Статьи журнала - Человек. Спорт. Медицина
Все статьи: 2648
Статья научная
Aim. To analyze such means of impact on the body as balanced nutrition and psychophysical self-regulation techniques from a physiology perspective. Materials and Methods. The paper covers the data of multi-year research involving the participants of different age and levels of physical fitness. The study used analytical review of the modern academic literaure and psychophysiological methods: electroencephalography, electrocardiography, and recording of neurodynamic indicators. Results. Features of metabolism influenced by various types of nutrition are analyzed; metabolic effects produced on the hormone activity at different phases of circadian rhythms are described. It is shown that psychophysical relaxation exercises have a positive impact on the functional state of the heart and central nervous system in athletes and people not engaged in sports. The results allowed the authors to give exact recommendations on the balanced nutrition and relaxation exercises, for athletes as well. Conclusion. The effective means of the functional state control are impacts on the hormone system (balanced diet) and central nervous system (psychophysical relaxation system).
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Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and muscular strength of Turkish elite moutain bikers. Materials and methods. The study group consisted of 12 Turkish elite male mountain bikers who participating in national and international cross country olimpic (XCO) mountain bike races in elite category for the last 2 years. Participants mean age was 22.4 ± 3.4 years, body height was 173.2 ± 5.18 cm, and body mass was 55.7 ± 75.2 kg. Participants body height and weigth were measured and body mass index of participants was calculated. To determine the muscular strength, one repetition maximum (1-RM) tests were performed on participants. The association between anthropometric characteristics and the muscular strength performance were determined by the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results. The mean of body heigth was positively correlated with 1-RM means for triceps pull-down and leg extension, body weigth was positively correlated with 1-RM means for biceps curl, triceps pull-down, shoulder press, lat pulldown, abdominal crunch, leg extension and leg curl, BMI was positively correlated with 1-RM means for shoulder press, chest press and leg curl (p
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Iterative restoration of X-ray images taken in x-pinch rays
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Imaging in X-pinch rays produces records of several superimposed components of an object image from several radiation focuses separated in space. The present paper studies the feasibility of restoring an arbitrary chosen true component through the removal of the non-true one by the example of two experimental images with two superimposed components. The generalized discrete blurring model and iterative restoration algorithm used are described. It is shown that standard boundary conditions give satisfactory results for «Ant» image but «Pinch» image requires a special image extrapolation approach based on the fitting of reflection direction relative to the boundary for each reproduced structure.
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Key breath-holding parameters in elite artistic swimming teams under the 2022-2025 FINA regulations
Статья научная
Aim. This study aimed to identify breath-holding standards for elite artistic swimming teams during the free routine performance at the 2020 (2021) Olympic Games. The goal was to help elite athletes minimize potential long-term health risks associated with prolonged breath-holding.
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MS Wellness-Oxi в физическом воспитании студентов с отклонениями в состоянии здоровья
Статья научная
Цель: экспериментальное обоснование использования электронного анализатора состава тела (MS FIT) для повышения психоэмоционального и функционального состояния студентов с различными нозологиями. Материалы и методы. В исследовании приняли участие студенты первого курса специальной медицинской группы (СМГ) Российского экономического университета им. Г.В. Плеханова (n = 40). На констатирующем этапе эксперимента проведено исследование психофизиологического и функционального состояния студентов с помощью функциональной системы фитнес тестирования MS WELLNESS-OXi. Полученные при обследовании участников эксперимента рекомендации (MS FIT) к организации, содержанию и интенсивности занятий физическими упражнениями были внедрены в процесс физического воспитания экспериментальной группы N1 (n = 20). В контрольной группе N2 (n = 20) учебный процесс проходил по рабочей программе вуза для студентов СМГ. Применялись методы: (мультичастотный) анализ состава тела, оценка кожно-гальванической реакции, ритмограмма, цифровой анализ пульсовой волны, методы математической статистики. Результаты. С помощью MS FIT в группе N1, по сравнению с группой N2, зафиксировано выраженное повышение функциональных возможностей организма. Выявлены положительные достоверные результаты (p function show_abstract() { $('#abstract1').hide(); $('#abstract2').show(); $('#abstract_expand').hide(); }
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Methods of mental health maintenance in teachers experiencing emotional stress
Статья научная
Aim. The article deals with justifying theoretically and describing the authors’ methods of mental health maintenance in teachers experiencing emotional stress. Materials and methods. The proposed methods of mental health maintenance in teachers are based on the ideas of psychosomatics (S. Freud and I. Malkina-Pykh) and non-directive psychotherapy (C. Rogers). Three groups of methods have been described: self-analysis of a current life situation, energy recovery in teachers, and self-regulation of emotions in group interaction. Results. The authors studied neuro-psychological stress in teachers using Nemchin’s method. At the summative stage of the experiment, it was established that 56% of teachers experienced high neuro-psychological stress, and 26% - average. In 2018, the methods described were implemented at one of the comprehensive schools of the Russian Federation. The results of control diagnostics demonstrate a significant decrease in neuro-psychological stress in teachers who implemented these methods of mental health maintenance. This proves the effectiveness of the solutions proposed. Conclusion. This article contributes to the theoretical data on mental health maintenance in modern teachers. The scientific novelty and practical importance of this study are connected with the developed methods of mental health maintenance in teachers. The methods proposed can be used in practice for improving teachers’ expertise both in Russia and abroad.
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Статья научная
Aim. The research aimed to highlight the importance of morphological parameters and handgrip muscle force contractility in the selection of fifteen-year-old water polo players of various performance levels. Materials and Methods. The present research was conducted with a sample of 103 examinees, 37 out of whom belonged to the control group (CG), 33 were U15 water polo national league players (WNL), and 33 were water polo players from Serbian U15 national team (WNT). Besides the basic morphological parameters, the contractile properties of the left and right handgrip muscle force (HG_L and HG_R) were measured exploring two separate dimensions of contractility: maximal muscle force - Fmax, and maximal explosive force - RFDmax. Results. The research results showed the existence of a general statistically significant difference between the three groups of participants, both in morphological space (Wilks' Lambda Value: 0.333, F relation: 11.61, p = 0.000) and in muscle force and explosivity (Wilks' Lambda Value: 0.590, F relation: 3.31, p = 0.000). In addition, the results indicated that the WNT players had higher values of Fmax and RFDmax than the CG participants (32.8% for Fmax_HG_R and 63.7% for RFDmax_HG_R) and the WNL players (28.8% for Fmax_HG_L and 43.0% for RFDmax_HG_R). This suggests that the higher values of handgrip maximal explosive force and maximal muscle force may be attributed to adaptive training effects on their upper extremities. Conclusion. The results of the present study suggest that the contractile characteristics of the handgrip muscle force (Fmax and RFDmax) as well as morphological parameters (body height and body mass) are significant in the selection of U15 water polo players.
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Muscle injury response of two different eccentric hamstring exercises
Статья научная
Aim: This study was aimed to examine the effect of two different eccentric hamstring exercises on muscle damage in male soccer players.
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Neuronal mechanisms of the beneficial mood effects of physical excercise
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Aim. The current work aims to summarize the experimental data (from author’s and other laboratories) on the neuronal mechanism of the mood effect of physical exercise and to suggest a potential mood-stabilizing mechanism of physical activity. Materials and Methods. Physical Depression is a brain disorder characterized by severe emotional, cognitive, neuroendocrine, and somatic dysfunctions. Based on this concept, the author performed a review of experimental data on various ways to manage depression including medical treatment and physical exercise. Results. Although the last generation of antidepressant drugs demonstrates improved clinical efficacy and safety, the onset of their clinical effect is still significantly delayed from the beginning of the treatment course, and significant number of patients show lack of adequate response to these drugs and/or relapse of the disease even after initially successful treatment. Certain non-pharmaceutical strategies are used as adjuncts or replacements to antidepressant drugs when the formers are ineffective. One of such strategies is the voluntary physical exercise. Conclusions. Voluntary physical exercise can be an adjunct physiotherapeutic treatment in depression, given together with the pharmacotherapy, e.g., with SSRIs. One of the potential mechanisms of action of physical exercise in depression is stimulation of basic and/or reversal of the SSRI-induced inhibition of 5-HT tone. Other potential mechanisms, such as neuropeptide pathways, should be investigated in the future studies.
