Mongolian elements in Uyghur documents of the 13th–14th centuries

Автор: Ölmez Mehmet

Журнал: Вестник Бурятского государственного университета. Язык. Литература. Культура @vestnik-bsu-language-literature-culture

Рубрика: Письменные системы монгольских народов и письменные памятники на монгольских языках: вопросы лингвистического и филологического изучения

Статья в выпуске: 3, 2020 года.

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Mongolian and Turkic language contact goes back the to end of the 6th century, to the Bugut and Hüis Tolgoi inscriptions. According to some authors, there are some ‘Mongolic’ words in Old Turkic runic inscriptions too. But we can run into Mongolic words in Old Turkic, mainly in Old Uyghur after 1206, especially in Old Uyghur civil documents. What is interesting is that there are a few Mongolic words in Old Uyghur texts earlier than the 13th century, like nairag and gör in Maitrisimit. I will examine the Mongolian words which can be attested after the 13th century in Turfan area. Entries are collected from my forthcoming dictionaries like Uyghur Dictionary and A Concise Dictionary of Old Turkic

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Mongolian, Old Uyghur, Turkic, Mongolian — Turkic relations, lexicology

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/148315646

IDR: 148315646 | DOI: 10.18101/2305-459X-2020-3-8-14

Текст научной статьи Mongolian elements in Uyghur documents of the 13th–14th centuries

Ölmez Mehmet. Mongolian elements in Uyghur documents of the 13^th–14^th centuries / Вестник Бурятского государственного университета. Язык. Литература. Культура. 2020. Вып. 3. С. 8‒14.

Mongolian and Turkic language contact goes back the to end of the 6^th century, to the Bugut and Hüis Tolgoi inscriptions (→ Maue, Vovin).According to some authors, there are some ‘Mongolic’ words in Old Turkic runic inscriptions too (like balbal s. Doerfer; and kor Tezcan 1997 and Olmez 1999). But we can run into Mongolic words in Old Turkic, mainly in Old Uyghur after 1206, especially in Old Uyghur civil documents.What is interesting is that there are a few Mongolic words in Old Uyghur texts earlier than the 13^th century, like nairag and gör in Maitrisimit etc (→ nayrag, kör ). I will examine the Mongolian words which can be attested after the 13^th century in Turfan area. Entries are collected from my forthcoming dictionaries like Uyghur Dictionary and A Concise Dictionary of Old Turkic (→ bibliography).

1. Mongolic words in Old Uyghur before the 13^th century
2. Mongolic words in Old Uyghur after the 13^th century

There are just a few Mongolic words attested in Old Uyghur before the 13th century. We can encounter such words in the Maitrisimit (→ BT 9, HamiZus) and Altun Yaruk Sudur (→ SuvKaya and others).

nayrag, naryag << Mong. nayrag alamet, isaret, Buddha’nin belirtisi, i^areti || Merkmal, Nebenmerkmal(e des Buddha) = Skr. anuvyanjana , Anuvyanjana-Merkmal, geringes Abzeichen, Bezeichnung fur die 80 Nebenzeichen des Buddha // a secondary mark or token of Buddha BT 1, 7, 9 (13v28), 20, 38, AbiAnk, Hami 10, AYS X. §§ tokilig korkle laksan nayraglarka tukellig tetirsiz AbitakiTK; [sekiz] on turlug nayragin [kamajgtig yarukuyuz yarutur AYS X. 4 Cf Mo. nairaY ‘mixture, compound; proportion, symmetry; poetic’ Lessing 559b.

kor < Mo. gor hile, sahtekarlik, aldatma || Trug, List // accusation, slander BT 9, Agam 1, M II. §§ buu yer uze ney andag tev kor yelvii arvis yok M II. 4 Cf. Mo. gor ‘false, accusation, slander’ Lessing 387b; S.Tezcan, TDA , 7, 1997.

