International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education @ijcrsee
Статьи журнала - International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education
Все статьи: 494
Approach to cyber security issues in Nigeria: challenges and solution
Статья научная
Cyber-space refers to the boundless space known as the internet. Cyber-security is the body of rules put in place for the protection of the cyber space. Cyber-crime refers to the series of organized crime attacking both cyber space and cyber security. The Internet is one of the fastest-growing areas of technical infrastructure development. Over the past decades, the growth of the internet and its use afforded everyone this opportunity. Google, Wikipedia and Bing to mention a few, give detailed answers to millions of questions every day. Cyberspace is a world that contains just about anything one is searching for. With the advent of these advancements in information accessibility and the advantages and applications of the internet comes an exponentially growing disadvantage- Cyber Crime. Cyber security has risen to become a national concern as threats concerning it now need to be taken more seriously. This paper attempts to provide an overview of Cybercrime and Cyber-security. It defines the concept of cybercrime, identify reasons for cyber-crime and its eradication. It look at those involved and the reasons for their involvement. Methods of stepping up cyber security and the recommendations that would help in checking the increasing rate of cyber-crimes were highlighted. The paper also attempts to name some challenges of cybercrime and present practical and logical solutions to these threats.
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Phraseological units, primarily idioms are those types of linguistic units which reveal to a great extent how certain linguistic community copes with its surroundings. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate how idioms in English language are actually differently used across different genres in British and American linguistic communities, and try to explain those results in light of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. The study was conducted on the basis of the idioms that have the same body part, namely arm and/or leg, and those idioms were then compared in two corpora - the BNC (British National Corpus) and COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English).
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Artificial Intelligence in Art Education: Transforming Visual Arts Training
Статья научная
The rising integration of artificial intelligence into the process of creating artwork and its deployment in various professional tasks signifies a notable change in how technology is utilized across different domains. AI is rapidly becoming favoured among students to address various learning challenges. A thoughtful selection of how AI is applied in creative assignments can enhance student creativity and improve outcomes when producing diverse visual content. This article reports on an experiment aimed at generating art products using various AI applications, resulting in image creations based on verbal descriptions. The objective of the educational experiment is to motivate students to create artistic works by utilizing AI, guided by descriptive words, and improving their projects by applying them to different AI software. The research employs visual analysis and comparative analysis to assess the educational artworks produced by students, contrasting those stemming from their imagination with those generated through AI based on their descriptions. Survey Analysis of Using AI in Visual Arts Education. Findings reveal that student satisfaction levels correlate with their creativity; more creative students tend to be less satisfied with the outcomes. There are significant distinctions in the artistic and aesthetic effects of images relating to lines, shapes, and techniques. In conclusion, AI-generated images can greatly enrich the creative process by providing artists with new visual interpretations of their concepts. While AI can effectively produce new images in response to artists’ creative briefs, it does not replace human creativity in the artistic process. Instead, the incorporation of AI tools serves as a complementary resource, enhancing the artistic ecosystem in the creative process.
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Assessing Decision-Making Skills in Electricity: Rasch Analysis
Статья научная
Decision-making is an essential 21st-century skill, and this is evidenced by the fact that the skill has increasingly gained attention in the current educational landscape. Accordingly, among the various competencies assessed by PISA, decision-making has been observed to be at the top of the list. This skill is particularly important, especially considering the fact that it provides college graduates with a competitive edge in the current workforce. Despite its significance, little work has been carried out to measure decision-making in the context of physics education using Rasch analysis. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the decision-making skills of prospective science teachers, with particular attention to differences based on gender and domicile. In order to achieve the stated objective, a quantitative study method was adopted, with the inclusion of 172 prospective science teachers who had received basic physics. Accordingly, data were collected using a paper-based test technique, which included six questions related to decision-making skills. The physics material utilized during the course of the study includes dynamic electricity, and in terms of the determination of validity and reliability, as well as item difficulty and differences in decision-making skills based on gender and domicile of the prospective science teacher, the Rasch measurement approach was adopted. The obtained results showed that no items could be reviewed based on gender and domicile of the observed prospective science teachers. However, a significant difference was found between the decision-making skills of participants based on gender. Following the observations, the decision-making skills of females were better than those of males, regardless of domicile. In conclusion, the decision-making skills instrument was observed to be valid and reliable. Additionally, the investigation possesses some implications for science educators in the aspect of determining differentiated physics learning designs that accommodate the abilities of students based on gender.
