Using big data and artificial intelligence to strengthen food security: technological and legal approaches

The paper reviews modern technological solutions based on big data and artificial intelligence for ensuring food safety and traceability, and analyzes the legal frameworks governing their application in Kazakhstan, the Eurasian Economic Union, and the European Union. The study employs a narrative review of regulatory acts, international standards, and academic publications focusing on the integration of digital technologies into HACCP systems, official control, risk management, data protection, algorithmic transparency, and cyber resilience. It is demonstrated that combining ISO 22000 and ISO 22005 with the GS1 EPCIS event model, IoT sensors, and machine learning algorithms enables faster hazard identification, targeted product recalls, and improved evidentiary reliability in audits, provided compliance with GDPR, the EU AI Act, NIS2, the Transparency Regulation, and national data protection laws. A “compliance by design” roadmap is proposed to integrate technological and legal solutions for sustainable food safety improvement. The scientific article was prepared within the framework of funding for scientific and (or) scientific and technical programs for 2024-2026, aimed at the implementation of the IRN project AP23489796 "Problems of regulating the legal regime of big data: domestic and international experience", funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan.