Статьи журнала - Человек. Спорт. Медицина
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Speed and change of direction differences in pre- and adolescent youth soccer players
Статья научная
Speed and change of direction (CoD) are important factors in the soccer, develop from childhood and determine the performance of soccer players. Aim. The purpose of this study was to examine the development of speed and CoD in pre- and adolescent soccer players and also to examine any differences on CoD performance associated with CoD right (CoDR) or left side (CoDL). Materials and Methods. The study involved 75 soccer players divided into 3 different age groups (U12, U14 and U16). The players performed a 20m sprint in straight line and CoD on both sides using the Arrowhead Agility Test (AAT). Results. Significant differences between ages were recorded in speed (F(2.72) = 118.9; p = 0.000)) and CoDR (F(2.72) = 8.668; p = 0.000), with U16 being superior to other ages, while significant difference in CoDL was observed between U14 and U16 with U12 (p = 0.007 and p = 0.000, respectively) but not between U14 and U16 (p = 0.159). Conclusion. Speed and CoD appear to develop with age, but CoDL, as measured by AAT, appears to be influenced by the use of dominant foot (DL).
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Sports talent search: genes versus motor tests
Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this study was to explain the role of physical fitness testing and genetic analysis in identifying sports talents. Materials and Methods. The research sample included 169 pupils (97 male; mean age = 7.438 y. and 72 female; mean age = 7.227 y.) attending 3 elementary schools in the region of Nitra, Slovakia. All pupils underwent 9 physical tests to determine their general physical abilities. Each performance of pupils in tests was allotted points. Subsequently, 30 pupils with the highest points were selected to undergo 2ml saliva sampling (GeneFix Saliva Collectors) for genetic analysis. Samples were analyzed using the HiScan (Illumina inc, San Diego, USA) apparatus, which allowed for analyzing 400 000 polymorphisms in a human gene. The values of individual genetic score are compared with histogram of genetic score distribution in European population. Softwares Genomestudio (Illumina inc, San Diego, USA) and TANAGRA 1.4.50 were used for data analysis. Results. Based on the analysis we offered parents and coaches comprehensive information about children´s prerequisites for certain type of sports, particularly anaerobic capacity, motivation for sports, muscle pain sensitivity, and type of energy metabolism. Conclusion. Results of the genetic analysis and measurement of motor abilities of selected children aged 7-8 years suggest that genetic testing of young athletes offers a suitable method of identifying performance prerequisites just before their development. Genetic tests can inform trainers and athletes on the type of physical activity (endurance or speed) suitable for the given individual. The results of fitness tests can provide them only with partial information on the momentary state of fitness of children. Genetic analysis may be considered a suitable and practical alternative for fitness-oriented testing of population.
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Sports technique information entropy: ways to overcome and opportunities to use
Статья научная
Aim. This paper critically explores qualitative biomechanical analysis. The aim of the study was to investigate information entropy in the perception of sports technique. Material and methods. The research is based on expert assessments. The coaches recorded typical errors and provided their integral assessments of sports technique while watching the video of sprint running (250 fps). Results. The study showed the low correspondence between the results of qualitative biomechanical analysis provided in the form of expert assessments. The reasons for this were the subjective perception of sports technique and the uncertainty of the technique itself. The study showed that the Shannon entropy could be a suitable indicator of athletic performance. Besides that, entropy allows estimating the accuracy of formulations that describe technique errors. Conclusion. The results obtained can be used to improve qualitative biomechanical analysis by reducing information entropy in the perception of sports technique.