Mongolian loanwords in Old Uyghur are mainly personal names and administrative titles like Bagatur, Buyantu, Čečegtü, Küyük, Ölčey etc. I have excluded personal names from the folowing list. This is just an attempt to bring together Mongolian words dating from the 13^th and 14^th centuries. A number of Mongolian words can be increased through new studies. I have excluded also some words like kira, kiraa ‘Steppe, Brachfeld // steppe, fallow field’.

aci < Mo. < ET ati torun || Enkel (?) // enfant de frere ou de fils (forme mongolisee de ati ) // grandson, granddaughter BT 13, 26, InsIduq.4 cf. Mo. aci Lessing 2a; From UW Nb II. 1 aci / ‘‘CY < mo. aci < atu. ati „Neffe, Enkel“ (Doerfer, brieflich); ačılarım utpalaširi ratnaširi „meine Enkel (Neffen?) Utpalaśrī und Ratnaśrī“ BT 13, 46:35.

aka < Mo. aqa agabey, aga, buyuk erkek kardes || alterer Bruder EinKol // elder brother BT 26, HT X, ET§. §§ men torci aka inilerke ayitip bitidim SUK; anam toklug kutlug akam birle ET§. 4 Mo. aqa ‘older / elder brother’ Lessing 58b; UW Nb aqa .

alban < Mo. alban hizmet, gorev; angarya || Dienstleistung, Fronarbeit (?) // tribute; corvee UW NB II. 1, USp. §§ ozge alban yasak tutmayin . . . „ohne eine andere Fronarbeit 2 zu leisten . . . “ (?) USp 29 (UW Nb, II. 1) 4 Mo. alba(n) ‘compulsion, coercion; tax’ Lessing 27b, UW Nb II. 1.

apaga amca || Onkel // uncle BT 13, 26. §§ apagam otemis tumen begi „mein Onkel, der Tuman Bagi Otamis“ BT 13, 49:69 (UW Nb II. 1). 4 Mo. Cf. abaY-a ‘paternal uncle’ Lessing 2b and abaqa TMEN I, 107.

asira-, asra - < Mo. < Uyg. beslemek, korumak, yeti^tirmek || verpflegen, Nutzen bringen (?sich) // to take care BT 13, TorSt, SUK. §§ evimni barkimni igilep asirap yorizun SUK. 4 Mo. asara- ‘to be compassionate, to take care, to nourish’ Lessing 56b; Olmez 2007.

bagurci < Mo. a§gi || Koch // cook BT 43. §§ ... /bagurcika... / BT 43 (^ p. 160); bor bagurcilarka on kalca iki batman (...) BT 43. 4 Mo. baYurci(n) ‘cook’ Lessing 72b.

bičibey < Mo. ‘(ben) yazdım’ || ‘ich habe geschrieben’ (mong. ) // I have written BT 13. §§ koyn yïl bešinč ay tört yaŋïka bičibey BT 13. √ Mo. biči- ‘to write’<= Uyg. biti- .

bogta < Mo. bogda kutsal, mubarek || heilig // holy, sacred BT 13. §§ bogta bogur bodunlug BT 13, 39. 14. V Mo. bogda ‘holy, sacred’ Lessing 111a.

časak < Mo. ǰasaġ öğreti (‘‘kanun, yasa’’) || („Gesetz“) Lehre // law BT 3. §§ burhannïŋ akïgsïz bilge biliglig časakï BT 3, 514. √ Mo. ǰasaγ ‘rule, government, administration’, ‘law’ Lessing 1039b-1040a.