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Статья научная
Aim. The study aims to determine the normative values of the physical and motor skills in children aged 4-7 living in Turkey (Sakarya) based on age and gender, and to compare these data with the WHO data and with the literature of selected other countries. Materials and methods. The sample consisted of 777 primary schoolchildren (383 girls and 394 boys) aged 4-7 years. They were students at the “Private Şahin Schools” in the Sakarya province of Turkey. The height, weight, Body Mass Index, Body Fat Percentage, Standing Broad Jump, Straight Arm Hang, Agility Shuttle Run 10×5 meters, Sit and Reach, Plate Tapping, Flamingo Balance Floor Test, Flamingo Balance, Coordination Test, Sit Up, 20 Meters Shuttle Run, and Maximum Oxygen Intake VO2max tests were included in this study. In computing the average, standard deviation, and percentile values of the physical and motor values of the study group, the SPSS 22 Program was employed (frequencies and percentiles). Results. The results of each test determined the averages and normative values according to age and gender, together with 20 % groups for the anthropometric and psychomotor parameters of 4-7-year-old girls and boys. Also, a comparison was made with WHO data and the literature data of other countries. Conclusion. The current research determined the norms in the main motor and anthropometric skills for ages 4 to 7 based on age and gender in children living in Turkey (Sakarya province). The main motor and anthropometric skills play an important and necessary role in the proper and comprehensive development of a child. In this study, it was observed that there was no significant difference between the genders in anthropometric, psychomotor and functional characteristics in children aged 4-7 years.
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Optimal combination of training influences on the preparation of elite judokas in the annual cycle
Статья научная
Aim. The paper is aimed at the elaboration and scientific argumentation of the optimum relationship between different components of elite judokas’ preparation during the annual training cycle. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the national judo male team of the Republic of Moldova (n = 24, 18-25 years). The research was focused on the elaboration of experimental methods for judokas’ preparation during the annual training cycle by using physical, technical-tactical, competitive and recovery training. A pre-competitive training mezzo-cycle (MzC) was planned by distributing the effort parameters to 5 micro-cycles (MiC-s), calculating the mean, ±SD and the correlation between the indicators of training MiC-s by using the Spearman Rank Correlation nonparametric test. The detailed analysis of the annual training plan highlights its structure formed of three periods, 12 MzC-s, and the relationship between physical, technical - tactical and recovery training. Results. The results of the statistical calculations reveal (mean; ±SD) the number of days per MiC, namely 3.6 ± 0.89 days; total duration per MiC - 280.35 ± 35.1 min; total duration per training session - 80.77±17.3 min; total duration of general physical training (GPT) 24.51±10.1 min; and of special training (ST) - 45.3 ± 56.3 min. Effort ratio per MiC is 19.08 ± 2.5 %; GPT is 30.0 ± 9.9 %, ST -70.0 ± 9.9 % and the ST means - 129.34 ± 42.92 reps; RANDOURI and SHIAI - 10 ± 5.0 min. The characteristics of elite judokas’ pre-competitive training and the correlation of effort parameters in the pre-competitive period were also analyzed. Conclusion. The results reveal strong correlations between all the indicators of effort and training means in each MiC of elite judokas’ pre-competitive training, which confirms that the combination of different training components improves motor skills and technical-tactical mastery.