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Attitudes of Students and Teachers’ Opinions Towards Robotic Applications in Secondary Schools
Статья научная
The ongoing advancements in technology and their implications for robotics raise questions regarding high school students’ attitudes toward robotic applications. The formation of teachers’ opinions is identified as a research gap alongside these developments. This research aims to measure the attitudes of students in secondary schools towards robotic applications, in terms of various variables and to evaluate teachers’ opinions. This research was designed as mixed methods research. The sample of the research consisted of 469 students and 25 teachers. The quantitative data of the study were collected with the robotics activity attitudes scale-RAAS, which was adapted to the language of the researchers. Qualitative data was collected with the teacher interview form created by the researchers. Parametric tests, t-tests, and ANOVA were applied to the data set, and weighted average, frequency, and percentage calculations were made. The data obtained from the teacher interview form was transformed into findings using the descriptive analysis method. As a result of the research, it was determined that the students had a high degree of robotic attitude. It was determined that students’ robotic attitudes showed a significant difference in favor of male students according to the gender variable. There was no difference in students’ robotic attitudes depending on the classroom variable, and a majority of teachers have a positive attitude towards the use of robotic applications in education in Kazakh secondary schools. The attitudes and opinions of teachers and students towards robotic applications are positive.
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Статья научная
This paper analyses the attitudes of teachers to using information and communication technology in teaching. The study was conducted on a sample of 269 teachers in the Republic of Serbia. The purpose of this research is to look at the intensity of ICT use in teaching, as well as to identify the benefits and obstacles that teachers face when using this technology. The study was based on a descriptive research methodology. Surveying and scaling techniques were used to measure the attitudes of teachers. It was concluded that teachers often use ICT in teaching. The greatest advantage of ICT use, as seen by teachers, is improved quality of teaching, a possibility to deliver interesting lessons and quick and easy access to information. The greatest obstacles emphasized by teachers were underdeveloped competencies of teachers, limited access to ICT in schools and insufficient trust in the use of new technologies.
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Статья научная
The study is aimed at finding the varieties of appealing spheres for realization of students' potential in higher school. The authors substantiate and develop the concept of attractors for students' self-realization, which designate the appealing spheres and forms of manifestation of students' personal efforts and capacities in higher education. The methods of conceptual-applied reconstruction and psychological surveys are used to determine the attractive space for students' self-development. The study identifies a group of potentially attractive spheres (learning-cognitive, research, sports-wellness, volunteer, artistic-creative, innovative-entrepreneurial, information-media, social-civic, sphere of cross-cultural communication). The study presents the results of diagnosing the subjective significance of these spheres for students of different specialties and different levels of self-realization in education. The conclusion is made about the tendency of influence of students' involvement in attractive spheres on the success of their self-realization in educational environment. The prospects of applying and operating the category of attractors as socio-cultural predictors of successful self-realization and psychological well-being of students in the process of University training are shown.
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Augmented reality as a teaching tool in higher education
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Rapid development of the technology has influenced its inevitable entrance in the learning processes. Teachers are often challenged to use the appropriate educational technology in the process of teaching in order to ease the learning process of students. Introducing new technology in the teaching process should utilize the new technology in any possible way in order to assist the teacher in transferring the knowledge and assist the students in grasping that knowledge. This paper should emphasize the benefits of using augmented reality in higher education, by measuring outcomes of the students which used augmented reality as a teaching tool in the courses. Results from the survey imply that students show significantly improved results in increasing the interest, understanding and interiorizing the learning material. University teachers found that using augmented reality is significantly improving the learning process of students and their teaching process in a pedagogical and technical sense.
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Disputes resolved with the use of mediation as a form of dispute resolution are rare (or at striking level) in the practice in our country. In order to increase the number of disputes that were successfully completed based on mediation, it is necessary for the people to know about the alternative forms of resolving litigation. The lack of information contributes to the lack of trust in any resolution of the dispute except in the court. There is also the positive practice of resolving disputes through mediation macular placed in public. This Paper treats the action research which aims to connect the people awareness of mediation as a form of negotiation through which can quickly and easily, without major financial implications, to resolve any dispute. This paper is based on a survey with the members of Chamber of Mediators of the Republic of Macedonia. These results clearly confirm the lack of information among the local population about the forms of dispute resolution that are available and the benefits they offer.
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Статья научная
The aim of this experimental research was to explore if the future HR managers are susceptible to the base rate neglect (BRN) bias and if the visual presentation of the base rates improves their reasoning. The BRN bias is a tendency to disregard a priori probabilities that are explicitly given for the class of observed objects. In this study, BRN is seen as the case of decision-making bias in the work-related context. Although it is inevitable part of the decision-making processes concerning employees`, the topic is not sufficiently studied. A total of 65 participants, enrolled in the master studies of HRM, were subjected to 4 different types of BRN tasks, in which five different HR activities were described. They were varied within subjects, representativeness of description, and format of base rate. Within each task there were five different situations that make 20 tasks in total. The two-way repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that the proportion of biased answers was significantly higher on the representative tasks when the tasks presented visually, with no interaction between representativeness and format of task. Results are in line with previous studies that observed an effect of BRN on decision-making process. Yet, unexpectedly, visual presentation of base rates did not facilitate unbiased reasoning implying that some other form of presentation might be more appropriate for the task.
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Basic Needs Satisfaction and Conscious Motives for Sports Activities of Juniors
Статья научная
Athletic motivation is actively studied in the sports psychology. The study of the juniors’ motivation is crucial for exploring the reasons to quit the sport, the fac-tors that reduce an athlete’s productivity, the principles of building support pro-grams for young athletes. The purpose of the study was to study the basic needs satisfaction and the hierarchy of young athlete conscious motives. The study involved juniors, in the amount of 133 people aged 13-16 years (M=15.1; SD=1.6; 59.4% men). The following methods were used: the essay “Why I came into sports”, “Method of paired comparisons” by V.V. Skvortsov (modified by I.A. Akindinova), as well as statistical methods (descriptive statistics, W - Kendall, Chi-squared test, Kruskal-Wallis H - test). Personal, professional and status conscious motives were found out to form a complex motivation for sports activities. Conscious motives for sports activities differ among juniors in various sports. The least satisfied needs are those for acceptance needs and self-expression. The type of sport does not determine the satisfaction of the junior needs. The prospect of the study is to create a model of motivation for a young athlete. The results can be used in the activities of sports institutions.
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Статья научная
The development of information technologies and transport services has significantly facilitated the organization of business and tourist trips to countries worldwide. Consumers’ decisions regarding which tourist destination to visit are determined by numerous factors. The research examine the effect of behavioral cultural intelligence, uncertainty avoidance, the legal system and safety, as well as cultural heritage on the choice of foreign tourist destinations. The empirical research was conducted using a survey method in the Republic of Serbia during 2024 on a sample of 388 respondents, whose responses were analyzed using the statistical software SmartPLS4. The results showed that uncertainty avoidance has a negative impact, while behavioral cultural intelligence, the legal system and safety, and cultural heritage have a positive impact on the choice of foreign tourist destinations, providing valuable information for marketers of multinational companies.
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Belief in information conspiracy and personality traits of generations X and Y
Статья научная
The article presents the results of comparing the belief in information conspiracies in connection with personality traits among representatives of Generations Y and X, nationalities - the Russians and the Kumyks. We call information conspiracies those that are presented in the information space and are presented as close to reality. Therefore, users who get acquainted with information conspiracies do not doubt and believe in them. The sample was presented by the Russian university students and middle-aged working people. The questionnaire of conspiracy mentality (CMQ) (Bruder, Haffke) and the FPI technique (Farenberg, Zarg and Gampel) have been applied. It was revealed that the older the generation, the more it believes in the state conspiracy; generations have stable beliefs about the presence of a political conspiracy; the representatives of the Kumyk group are more prone to exaggeration of the importance of conspiracy than the group of the Russians generation Y; the personality trait “irritability” correlates with the scale of belief in public conspiracy; there was a negative dependence of emotional lability and belief in a political conspiracy. The results are compared with the data of foreign studies on the samples of representatives of the USA, Great Britain, Turkey, Germany. It was concluded that it is possible to observe cultural and intergenerational differences in expression of conspiracy mentality. Representatives of Generation Y believe more in political and public conspiracies. Representatives of Generation X believe more in public conspiracy and secret organizations.
