Integrating digital culture into the Indonesian education system (in English)

States. Indonesia has 718 local lan guages (indigenous languages) [3] and it is the country with the second most local languages globally. In Indone sia, there are 1340 ethnic groups and six religions recognized by the state, namely Islam, Protestant Christian ity, Catholic Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Thir teen percent of the world’s total Mus lim population lives in Indonesia, so Indonesia is also known as the coun try with the largest Muslim popula tion in the world [14]. As a country with rich religious, ethnic, cultural, and linguistic diversity, Indonesia has a philosophical basis known as Pan casila and the principle of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika. Both are the foundation of the state and serve as guidelines in various aspects of people’s lives.

The Values of Pancasila and Bhinneka Tunggal Ika in the Digital Space. Pancasila is the state foundation and philosophy of the Republic of Indonesia. The name “Pancasila” comes from two words in Sanskrit: “panca” which means five, and “sila,” which implies prin ciple or basis [13]. Thus, Pancasila can be interpreted as “five principles” that serve as national and state life guidelines for all Indonesian people. Pancasila is the source of all sources of state law [11]. Pancasila encom passes five core principles that serve as guidelines bound by Indonesian so ciety’s fundamental aspects: Belief in God, Humanity, Nationalism, Demo cracy, and Social Justice [10].

• 1.    The belief in the one and only God promotes love and respect for

• 2.    Just and civilized humanity em phasizes equality, tolerance, and em pathy. Discrimination is not allowed, and everyone should also respect each other’s differences in the digital space.

• 3.    The unity of Indonesia promotes harmony and collaboration among cit izens, prioritizing the country’s in terests above personal or group in terests. Diversity is appreciated, and prejudice and stereotypes should be minimized.

• 4.    Democracy is based on the prin ciple of freedom and egalitarianism. Freedom is not infinite. The focus of not imposing one’s will on others

• 5.    Social justice for all Indonesian people promotes mutual cooperation, hard work, and caring for others. Ev eryone has the right to judge in law, economics, politics, and culture to create a just and prosperous society. In the digital space, citizens should be aware of regulations and policies, practice netiquette, and collaborate to achieve equitable progress through out Indonesia.

all religions and their followers. In the digital space, it means accessing credible sources of information and studying different perspectives on re ligion and belief.

ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ ЦИФРОВОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ В СИСТЕМУ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ИНДОНЕЗИИ refers to respect for individual free dom of opinion and action. In the di gital space, citizens should access public information responsibly and provide space for everyone to express themselves freely.

Indonesia’s national motto, “Bhin neka Tunggal Ika,” originated from Old Javanese and means “Unity in di versity” [1]. It reflects the country’s philosophy of inclusiveness diversity of ethnicity, culture, language, and re ligion. Despite Indonesia’s vast vari ety, its components remain united in the Republic of Indonesia [5]. This motto promotes tolerance, mutual re spect, and cooperation among citizens of different backgrounds, which is cru cial for a country with ethnic, cultural, and religious diversity like Indonesia. The value of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika is found in the Indonesian state sym bol [10] essential in the digital space, which is increasingly becoming an in separable part of the lives of Indone sian citizens, as it is a representation of the real world.

Digitalization of Culture Using ICT. Cultural forms consist of prac tices, products, and perspectives. Prac tice means a pattern of social inter action or behavior and involves us ing a product. Meanwhile, products are tangible or intangible creations of a particular culture. Products reflect cultural perspectives. The perspec tive tends more towards philosophi cal matters, namely the meanings, at titudes, values, beliefs, and ideas that underlie cultural practices and prod ucts of society. Cultural perspective represents the view of a group of peo ple about the world [8]. Seeing the full range of cultural practices, products, and perspectives is a prerequisite for digital literacy activities in the cul tural realm.

Indonesia, a multicultural and democratic country, emphasizes the importance of freedom of opinion to create common national goals, includ ing when multiculturalism is brought into the digital space as part of the public space. The digital literacy pro cess in the cultural sector consists of:

• 1.    Understanding Culture in Digital Space is an individual’s ability to un derstand the meaning of cultural con tent in digital media at a literal level.

• 2.    Cultural Production in Digital Space is the ability to duplicate (par tially or entirely) cultural content.

• 3.    Distribution of Culture in Digital Space is the ability of individuals to disseminate cultural information di gitally.

• 4.    Cultural Participation in Digital Spaces is engaging interactively and critically in new media environments.

• 5.    Cultural Collaboration in Digital Spaces refers to the ability to create cultural content on digital media to gether with other parties.

Love domestic products. Love for domestic products is in depth knowl edge about the diversity and quality of various products made by the na tion’s people. This awareness devel ops into a high sense of appreciation when citizens understand that every purchase of local products directly supports the country’s economy and the welfare of their fellow citizens. Be coming a wise digital citizen means integrating local products into daily routine, from the fashion that wears, the applications that use, to the food that consume. In a digital space full of choices, being a wise consumer means prioritizing quality domestic products, which will strengthen local indus try and the nation’s global identity. The 100 % Love Indonesia campaign is one of the roles of the government to promote local products in Indone sia to increase the competitiveness of domestic products, both through tra ditional and digital mass media [12].

Digital Rights. In Digital Culture, digital rights and responsibilities oc cupy the last position after other in dicators are mastered. Digital Rights Indicators cover access, freedom of ex pression, protection of privacy data, and intellectual property rights (IPR) in the digital world [2, р. 84].

• 1.    The right to access is the free dom to access the Internet, such as infrastructure availability, ownership and control of Internet provider ser vices, digital divide, equality of access between genders, filtering, and block ing. Accessing is part of digital cit izenship, the core of Digital Culture.

