Main Means of Expressing Negation in the Kyrgyz Language

Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice

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The category of the preposition in the Kyrgyz language is distinguished by the development of its organizational means. As evidence of this, the frequent use of the preposition in ancient Turkic written monuments can be cited. For example, Qaraγu jorïq jazsa sökmä anï – If a noble person strays from the path, do not scold him. (ДТС 274), bu että čïr joq – There is no fat in this meat, türk bodun ölti alqïntï jok boltï – The Turk is dead, gone (ДТС 272), qal savï qalmaz qaγïl baγï jazïlmaz –Like a knot untied from the branches of a willow, the words of the old man are never without enthusiasm. (ДТС 405) etc.

In nature, in our daily lives, the course of action, that is, the implementation of actions, varies. Sometimes it is performed slowly or quickly, sometimes it is not performed at all, and sometimes its implementation may be contrary to what we think. The use of verbs in relation to the performance of actions, the course of action, the implementation of actions, and the presence of objects in various states of rest is realized with positive and negative meanings.

One of the main means of expressing the negative is the semantic opposition inherent in the grammatical categories of the verb - the positive and negative (negative) meaning of the verb. These two forms of the verb function in parallel and are characteristic of all verbs in the language. E. Shendels includes the positive and negative meaning in the «polar linguistic category», i.e., the subjunctive form [Shendels, 1959:125-142].

In Turkic languages, including Kyrgyz, there are no special linguistic means to express a positive meaning, other than the word «yes». There is no special grammatical indicator of the positive form. On the other hand, the negative meaning is expressed by adding the suffix -ba (allophones - -be, -bo, -bö, -pa, -pe, -po, -pö) to the main form of the verb.

In Kyrgyz, any verb can be used in both positive and negative forms. There is no other alternative to this in the language. For example, If you are lucky, you will not be able to hold it [Kyrgyz-Russian dictionary, 395]. If you are not lucky, your hand will be in vain. One father can feed six children, six children cannot feed one father. He who cannot sew a shirt at home, will not sew a fox at home [Kygyz proverbs in China, 2004]. Therefore, all verbs can be used in both positive and negative forms. N. Baskakov writes about this: «…all Karakalpak verbs can have the following two forms: a) positive, indicating the presence, formally coinciding with the root or base of the verb; b) negative, indicating the absence, unreality of this process, action, state» [Baskakov, 1952:357].

N. Kononov considered positive and negative semantics as a grammatical category of the verb, i.e., an aspect of the verb. He explained the term "aspect of the verb" that he used as follows: «Each form of the verb can stand in one of the four verbal aspects, expressing a positive or negative judgment or a judgment that asserts the possibility or impossibility for the subject to carry out this or that action» [Kononov, 1960:269].

It took a long time for the word "bandage" to be recognized as an independent category in Turkology. Researchers initially identified only the suffix -ba as a means of bandage. This suffix is found in all Turkic languages and is the oldest indicator of bandage.

The -ba participle is attached to verbs, imposing negative and opposite meanings on the occurrence or performance of an action. For example, Don't stay where you are called, don't walk. In Kyrgyz, the -ba participle has a fixed position in the stem of verbs, and it always comes after the stem. For example, yu-n-ba, jam-yn-ba, kör-süt-pe, uk-pa, jaz-ba, kel-be, oy-no-bo, etc. Therefore, whatever changes the stem undergoes, the -ba participle also undergoes changes depending on the properties of the sounds in the verb to which it is attached.

In present tense verbs, the -ba particle always attaches to the main verb and provides a negative verb meaning: does not come, does not speak, etc.

In the complex forms of future tense verbs, the -ba participle is not distinguished by its position in the conjugation. When it appears in the structure of an auxiliary verb, it gives a negative meaning to the direction of the action: do not bring, do not sit down, do not tell, do not bring, etc.