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Beliefs and Experiences of Serbian Preschool Educators on Inclusive Education
Статья научная
The purpose of this study is to examine a range of preschool educators’ experiences and beliefs regarding inclusive education in public preschool institutions in Serbia. The research aimed to: a) determine the relationship between educators’ self-assessed experience and competence, the availability of support systems, educators’ beliefs about the parents of children with developmental difficulties, and their beliefs about inclusion; b) identify significant predictors of the educators’ beliefs about the benefits of inclusion; c) explore whether nurses and preschool teachers differ in their experiences and beliefs. The sample consisted of 201 preschool educators: 145 preschool teachers and 56 nurses working with younger children. Principal Component Analysis with Oblimin rotation was employed, along with parallel analysis, which pointed to a four-factor structure: Teaching Experience and Competence, Availability of Expert Support, Negative Beliefs about Parents, and Inclusion Benefits. The results indicate that preschool educators report mildly positive experiences and beliefs about inclusive education, but they also hold a negative view of the parents of children with developmental difficulties. Negative beliefs about parents show the strongest (negative) correlation with beliefs in the benefits of inclusion and are the best predictor in the regression model, followed by self-assessed experience and competence and the participants’ occupation (i.e., nurse or preschool teacher). Preschool teachers report that they have more experience and competence in working with children with developmental difficulties than nurses do, while other differences were not significant. The implications of the obtained results are discussed.
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Статья научная
Since artificial intelligence (AI) has been integrated into our digital communication landscape, there have been major changes in how political campaigns are strategically designed and how public opinion is influenced. With the help of machine learning (ML), generative models (GM) and natural language processing (NLP), AI tools have introduced new opportunities for political engagement. Today, thanks to AI-driven data analytics, we can micro-target voters based on their psychographic profiles and adapt political messages with incredible precision. On the other hand, generative AI technologies are increasingly used to spread false information or to imitate political endorsements, which has a great impact on public opinion. The dissemination of such content can greatly reinforce ideological prejudices and contribute to social divisions. This paper draws on recent empirical research and case studies to illustrate how AI-generated disinformation campaigns can affect electoral processes and undermine trust in democratic institutions. Various examples, such as the use of bots to control social media to deepfake content impersonating political figures, show that ethical, technological and legal safeguards are urgently needed. Furthermore, this paper supports an approach to AI governance that strikes a balance between promoting innovation and reducing harm. This implies the development of tools for AI detection, transparency measures and cooperation between sectors in order to promote responsibility and integrity of information. Greater digital literacy among citizens and proactive policy responses will be necessary in the near future to ensure the resilience of democratic systems due to the increasingly rapid development of AI technology.
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Blending pedagogy and digital technology to transform educational environment
Статья научная
This article shows efficacy of competences-oriented education model, representing effectiveness of pedagogy technology and digital tools blending in transforming education while using tutor's support. In correspondence to contemporary requirements and education system special features, connection between digital education tools and tutor technology contributing to students' key competences development is determined. The paper contributes to the field by summarizing some theoretical issues and offering implementation suggestions for effectively integrating digital technologies into teaching and learning. The use of digital technologies in educational activities opens up new opportunities, adequate methods for dissemination and management of digital information, development of necessary competencies on the basis of digital literacy, ensuring equitable access for all who wish to obtain necessary knowledge and decision-making skills, ensuring demand for school graduates in the world labor market in situation of digital economy. Innovative technologies become a problem adding difficulties to students' burden. Tutor becomes an intermediary between students and digital technologies to promote students' active learning practices; there are not so many students who can appreciate digital learning practices and get the most of it. The role of tutoring in digital literacy promotion is hard to overestimate. Tutor support is a pedagogical activity in individualization of education aimed at identifying and developing students' educational motives and interests. To form students' key competencies in education system, it is necessary to supplement traditional education with tools of digital educational technologies, new trends in pedagogies such as tutoring, which is becoming an integral part of modern learning process.