• 2.    The right to express guarantees diversity in content and freedom to express opinions. The state protects freedom of expression. However, free dom is not without limits. Freedom of expression in the digital space has lim its. It must not violate rights and in jure others, nor can it endanger the in terests of the public, state, and society.

• 3.    The right to feel safe is freedom from mass wiretapping and monit oring without legal basis, protection of privacy, and safety from online at tacks. An essential issue in privacy is how to protect personal data.

• 4.    IPRs are exclusive rights arising from creativity that produces goods or processes that are useful for humans. In the digital space, copyright pro tection covers digital content regard less of its form and distribution me dia. An intellectual property protec ted by copyright in analog form will continue to be saved when converted into digital format. IPR aims to ob tain economic benefits from products protected by law and have legal con sequences. The government’s use of IPR is to protect its citizens’ work. One example of IPR violation in the academic environment is plagiarism.

The Role of Digital Culture in Education. Through the Ministry of Communication and Information, the Indonesian government formulated the digital literacy framework for Di gital Culture as follows.

The role of the digital culture frame work is crucial in supporting and en riching education in Indonesia, espe cially in adapting to the challenges and opportunities offered by the dig ital era. This framework emphasizes

^* Source: KOMINFO, 2021.

Figure 1 . Digital Culture Framework ^*

the importance of internalizing the values of Pancasila and Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, which are the founda tion for national unity and recogni tion of Indonesia’s cultural diversity. In an educational context, this allows the curriculum and teaching practices to embed these values digitally, help ing students internalize the values that will shape their identity as mod ern and moral Indonesian citizens. In internalizing these values digitally, the curriculum can utilize technology to enrich students’ learning experiences in religious studies. In Indonesia, re ligion is a mandatory subject taught from elementary school to university.

The digitalization of culture us ing ICT also has a significant im pact on education. By understand ing, producing, distributing, partic ipating, and collaborating in culture in digital spaces, students and teach ers can expand their learning experi ences. Education is no longer limited to the classroom but becomes a broad learning ecosystem where culture and knowledge can be accessed, shared, and developed. This creates oppor tunities to integrate rich local edu cational content, strengthen national identity, and support inclusive and sustainable learning.

Love for domestic products and be ing wise as a consumer in the digi tal space are also essential aspects of the Digital Culture framework. Ed ucation must promote awareness of the importance of supporting Indo nesia’s local economy and creative industries and equip students with the ability to become competent and responsible consumers in the digi tal space. This aligns with entrepre neurship learning and digital literacy, which are becoming more critical in the modern curriculum.

Digital rights such as digital access, freedom of expression, data privacy protection, and intellectual property rights are other essential elements. Education must instill a strong un derstanding of digital rights and re sponsibilities to equip students to face an increasingly connected world. Affirming the importance of equita ble access to educational technol ogy while ensuring students under stand how to safeguard their privacy and respect intellectual property is

ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ ЦИФРОВОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ В СИСТЕМУ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ИНДОНЕЗИИ critical to creating an ethical and in formed society.

By incorporating these digital cul ture framework points that focus on Indonesia’s unique digital culture into the education system, Indonesia is not only preparing a young generation who is competent in technology but also one who has strength of charac ter and a deep appreciation for its di versity and cultural heritage. This cre ates the foundation for an advanced, prosperous, and harmonious society in the global digital era.

Implementing the Digital Culture framework in Indonesia requires a deep understanding of the applica ble social, political, and technolog ical context. This process involves the internalization of the values of Pancasila and Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, which pose significant challenges in adapting universal and eternal val ues to a dynamically changing dig ital space. This raises the risk that these values will only become cere monial and not be realized in every day digital practices. The diversity of interpretations of these values can also result in diverse applications in the digital space. Furthermore, the digitalization of culture using infor mation and communication technol ogy (ICT) creates cultural misconcep tions or misunderstandings, especially when that culture is interpreted and communicated through digital me dia, which may be less able to cap ture cultural nuances comprehen sively. Digital content producers of ten lack the knowledge or awareness to present content that respects cul tural diversity. In contrast, rapid dig ital distribution can lead to the mis use or commercialization of cultural content without considering authen tic artistic rights. Cultural participa tion and collaboration in the digital space are often hampered by dispar ities in digital literacy between vari ous societal groups.

Apart from that, there are chal lenges in promoting love for domes tic products in the digital ecosystem. Consumers often face difficulty dif ferentiating between local and for eign products due to limited infor mation or misleading tendencies in the digital space. Globalization and free markets have also contributed to shifts in consumer preferences, who may be more inclined to choose for eign products over local ones. There fore, building trust in the quality and safety of domestic products is a chal lenge in the digital era. Regarding dig ital rights, data privacy protection in Indonesia is still developing. Many users are not yet fully aware of their rights or do not know how to protect personal data in the digital space. This shows the urgent need for digital ed ucation and policy creation that pro motes awareness and implementation of best practices in safeguarding digi tal citizens’ privacy and personal data.

Conclusion. The Digital Culture framework is a significant step to wards achieving comprehensive and relevant digital transformation in In donesia. The framework combines lo cal Indonesian policies and wisdom with a global digital framework, em phasizing the importance of com plementing the digital competency framework with an understanding of Indonesian culture and local wisdom. The values of Pancasila and Bhinneka Tunggal Ika promote love, respect, equality, tolerance, empathy, har mony, and collaboration among citi zens, making them essential pillars of the Digital Culture framework. While the framework is unique to Indone sia, it inspires other countries to con sider their cultural and social chal lenges when adopting digital trans formation competencies. The Digital Culture framework is an example of how digital transformation can be im plemented in a way that respects and preserves cultural diversity.