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Статья научная
Aim. To study the dynamics of the development of strength and speed-strength characteristics in men’s 800 m training during the winter macrocycle of running preparation. Material and methods. Four middle-distance athletes were included in the study. Seven indicators characterizing the strength- and speed-strength development were assessed during seven mesocycles of winter preparation. Results. The total strength reached its maximum volume in the first and second mesocycles. We tried to achieve a balance between the development of strength and endurance. Using special running exercises and short alternate leg bounds in the second and sixth mesocycles proved to have a forming input on special running preparation. The development of strength endurance takes place in the first three mesocycles. Conclusion. The strength and speed-strength training of 800 m runners has great importance for achieving high sports results. The effectiveness of the training process depends to a great extent on the structural distribution of strength preparation among the different mesocycles.
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Pedagogical concept of technical and tactical training of persons with disabilities in chess sport
Статья научная
Aim. The purpose of the study is to determine the systemic directions and priority ways and develop the stages and technologies for technical and tactical training of people with disabilities for achieving the effective results in chess sport in the long-time perspective. Materials and methods. The empirical study of technical and tactical training conducted in 2005-2015 involved 1275 persons at the age from 10 to 72 years with musculoskeletal disorders, hearing or visual impairments. The criteria for assessing the effectiveness of technical and tactical training were diagnostic questionnaires, specialized chess tests, as well as the following psychodiagnostic techniques: the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI); well-being, activity, mood test (“SAN”-test); The Short Form-36; the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Results. The survey revealed the actual factors hindering effective sports training: difficulties in reaching the training sites, lack of information about chess sections and Internet availability. The upward trend in the technical and tactical training (TTT) dynamics is confirmed by the growth of results due to implementing strategy and tactics - up to 31 %; the development of operational thinking - up to 25 %; recent memory - up to 27 %, evaluative function - up to 31 %. As a result of sports training 72 chess players achieved the ranks and titles of The International Chess Federation, including the title of “International Chess Grand Master”. Conclusion. The pedagogical concept realized by a set of standard and innovative means, methods, organizational forms of adaptive TTT along with psychological and pedagogical support and comprehensive supervision allows to effectively transform the intellectual potential of a chess player into a sports result.
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Статья научная
Aim. This study provides an individualized analysis of cardiac remodeling in qualified crosscountry skiers stratified by movement speed and identifies characteristics reflecting individual mechanisms of adaptive structural and functional changes in the cardiac hemodynamic system at the end of the preparatory period. Materials and methods. The study involved male athletes who provided written informed consent, underwent a medical examination, and were approved for training and competitive loads. Based on physical performance testing during double poling on a Concept 2 SkiErg (USA), cross-country skiers (n = 20) were divided into leader (n = 10) and reserve groups (n = 10) according to movement speed (km/h). From each group, athletes with the highest and lowest physical performance values relative to the group mean were selected: Leader 1 and Leader 10, Reserve 1 and Reserve 10, respectively. Cardiac morphometric measurements were obtained via transthoracic echocardiography (ECG) using a Mindray DC-70 (China) system in compliance with international ECG protocols. Results. Cross-country skiers demonstrated adaptive cardiac changes characteristic of high-intensity exercise. The leader group mainly showed changes associated with increased diastolic function and cardiac volumes. In the reserve group, adaptation manifested as myocardial hypertrophy and contractile changes, which may be less efficient. Conclusion. The results obtained contribute to a deeper understanding of individual adaptive changes in athletes and help optimize the training process.