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Brain mechanisms of embodied decision-making
Статья научная
One of the ways to comprehend mental abilities of individuals is to examine their underlying neural processes and mechanisms. To explore the role of cingulate cortical neurons in “mental rehearsal“ immediately before every trial of appetitive instrumental task in well-trained animals, we analyzed recorded single-unit activity in relation to the task-relevant events during task trials and during delay periods inside each trial in the same animals. The results showed that neuronal activity in the rabbit posterior cingulate cortex during the delay consisted mostly of activity of those neurons which were specialized in relation to this task, though the delay periods were not intended to remember previous events. The data indicated that these neuronal groups are involved in the processes of unfolding planned future behavior. Sequences of neuronal events during the delay period (i.e. during” covert behavior” phase), used for decision making, depended on the role of neuron in overt behavior. During delay periods replays (or preplays) started with activity of very selective (“narrow selective”) neurons, specialized in relation to concrete behavioral acts, but late in the delay included activity of such “broadly selective” neurons which might have been related to movements similar in broad categories of behavior. Such results indicate that task-related neurons with different degree of selectivity are all involved in overt and covert phase of experience actualization, which might imply that decision making in rabbits is the embodied cognitive process.
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Breaking down barriers to effective EFL communication: a look at sense-making techniques
Статья научная
The present “new wave” investigation tackles cutting-edge perspectives of one of the most pressing problems - breaking down the barriers to effective fluent English communication. The publication reflects a broad array of studies in the area of methodology of teaching English. The investigation distills the research about sense-making techniques in the language awareness. The paper reveals obstacles and reasons for language barriers to fluent English communication. The author demonstrates an alternative way of approaching the problem of English as a foreign language acquisition. We undertake the empirical investigation of how foreign languages are learnt and taught using sense-making techniques. A foreign language should become a personal need for students allowing them to set goals, choose language improvement strategies, and exercise self-esteem and self-control. Against the backdrops of research, the experiment was carried out. Those tested were 85 students of Southern Federal University, Russia. They were split into two groups: a control group of tertiary participants who were given an instruction using traditional methods of teaching English; and a second group -experimental one implementing sense-making techniques in learning a target language.
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In the current landscape of higher education, the quality of teaching plays a crucial role in supporting the comprehensive development of students. To ensure the effectiveness of the learning process, evaluating lecturers based on student opinions is an essential means of providing feedback and optimizing the learning experience. This paper focuses on constructing a lecturer ranking system, particularly in the context of a specific course through the evaluation process from students. Four different methods were employed to assess lecturers, including the PSI method, SRP method, RAM method, and PIV method. The evaluation results using these four methods were compared with each other and also with the traditional evaluation approach currently utilized in the educational institution. The achieved results demonstrate that the approach outlined in this paper is highly suitable for determining the rankings of lecturers when teaching individual courses.
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Burnout among students of technical faculties in Serbia - a case study
Статья обзорная
Even though university students are not employees of the faculties, their academic duties (attending classes, taking exams, writing term papers and essays, and so on) can be considered as forms of work, whereby they engage socially with their teachers and other students, which is why student burnout has come into increased focus of numerous studies. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between gender, tuition fee status, and year of study and burnout among the students of basic academic studies at one of the public faculties in southern Serbia (N=194) using the School Burnout Inventory (SBI-U 9). The obtained results indicate that moderate exhaustion, cynicism, and the feeling of inadequacy are related to moderate burnout of the majority of the students. It has been determined that gender influences one burnout dimension - exhaustion, while the students’ tuition fee status is related to cynicism and inadequacy, as is their year of study. This study also found that high degree of burn-out increases with the years of study.
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