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Статья научная
Aim. University students represent a specific group of young people in the final phase of biological, social and professional maturing and, at the same time, they are finishing their education and preparing themselves for long life obligations and period of living as an adult. The aim of this study was to determine the quantitative characteristics, descriptive models and prevalence of the body structure of the female students of the University of Belgrade. Material and Methods. The sample consisted of 862 female students of the University of Belgrade (26 Faculties) from all study programs (from bachelor to PhD). The average age of students was: 22.2 ± 2.6 years. The whole sample was divided into eight BMI sub-classes according to WHO standards. All measurements were performed in the period 2014-2018 and were conducted according to the standardized procedure, using the InBody 720 measurement system. Results. Based on the results of the BMI prevalence, it can be argued that 6.85 % of female students are underweight, 80.14 % has normal BMI value, 9.64 % are overweight and only 3.13 % of the students are obese. Considering percent of body fat (PBF) as a criteria of nutritional status, 0.5 % of female students had PBF under the essential biological level (below the 10.0 % limit), 1.9 % had PBF at an essential level, 19.4 % had PBF at the level of athletes, 33.3 % had fitness level of PBF, 29.4 % had normal body fat level, and the percent of the sample in the obese category was as high as 15.6 %. Results of ANOVA Regression have shown that trend of body fat changes per kg•m-2 of BMI was between 1.5496 and 1.5181 % depending on the regression model, with a standard error of estimation value of 4.59 % of body fat. Conclusion. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the morphological status of the female students of the University of Belgrade is at the level of persons with normal BMI, but with twice as big prevalence of underweight (6.85 %), i.e. malnutrition, than obesity (3.13 %), i.e. overnutrition.
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The acute effect of running exercise on liver ABCA1 gene expression in male Wistar rats
Статья научная
Objectives. ATP-binding cassette transporters transfer a variety of substrates across the lipid bilayers in an energy-dependent manner. ABCA1 is a member of this family, which plays a crucial role in plasma HDL-C metabolism. On the other hand, the short-term effects of exercise training are less studied. The aim of this study was the effects of a single bout of exercise on liver ABCA1 gene expression in the male Wistar rats. Methods. Twenty four male Wistar rats were housed in a standard environment and randomly divided into two Control (n = 12) and Experimental (n = 12) groups. The exercise included running on a treadmill for 120 min (18 m/min). Immediately, 2 and 24 hours after exercise, rats were anesthetized, and samples were taken from the adipose tissue and liver. Liver ABCA1 was assessed by RT-PCR. Results. The results showed that liver ABCA1 gene expression had significant elevation immediately, 2 and 24 hours after exercise (p
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Статья научная
Background. The process of developing motor skills in secondary education has, over time, experienced constant improvement concerns from the part of specialists who plan and manage the physical education activities for this age group. Optimizing physical training during puberty is a much more difficult endeavour than during adulthood. Acquiring new motor skills, their correct management and guidance, as well as their application in motor mastery stages, are dependent on the development degree of conditional skills such as speed, strength, resistance, on their forms of manifestation and on their combination. Aim. The aim of our research was to develop motor skills in 6th grade girls by means of applicative courses and to compare the effectiveness of experimental and classical curricula. Methods. During school year 2016-2017, we applied an experimental curriculum on the experimental group, which focused on a number of 32 applicative courses, divided on the learning units. Out of these learning units, 8 courses are dedicated to the motor skill speed, 10 courses to the development of different types of strength, 6 to the motor skill resistance and 8 concentrate on the combinations speed-coordination or strengthresistance. Results. The interpretation of the difference of signification between the averages of the two groups - for the final tests - indicates a slight progress of girls form the experimental group, in all the trials used. Nevertheless, there were statistically significant differences only for3 of the 13 trials. Conclusions. The insignificant differences between the two independent groups obtained at most final tests indicate the fact that the use of applicative courses is not better than the classical methodology used to develop conditional motor skills. It is indicated to continue the study on larger secondary school groups, both in the rural and in the urban environment, so that the results obtained could be representative at a national level and the conclusions drawn could be pertinent.
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The effect of 8 week resistance exercises on blood lipids and blood sugar levels in sedentary women
Статья научная
Aim. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an eight-week resistance exercise program on blood fats and blood sugar in sedentary women. The study included 20 volunteers with a mean age of 31.70 ± 3.81 years. Materials and methods. Blood samples were taken by the experts in the appropriate laboratory environment in the morning before and after the resistance exercise program, which was administered 60 minutes 3 days a week for 8 weeks in the mornings on an empty stomach. Dependent groups t-test (Paired Sample T-Test) was applied to compare descriptive statistics with pre- and post-exercise values by using SPSS 22.0 package program. Results. There was a significant difference between GLU, Triglyceride, HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol levels before and after the resistance exercise program (p > 0.05). Conclusions. Resistance exercises have a positive effect on blood sugar and blood fat change. Therefore, we think that it can be used as protection from cardiovascular diseases, and if these exercises are applied regularly, they will have many positive results in terms of health.
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The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on Turkish well trained cyclist's pre-competition anxiety level
Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this study is to examine national team level Turkish cyclist’s pre competition anxiety level before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. Study held on the Turkish cyclists who is racing in international level. A total of 31 riders with mean age 18.25 ± 1.87; length 169.45 ± 7.73 cm and weight 61.18 ± 6.59 kg. In the study, the Turkish version of the “Sport Competition Anxiety Test-SCAT” developed by Rainer Martens in 1977 was used. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the difference between the socio-demographic characteristics and SCAT scores of cyclist. Statistical significance was accepted as p Aim. The aim of this study is to examine national team level Turkish cyclist’s pre competition anxiety level before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. Study held on the Turkish cyclists who is racing in international level. A total of 31 riders with mean age 18.25 ± 1.87; length 169.45 ± 7.73 cm and weight 61.18 ± 6.59 kg. In the study, the Turkish version of the “Sport Competition Anxiety Test-SCAT” developed by Rainer Martens in 1977 was used. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the difference between the socio-demographic characteristics and SCAT scores of cyclist. Statistical significance was accepted as p function show_abstract() { $('#abstract1').hide(); $('#abstract2').show(); $('#abstract_expand').hide(); } ▼Показать полностью
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The effect of acl injury on post-recovery basketball performance in the NBA league
Статья научная
Aim. This study investigated whether Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction affects the post-recovery performance in National Basketball Association (NBA) players. Materials and Methods. Quantitative analysis of retrospective data from the NBA players’ game performance and injuries was performed. Data for 44 consecutive NBA seasons (Seasons 1976/1977 to 2019/2020) were analyzed. All male NBA players who sustained an ACL injury, followed by ACL reconstruction, and return to play (RTP) in the NBA during their career (n = 71) were included in the study. Their age at the time of injury, playing position, number of season pre- and post- injury, number of games played per season, points per game, rebounds per game, and assists per game. Results. Players played around 4 seasons before ACL injury and around 5 seasons after injury. After the ACL reconstruction, point guards showed a significant decline in minutes played per game (p = 0.04). A decline in number of games as well as in the minutes played per game could be observed in small forwards (p = 0.03). In average, power forwards played fewer seasons before the injury compared to after the injury (3.5 seasons pre- vs 6.2 seasons post-injury, p < 0.05). The number of games per season and minutes per game did not differ significantly prior and post ACL injury in Centers. The univariate ANOVA showed a 27.3 % general difference in game performance when the whole sample was analyzed. Conclusions. Several performance variables in absolute values, which decreased after RTP, indicate that NBA players’ performance unquestionably changed after the ACL reconstruction.
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Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of balance exercises using active video games on static and dynamic balance of sedentary female students. Materials and Methods. In this semi-experimental study with a pre-test--post-test design, 24 sedentary female students in Izeh city, aged 18-29, were purposefully selected. After performing the pre-test, they were randomly divided into two equal groups of balance exercises based on active video games (Xbox) and the group of traditional balance exercises (TE). The duration of the training was four weeks, two sessions per week of twenty minutes (totally eight sessions). The intervention of the Xbox group was performed by the Kinect 360 device, and the TE group performed traditional balance training. Data analysis was performed at the level of p ≤ 0.05. Results. The within-group results showed both of Xbox group and TE improved static and dynamic balance. The between-group results showed that there was no significant difference in static balance between the two groups, but there was a significant difference in dynamic balance between the two groups and this significance was in favor of the Xbox group. Conclusions: According to the results of the present study, it seems that virtual reality exercises can be used as a new and attractive training method as an effective intervention in improving balance, especially dynamic balance.