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Physical activity and sedentary behavior of university students on the Russian north
Статья научная
The paper aims to analyze physical activity (PA) intensity levels and PA domains in Surgut State University (SSU) students in comparison with their EU peers on a gender- and age-specific basis. Results. Surgut State University students (n = 376, including 160 males and 216 females) of different ages participated in the study. It was found that PA averaged 1804 and 1707 МЕТ-min/week for male and female subsamples, respectively; the correlations were found between age and transportation PA (p = 0.0021), walking PA (p = 0.0021), total PA (p = 0.0253) for the female subsample; and between age and working PA (p = 0.0099), walking PA (p = 0.0278) and sedentary time (p = 0.001) for the male subsample. The gender-unspecific equations were obtained to rate the correlations between age and working PA (p = 0.0206), transportation PA (p = 0.0284), walking PA (p = 0.0001), total PA (p = 0.0086) and sedentary time (y = -3129 + 532x - 11.49x2 r = 0.1479; p = 0.0041). Furthermore, correlations were found between sedentary time and body mass indices for the male subsample (y = -3283 + 425x - - 7.23x2 r = 0.1578; p = 0.0463) and the gender-unspecific correlations for students’ domestic/gardening PA (y = 1153 - 46x + 0.45x2 r = -0.1321; p = 0.0103). The reported weekend sedentary time of SSU students was much higher than that of their peers from Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia, with the female subsample weekend sedentary time being higher than in the male subsample both in SSU students (p = 0.0015) and EU countries (p = 0.0000). Conclusion. On the whole the study data and analysis showed SSU students’ PA being inadequate for both gender groups.
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Introduction. Although the effect of the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene on adiposity is well established, there is a lack of evidence whether physical activity (PA) modifies the effect of FTO variants on obesity in Russians. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine PA influences and interactive effects between FTO variants and PA on measures of adiposity in Russians. Materials and methods. 110 Russian males aged 22-52 years old were examined. Anthropometry: height and weight, waist and hip circumferences were taken. The whole-body impedance was measured on the right-hand side of the body using the bioimpedance meter ABC-01 ‘Medas’ (SRC Medas, Russia) according to a conventional tetrapolar scheme at a frequency of 50 kHz. For each subject participating in the study, the genotype was determined by the polymorphic systems of the T/A (rs9939609) polymorphism of the FTO gene (Lytekh, Moscow). Results. Participants who did not engage in regular PA exhibited higher BMI, fat mass, HC, and WC with statistical significance (P ≤ 0.01). Although significant associations between the three FTO genotypes and adiposity measures were found in the sedentary group. There were no significant associations between FTO genotypes and obesity-related phenotypes in the PA group. Conclusion. Comparison of morphological parameters in carriers of alternative genotypes in two subgroups with different lifestyles makes it possible to conclude that the A allele determines a greater tendency to accumulate fat in cases where there is no regular physical activity.
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Physiological characteristics of strength component of special endurance in rugby players
Статья научная
Aim. The purpose of the work was to identify the strength and special endurance of rugby players depending on their position. Materials and methods. In 2018-2019, the study involved 20 rugby players aged from 19 to 23 years. All athletes were divided into two functional groups of 10 people each (first group -forwards; second group - defenders). In both groups, special endurance and muscle strength were measured. Results. It was found that the strength measurements of the upper and lower extremities in the first group significantly exceeded the same parameter of the second group (14.7-31.03 %) (p
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Planning of effort parameters in the training of elite male judo athletes
Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of effort parameters on the indicators of fitness tests according to the relation of the variables of training components in judo. Material and methods. Application of methods and basic directionality: repeated in series (adaptation), gradually repeated (optimum training state) and competitive (stereotypes). An experimental methodology of the specific training means was planned with 6 athletes monitored over 3 training mesocycles (MzC-s): basic, competitive 1 and competitive 2. The fitness tests checked the biological training (BT), physical training (PT), technical training (TT), technical and tactical training (T-TaT). The performances in two national competitions were also monitored. Parametric tests were conducted with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results. The study results confirm the achievement of the training and performance objectives planned for each training MzC and the improvement of judokas’ BT, PT (16.67 % in basic and competitive MzC 1 and 12.63 % - competitive MzC 2), TT (41.66 % in basic MzC), tactical training (25 % in basic MzC) and T-TaT (66.66 % - competitive MzC 1 and 87.37 % - competitive MzC 2). The results of the correlative analysis between the 12 studied indicators reveal 24 significant correlations out of 91 correlations in the basic MzC (26.37 %), 26 correlations out of 91 in the competitive MzC 1 (28,57 %), and 24 correlations out of 78 in the competitive MzC 2 (30.77 %). Conclusion. These results show that the effort parameters influenced the judokas’ training improvement and the performance capacity increase.