If it is mentioned in the main verb system, it gives a negative meaning not to the direction of the action, but to the result of the action: they can't get it, they don't read, etc. Arsar does not come with the -ar participle of the future tense. Because the -ar participle has a negative form (-bas), and the -bas participle system has the -ba participle. It retains its stable position when combined with the -dy, -yp, -yptyr, -chu forms of the past tense: kel-be-di, ug-ul-ba-dy, kör-bo-chu-mun, jet-pe-p-tir, etc.

However, it is pronounced in combination with the past participle (-gan) only in complex forms: окубан эсэл, болын эсэлбын эсэлбын эсэлбын, etc. In these cases, the feature of the -gan participle to form a noun is clearly visible, and in complex verb forms it is noticeable that it has some characteristic, qualitative meanings. In dialects of the Kyrgyz language, there are cases where the -gan participle is pronounced in simple verbs: ayt-pa-gan, kel-be-gen-biz, кор-бе-gen-bыз, etc.

In the structure of a word, when the -ba participle is combined with the -by participle, which expresses the meaning of a question, it loses its negative meaning and expresses positive meanings regarding the execution, progress, fulfillment of an action, and the presence of objects in various states of tranquility: Didn't I tell you everything, what else should I say? So, didn't I bother to go to the city twice? In the complex form, when it comes with the auxiliary verb bey, it expresses positive meanings: Didn't acquaintances and even relatives run away from me?

In the Kyrgyz language, it is impossible to functionally compare verbs in negative forms with adverbs in other word classes. Verbal adverbs function very widely in speech and occupy a central place among the verb categories. Adverbs in other word classes, on the other hand, cannot perform this function; they only give additional color to the main adverb and enhance its meaning.

The words «no», «not», and «sieve» can also be cited as means of organizing the ending. These are the next occurrences in the language compared to the -ba participle.

Not. With the help of this word, not only negative actions are expressed, but also contradictory concepts and opinions: However, some girls, unlike Gulnar, are not expected to be more mature. Kanay's father did not beat her, but sometimes he threatened her to eliminate her misbehavior. This is not a pomegranate, but an apple. Not often combined with a noun in the -gan form, forms verbs in the analytical form. For example, He did not go at the expected time, knowing that Aizat would not come.

Combined with a verb with the -ing participle, it indicates that the subject is opposed to a certain opinion: It's not that these words are true, but the fact that Aziz said them that made him think more.

The word «not» is combined with words such as «need», «may», and "condition" to give different modal meanings: It is impossible to perform it no later than the fifteenth of each month. It is not necessary for each participant to appear in the competition. The word "not" is combined with auxiliary verbs such as "bely" and "beken" to form complex verbs: "Every word he said was not a burden to his heart."

Sieve. This word is combined with the participles with the endings -a, -o, -e, -y: бара ел, толо ел, бере ел, болгай ел, дороже ел, etc. It gives a negative meaning to the performance of an action. If "sieve" is combined with verbs with the endings -gan, -chu, it expresses a positive meaning to the performance of an action: бара ел, барчу ел, etc. he lexeme "no" is also found in the language of ancient written monuments. It expresses a negative meaning in the structure of a sentence as a predicate, attributive, or substantive.

There are frequent cases where the word "no" is used as an interjection to enhance the meaning of the sentence and give it expressiveness: No, the secretary didn't say anything about it.

No can come at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence. If no comes at the end of a sentence, then the narrator is in the -gan no form: Mukhtar did not read the letter he wrote. To give a strong emotional color to a sentence, the word no can be repeated several times: No water is not available. Sometimes it is used instead of a verb in the negative form. In this case, the expressiveness of the sentence increases and the length decreases: Will your son justify your trust or not?

The complex verb "to be" semantically expresses the existence or non-existence of various things, substances, and objects.