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The effect of block movement done by different approaches on the height of jumps in volleyball
Статья научная
Aim. The effect of blocking done by different approaches on the height of jumps was aimed to be determined in our study. Materials and methods: 6 female athletes (age 18.83 ± 2,137 years, bodyweight 64.83 ± 9,020 kg, height 174.50 ± 7.503 cm, training years 5.33 ± 2.733) of Kocaeli Province Ihsaniye Sports Club participated in the study voluntarily. In determining the performance parameters of the athletes, vertical jumping, sidestep block jumping, and cross-step block jumping tests were performed. The tests were recorded with two Basler 120 FPS cameras and analyzed with the Simi Motion 9.2.0 software. Results. As a result of the tests conducted, no significant difference was found between sidestep block jumping and vertical jumping (p > 0,05). On the other hand, significant difference was found between cross-step block jumping and sidestep block jumping, and between vertical jumping and cross-step block jumping (p < 0,05). Since the best jumping height is achieved with cross-step blocks, going for this block technique in the game will affect the performance of the match and athlete positively. Conclusions. As a result, the best jump height was obtained from the block done with cross-step block jumping. Considering that volleyball is a defense game, these increases in the block performance of the players will directly affect the result.
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The effect of competition-simulated training on arterial blood gas responses in football players
Статья научная
Aim: this study aimed to investigate the effects of football match-intensity physical activity on arterial blood gas responses in young football players using the Bangsbo test.
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Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the selected body composition variables and frequency and volume of LTPA (Leisure time physical activity - F-LTPA and V-LTPA) in employed females; and which indicator of LTPA relates better to body composition. Moreover, it aimed to determine the differences between employed females who report different levels of LTPA. Materials and Methods. The sample of 535 employed females (19.8-45.3 years) were collected. Body height, body mass, body mass index, body fat mass, percent body fat, and body fat index were assessed via bioelectric impedance analyzer. International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to assess F-LTPA and V-LTPA. Sample was divided in four groups relative to F-LTPA and V-LTPA: sedentary, seldom active, moderately active, and very active. Correlation analysis and analysis of variance were used to analyze the associations and differences between LTPA groups. Results. Small to moderate correlation occurred between body fatness measures and both LTPA modalities, with higher correlations being with V-LTPA. Females who reported higher F-LTPA and V-LTPA had lower amounts of BM, BFM, PBF, and BFMI than those who reported to lower values of LTPA. The biggest differences occurred in BFMI and PBF. Conclusion. Frequency of four to five LTPA sessions or 150-300 minutes per week may be needed for acceptable level of body fatness, while to attain fitness level of body fatness that is higher than just acceptable, females may need to be active even more frequently or more than 300 minutes per week.
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The effect of long-term and regular exercises on preventing the kidney stones
Статья научная
Aim. As the incidence of kidney stones increases, more research is needed to understand the lifestyle factors associated with it. So we examined the effect of long-term and regular exercises on the prevention of kidney stones.
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The effects of the zinc supplementation and weight trainings on the testosterone levels
Статья научная
Aim. The purpose of this study, it has been aimed to examine the effects of zinc supplementation applied with weight trainings on the testosterone levels in sedentary individuals and athletes. Materials and Methods. As methods of work it was selected 40 male, 20 sedentary male and 20 male who do physical exercises regularly, participated in the study. The participants are divided equally into 4 groups. The groups are constituted in that way: 1st Group: Control Group (S),2nd Group: Sedentary Group which is supplied with Zinc (Z), 3rd Group: Training Group which is supplied with Zinc (ZT) and 4th Group: Athletes’ Group who performs the weight training (T).The total testosterone and free testosterone values of the participants were measured from the blood samples which were drawn from the participants at the beginning and at the end of the 6-week training period. Results. Like results, has been asserted that the total and free testosterone values of the groups which are supplied with Zinc and perform weight training have increased depending on training and supplementation. Conclusion. In conclusion consequently it has been determined that 6-week zinc supplementation and weight training increase the testosterone levels. Accordingly, it may be said that this implementation contributes to the performance.
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The effects of wearable resistance loading on kinematic of front kick among elite taekwondo athletes
Статья научная
Aim. This study aimed to determine the acute effects of WR on Taekwondo front kick kinematics. Methodology. 24 elite taekwondo athletes were recruited and were required to perform front kick in four conditions; 1) WR with 3% of body mass (3WR), 2) WR with 5% of body mass (5WR), 3) WR with 8% of body mass (8WR) and 4) without WR (0WR). Movement kinematics (foot velocity, knee velocity and peak height) were analyzed during the movement in both dominant and non-dominant leg. Cameras attached to motion analysis systems were used to record participant’s kicking kinematics. The kinematics data obtained were compared between each conditions. Results. Results showed that only wearing WR of 3% body mass did not changed the knee velocity and kicking peak height as without WR. The foot velocities were found to be significantly different between each loadings with velocities become lower as loading increased. Conclusion. Wearing WR of 3% body mass were found to be suitable for athletes during training session as they can maintain their technical effectiveness while also increase stimulus for body to adapt in long term. Chronic studies need to be conducted to determine the long term effects of WR loadings on the kicking techniques.
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The impact of climatogeographic conditions on students' motor activity
Статья научная
Aim. To determine the relationship between climatogeographic conditions and motor activity levels in students.
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The impact of the needs and roles of nutrition counselling in sport
Статья научная
Aim. The aim of study was to identify the essential needs and roles of sport nutrition counselling. Material and Methods. 1410 subjects participated in the study: n = 564 (40 %) active athletes; n = 437 (31 %) nutrition and dietetics students; n = 409 (29 %) students of physical education and sports. The assessment targeted a survey based on a questionnaire containing 10 items with Likert responses (5), concerning the degree of needs and the impact of the roles of sport nutrition counselor. Results. The average number of subjects that rated the assessment questionnaire with maximum points 5 were 1082 subjects (76.73 %); 4 points 212 subjects (15.03 %); 3 points 85 subjects (6.06 %). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of questionnaire was 0.926, valid number 1410, suggesting that the items have very high internal consistency and Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test showed data statistically normal of all items of questionnaire. Conclusions. To promote a healthy and active lifestyle, experts in sports nutrition counseling can identify, through a holistic approach, solutions to the issue of change and optimization of dietary habits according to subjects peculiarities and the specific nature of sports activities.
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The influence of WHO recommendations on the level of physical activity of office workers in China
Статья научная
Aim. This study aimed to determine the relationship between knowledge of WHO recommendations and physical activity levels among Chinese office workers, accounting for their socio-demographic characteristics. Materials and methods. The study involved 493 Chinese office workers aged 20–60 years. The following methods were used: 1) a socio-demographic questionnaire covering age, gender, height, weight, education level, monthly income, marital status, and health status; 2) a questionnaire assessing respondents’ awareness of WHO recommendations on optimal physical activity levels; 3) the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Data were analyzed using chi-square tests, t-tests, and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results. Of the total sample, 190 office workers (38.5%) reported being aware of WHO recommendations on physical activity levels. Knowledge of these recommendations was influenced by socio-demographic characteristics, including marital status, health status, monthly earnings, and education level. A positive relationship was confirmed between knowledge of the recommendations and higher physical activity levels among Chinese office workers. Conclusion. Socio-demographic characteristics are significant predictors of awareness of WHO recommendations and their implementation. Further work is required to disseminate information designed to increase physical activity levels in office workers.
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Статья научная
Aim. In the present paper we aim at highlighting the influence of motion games in improving the components of psychomotricity in the physical education lesson in primary school education (the preparatory school year) and in shaping, among pupils, the belief that the physical education activity is a personal necessity. Methods. During the 2018-2019 school year, within the physical education classes we implemented a program of 20 motion games, for the first semester, and 17, for the second semester, meant to improve the psychomotor components. The research was carried out within the secondary school no. 1 Matca, Galati County, on a group of 50 preparatory school year pupils - the control group (24 subjects - 10 girls and 14 boys) and the experiment group (26 subjects - 13 girls and 13 boys), aged 6-7 years. For the evaluation of psychomotricity, we used the Bruininks-Oseretsky battery of tests, for segmental coordination and upper limb coordination, and the Motorin Test for general coordination. Results. In the final test, due to the implementation of motion games specific to the components of psychomotor activity, we noticed an ease of execution in the experiment group as compared to the control group, which still showed awkwardness and uncertainty in executing certain components of psychomotor activity by repeating the errors made in the initial test. Conclusions. After the creation and application of the training program in the school teaching activity, we reached the conclusion that it led to the acquisition of a high-level psychomotor components, and that it was qualitatively more valuable than the simple use of methods based on simple strength, sprint or endurance running, or dexterity exercises.
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