshine!”: a symbol of childhood in Soviet and American cold war songs
Статья научная
Introduction. The article is the first to study the use of the symbol of childhood by the USSR and the USA songs for the representation of Cold War issues. Methods and materials. Based on the methodology of constructivism, the author analyzes the reasons for the politicization of the image of childhood and the role of popular music as an instrument of symbolic politics. Qualitative content analysis is used to examine more than 400 songs of the USSR and the USA related to Cold War issues; about 70 of them use the symbol of childhood. The symbol of childhood in the Soviet song. A study of USSR songs demonstrates that images of children were an important component of the “cultural Cold War” on the musical front. The symbol of childhood in the American song. U.S. musical pieces contributed significantly to the legitimation of the Cold War and the construction of images of “us” and “them,” including with the help of images of children.
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“Soft power” tools in the USA and the Russian Federation
Статья научная
Introduction. In this article, Russian Federation’s public diplomacy (hereinafter - the RF) and the public diplomacy of the United States of America (hereinafter - the USA) are considered as one of the main tools for implementing the principles of modern “soft power”. Today, the importance of implementing certain areas of public diplomacy of the RF is significantly increasing, which is primarily determined by the current contradictory international situation. It is necessary to emphasize that public diplomacy’s certain areas are in the process of formation, however, a comprehensive study of these areas will reveal the weaknesses and strengths of public diplomacy as an effective tool for the implementation of Russian and American “soft power”. It is important to refer to the American experience of building public diplomacy, as a country with advanced experience in this area, as the public diplomacy has become a key tool of U.S. foreign policy in recent years. Methods. The comparative method makes it possible to compare the practices of implementing public diplomacy, the demonstration of “soft power” of the RF and the USA, and also helps to identify the mechanisms of public diplomacy’s influence on international processes in the formation of “soft power” strategies. This method allowed us to establish that the mechanisms for public diplomacy’s implementing and “soft power” realization are identical. Documents’ content analysis of the describing of the RF and the USA foreign policy peculiarities helped to determine the mechanisms and principles of the implementation of “soft power” under consideration by the states. Analysis. Public diplomacy’s activities analysis of the RF and the USA public diplomacy, its relationship with the principles of “soft power” is connected with the search for common and distinctive features of the considered types of diplomacy, comparing it with the “soft power” concept. Attention is drawn to the fact that many public diplomacy’ functions intersect with the tasks of “soft power”, identifying the characteristic features of a joint vector in the “soft power” implementation in the context of the RF and the USA diplomacy. Results. As the study’s result, it was found out that public diplomacy is one of the most important tools of the “soft power” demonstration of the RF and the USA soft power demonstration. Such definitions as “public diplomacy” and “soft power” were distinguished in the article. The approaches of domestic and foreign researchers for understanding public diplomacy from the points of the RF and the USA, as well as directions of its activities, were alsodetermined. In this article, Elena F. Parubochaya identified the characteristic differences Russian interpretation of the terms “public diplomacy”. The author revealed the connection between public diplomacy of the RF and its “soft power”. Kenneth J. Kovach paid attention to the instruments of the USA modern public diplomacy.
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Статья научная
The Byzantine emperors and officials suffered from the diseases. Information about them was employed in Byzantine historical texts as a literary motif in order to express corruption of the ruling class in the Empire and criticism of imperial policy. This motif can be dated to the earliest centuries of Christian literature. At that time it was used to illustrate the just punishment of God inflicted upon the persecutors of the Christians. A commonly held belief was that those who did not adhere to the canons established at the first Church councils were also susceptible to illness. The writers of the early Byzantine period exploited this motif to express the criticism of the imperial policy and to assert that certain emperors were undeserving of the Byzantine throne. This trend persisted throughout the Middle Byzantine period. The iconoclastic emperors, Leo III and Constantine V, succumbed to severe illnesses as a consequence of their transgressions against the Church. The development of Byzantine political thought is especially perceived in the historical work of Michael Psellus. In his Chronographia the criticism of the imperial policy reached its zenith. Psellus employed the metaphor of illness to illustrate the pervasive decline of the Empire under the rule of unsuitable emperors in the 11th century. On occasion, the affliction was associated with certain individuals. In this manner, Byzantine historians depicted these figures as antiheroes. Such was the case with John II Comnenus in the Alexiad, a historical account written by his sister Anna Comnene. Byzantine intellectual Nicetas Choniates also narrates about emperors and prominent political figures who suffered from certain illnesses. The overall condition of these characters would invariably deteriorate concurrently with the occurrence of significant political developments. The literary motif of “diseases” persisted until the 15th century. In the Late Byzantine period, the same literary device was utilised by the Byzantine historians to censure the rulers and to expose the “heretics” at the time of the hesychast controversy. The illnesses that befell the prominent political figures in the Byzantine Empire were not fictionalised. This assertion can be substantiated by other sources pertaining to the narratives in question. In this manner, Byzantine historians ensured the veracity of their accounts. The literary motif was employed as a convenient means to serve the purpose of the authors. Lastly, the research demonstrated that there are few examples of illnesses being used to express the sufferings of the dethroned emperor Romanus IV Diogenus. In the works of Michael Attaleiates and Scylitzes Continuatus, Romanus IV was perceived as righteous Job. Thus the motif of diseases was also employed in a favourable manner, as a metaphor to illustrate fortitude and perseverance in the face of significant adversity. The article consists of the following sections: Introduction; Methodology; Results; and General Remarks; as well as Early Byzantine Period; Middle Byzantine Period; Late Byzantine Period; The Trial of “righteous” Job; and Conclusion.
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“The soft power” of European universities: gender and sexuality policies
Статья научная
Introduction. The article is devoted to the problematization and conceptualization of influence, as well as the potential for participation of higher education institutions, as educational and scientific centers, in the formation and implementation of gender and sexual policies in modern European countries, which are widely debated and ambiguously perceived in society. Methods. The article conceptualizes the concepts of gender and sexual policy in two senses: as a sphere of the struggle for power, as well as a system of technologies and actions in solving socially important problems. As a theoretical and methodological framework, the principles of social constructionism are used in interpreting the content, meaning and research of technologies for the formation of public representations and culture on issues of intimate and inter-sexual relations. Based on the use of general scientific methods and the heuristic potential of the Overton window concept, a scheme is proposed for explaining and studying the participation of universities in the “promotion” of relevant policies and politics. Results. The heuristic potential of the concept of “Overton's Window” to the political science problematization, interpretation and explanation of the “soft power” potential of modern universities in shaping, discussing the social and political agenda on sexual and gender culture in Europe is revealed. It is shown that sexual and gender policies in society can be aimed at changing the values, perceptions and norms of the organization of interactions in the relevant areas of life, both at the level of individual practices and social institutions. Social and communicative technologies (informed discussion, events, creation of terms, name-calling) that are (un)intentionally used in the framework of higher education institutions to normalize and politicize ideas, perceptions and values regarding gender issues, the organization of sexual life can be interpreted as important tools for transforming unthinkable practices and beliefs into the category of not only acceptable, eligible on the existence of a pluralism of views, but also dominant in political discourse. Discussion. The issue of the ethical principles of the implementation of the “soft power” strategy by European universities, as well as the political and social sense and consequences of radical transformations in gender and sexual culture and the structure of society, present in the discourses of European academic science and education, remains open and poorly studied.
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“Turkish” tobacco pipes: history of study
Статья научная
Introduction. The article is devoted to the history of the study of “Turkish” clay tobacco pipes. It is an actively developing direction in archaeological science. For about fifty years, “Turkish” tobacco pipes have regularly been the subject of research by scientists from various countries. However, the history of their study has not yet become a special subject of research. Methods of research. The study used methods to identify commonalities and differences between individual studies on the problem in question. All the references considered in the publication are arranged in chronological order and reflect the evolution of the researchers’ views; separate lines of research on tobacco pipes are distinguished. Analysis. From the late 1960s to the late 1980s, the foundations were laid for the study of “Turkish” tobacco pipes. The works created during this period are still the basis on which all researchers rely. The next stage in the study of the pipes was in the 1990s. At that time, the data on the dating of the pipes were clarified, special research using natural scientific methods was carried out for the first time, written sources were involved, the historical names of some types of pipes were restored, and the distinguishing features of local copies from the Turkish originals were analyzed. In the 2000’s and 2010’s, the attention of researchers turned to individual problems of studying pipes, such as stamps and ornamentation, images of smoking pipes on works of art, and analysis of written sources on the history of tobacco smoking. In addition, large monographs with detailed catalogs of “Turkish” tobacco pipes were created for the first time.
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