This construction has a special feature. As a result of the lexicalization process, its elements acquired a single whole and acquired the external form characteristic of verbs formed synthetically - to disappear. As a result, synonyms for to disappear and to disappear appeared. However, the semantic load they carry is different. According to the first, the meaning of the verb «to disappear» was narrowed to to disappear, to be invisible, to be undetectable» [Dushimova, 1977:21].

The close relationship between «affirmation and denial», the dialectical unity, encourages us to consider the positive and negative forms of the verb in the same semantic structure, in the same category. Moreover, the positive and negative forms of the verb express the same phenomenon from opposite sides.

«Affirmation and denial» means the performance or non-performance of an action. When expressing the performance of an action, no special article is required; more precisely, the root verb expresses the performed action and is considered the positive form of the verb. For example, come, sing, tell, read, write, wear, etc.

In Kyrgyz, impossible actions are expressed in two ways:

• 1)    synthetic method;

• 2)    analytical method.

synthetic method of expressing the imperative. An impossible action is performed with the help of the -ba participle. The -ba participle is attached to the stem of the verb (it can be derived or innate). For example, Kerech and Baalyk, do not distract your aunt [KTTS 265]. His name has remained, and he has not won the prize [KTTS 270]. Do not tell your partner that he is running away [KTTS 272]. An hungry person does not know how to eat. If a bad name is full, he will not tie a knot with his side [KTTS 609]. The negative form of the verb is attached to all verbs in the Kyrgyz language.

When used in a compound verb, the -ba participle is attached to the last component: I don't want to hide a single secret from the person I'm with. We didn't get a single benefit from the harmful manap [KTTS 306]. May this mortal not escape again [KTTS 481]. Sometimes it can also be attached to the first component: The idiot stopped his squirming and became as calm as a normal person [KTTS 392].

The accusative always comes after the root, before the modifiers. In other words, various categories of the verb are formed from the positive or negative form of the verb. According to the Kazakh linguist A. Khasenova, the -ba participle separates the boundary between the root and the grammatical forms of the verb [Khasenova, 1971:55]. For this reason, scholars include grammatical indicators of attitude in the composition of the accusative. The accusative always comes after the indicators of the category of attitude, before the members of the person, tense, accusative, nominative, and adverbial.

Analytical method of expressing surprise. The analytical method of expressing surprise is achieved through the use of the words «no» and “not”. For example, «Inkeigenge inkeigin» means «not a slave left by your father», «Kakaiganga kakaigin» means «not a king’s son». There was no response or response from outside [KTTS 216]. He took a deep breath and said nothing except for a sigh [KTTS 301].

Analytical formants of the negative form are distinguished from the -ba participle. First, the words «no», «emes» appear later in the language than the participle of the negative form in terms of origin. Second, they never combine with the root verb, but form the negative form by combining with certain forms of the verb.

The analytical formant -gan is not. This model organizes the general definite past tense. For example,

I did not come. We did not come.

You did not come. You did not come.

He did not come. They did not come.

The analytical formant is -gan. This conjunction also organizes the common past tense. For example,

I did not come. We did not come.

You did not come. You did not come.

He did not come. They did not come.

In conclusion, the category of the adverb in the Kyrgyz language is distinguished by its hierarchical, rich linguistic means related to the three levels of the language. Its basis is the grammatical formant -ba, which is characteristic of ancient Turkic languages and is preserved in all Turkic languages. This participle, while having the ability to combine with all grammatical forms of the verb, is used to express the impossibility of an action.

Although analytical means of expressing the conjunction («no», «not», «sieve») appeared in the history of the language later than the -ba participle, they expand the semantic spectrum of the meanings of the conjunction and allow it to be implemented at various levels of the sentence -predicative, attributive, substantive, etc.

The functional-semantic development of the category of affixes in the Kyrgyz language is determined by the versatility of its means, its antiquity, and the combination of synthetic and analytical methods. The functioning of this complex system is realized through the main levels of the language - morphology and syntax, and requires further study in Kyrgyz linguistics.