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Статья научная
The aim of this study is to develop an adaptogenic drink based on the polyphenol complex of antioxidant activity optimized in terms of bioavailability. Materials and Methods. The study was performed on the base of the polyphenol complex of antioxidant activity made of taxifolin (Larix gmelinii extract with no less than 97.0 % of taxifolin) and plant extracts (Lonicera сaerulea L., Beta vulgaris L. ssp.vulgaris) obtained in the research laboratory of the department of Food and Biotechnologies in the South Ural State University. To increase solubility and bioavailability of taxifolin we used 20-minute 630 W ultrasonic impact, providing taxifolin nanostructuring. The plant extract consists of reconstituted extracts from Beta vulgaris L. ssp.vulgaris and Lonicera сaerulea L. in a 3:1 ratio with 0.1 % of taxifolin and the amount of dry substance of no less than 15 %. Taxifolin content in a final product is no less than 0.02 %. Results. It was established that taxifolin water solution is quite sensitive to ultrasonic cavitation. The morphological structure of taxifolin particles, treated with ultrasound, was close to a spherical shape. Particles were characterized by amorphous structure, which is positive for solubility and bioavailability properties. Antioxidant activity is 1.74-1.98 times higher than in the solutions obtained using a mechanical approach. This indicates the increased physiological value of solutions. The drink obtained on the base of beet and honeysuckle extracts with 0.1 % taxifolin had the total content of betanin and betaxanthine equaled 54 ± 2 mg/100 g and the total content of phenol substances of 194 ± 4 mg in terms of gallic acid. The consumption of a taxifolin plant extract-based drink results in the decrease of Streptococcus to significantly lower values. There is a shift in pH values in a range from 6.5 to 7.5 in comparison with the initial pH values of 5.5 ÷ 6.0 units. Conclusion. The combination of secondary metabolites (polyphenols) in the form of Lonicera сaerulea L. and Beta vulgaris L. ssp.vulgaris plant extracts with taxifolin is a very promising one for the technology of adaptogenic drinks to improve homeostatic mechanisms involving microbiota at the stage of oral intake.
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Статья научная
Aim. This study aimed to investigate PlayerLoad and heart rate responses of handball-based small-sided games which specifically designed with additional field player rule. Materials and Methods. Thirteen well-trained female handball players (2 goalkeepers, 2 pivots, 4 wings, and 5 backs) participated in this study. A total of eight Small-sided games (SSGs) on two different training days with separated at least 48-hour were conducted. SSGs executed with the inclusion of two each 5 vs 6 and 7 vs 6 handball specific games that mimic the numerical inferior or superior situations in game-play. PlayerLoad, acceleration, deceleration and change of direction were established by a wearable IMUs and heart rate monitored with a chest band. Results. There was no significant difference between PlayerLoadtotal, PlayerLoadmin-1, HRmax, HRavr, and HIE parameters during the SSGs that separated by two testing days. No significant differences were found in PlayerLoadtotal, PlayerLoadmin-1, HRmax, and HRavr, parameters attained from the main and opponent team. Results showed no significant differences between all 5 vs 6 and 7 vs 6 SSGs. There was a significantly lower PlayerLoadtotal in the goalkeepers than backs, wings and pivots. The mean and maximum heart rate of back players was significantly lower than wings and pivots. Conclusion. Current study set out the examiner that if tactical innovations in playing situations numerical inferiority or superiority situations 7vs6 and 5vs6, will make the difference in players’ physical efforts. Because of the raised usage of this tactical variations, recent studies only focused to technical variables of playing with no goalkeeper and additional field player. Therefore, it is crucial to obtain clear knowledge how to affect the players as physically. Hence, a definite need for revision of the training demands of the goalkeepers in handball.
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