ček < Mong. čeg < tib. cheg nokta || Punkt // point BT 7. §§ huŋ ujik yme ėyin kezigče čekke siŋmek erser (...) BT 7; ol ček yeme inčge bolup (...) BT 7. [BT 7, s. 41: ček hier als tantrischer Terminus für Skr. bindu ‘point, drop’, wofür im Tib. thig-le (Jäschke 231), wie auch im tib. Text bei Avalon, verwendet wird (vgl. auch mong. bindu bei Lessing 1163)]

čïdaku yapabilme, gücü yetme, dayanma || Können // capable, puissant (du mongol) // able, capable InsIduq (mo. čidaqu «être capable») (V. 9). √ Mo. čida- ‘to be able, capable’ Lessing 176b.

daruga, dargu < Mo. daruga vali || Prefekt, Gouverneur // prefect, governor SUK, Matsui 2017. §§ ambï balïk ḍarugalarïŋa ederke yarašu at bėrip UK. √ Mo. daruγa ‘chef, superior, chairman’ Lessing 234a.

ebüge < Mo. ebüge ata, cet || Vorfahre, Ahne // ancêtre (mongol) // ancestor InsIduq. §§ ebügeleriŋniŋ edgü atïn artatmadïn “atalarının iyi şöhretini kötüye çıkarmayıp (bozmayıp) || ohne den guten Ruf Eurer Vorfahren zu schädigen” InsIduq (UW Nb II. 2). √ Mo. ebüge ‘ancestor; grandfather’ Lessing 290a.

kalča < Mo. kalǰa bir sıvı ölçü birimi || a measure unit for liquids Matsui 1999, BT 43. × beš kalča bor BT 43. √ Mo. kalǰa (3) ‘inkstand made of horn’ Lessing 922b, BT 43 p. 172.

kösür < Mo. kösür = köser toprak || Land // soil, ground SUK. §§ šïg kösür yėr SUK. √ Mo. köser ‘earth, soil, ground’ 492a, kösür 493b.

noyin < Mo. bey, komutan, kumandan || chief, superior BT 43. × noyin kelmište BT 43. √ Mo. noyan ‘lord, prince, chef’ Lessing 589b.

nökör ~ nöker < Mo. (asılzade / soylu için) arkadaş, yoldaş, dost || the companions and personal dependents of the ruler of a nobleman BT 43. × buyan temür elčiniŋ nökörlerinke kezig aška bėrgü (. . . ) BT 43. √ Mo. nökür ‘friend, comrade’ Lessing 593b (better read as nökör < *nöker ).

šïlta- < Mo. silta- < Uyg. tılta- sebep olmak || Ausflüchte machen // to find a pretext SUK. §§ borlukïṅ kačaṅ tileser negüke me šïlṭamayïn yaṅṭurup bėrür men SUK. √ Mo. silta- ‘to be cause or reason’ Lessing 707b; Ölmez 2015.

suu , süü < Mo. majeste, majesteleri, haşmetmeap || Majestä,tWürde // majesté// Majesty SUK, InsIduq, TT VII. §§ suuke ~ suuka SUK; men s[ivsay] t[ay]si ulugsuuka buyanï tegzün SUK; ïduk ǰiyagatu kagan suusï InsIduq; agïr buyanlïg kagan suusiya adirttig otunup InsIduq; adinuig id.uk kagan kan suusi — agir buyanlïg koŋ taikiu kutï TT VII. √ Mo. suu (1) ‘distinction, superior[ity], genius’ Lessing 740b; → from Arġun to Philippe: qaġan-u sudur p. 17, 2 and p. 18, 30: qaġan-u suu medetügei (notes p. 21), Antoine Mostaert, Francis Woodman Cleaves; InsIduq, p. 42: suu-si ‘Sa Majeste’ («Sa Majeste», est sans doute emprunte au mongol); s. also

L.Ligeti: adïnиïg ïduk kagan kan suusi — agïr buyanlïg koŋ taikiu kutï TT VII (M. Lewicki, → L. Ligeti, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae , 1973, Vol. 27, 1-18, p. 4. and footnote); → TMEN I, § 217; Rachmati: suu ~ süü ‘Heer || ordu // army’ TT VII (Rachmati’s suggestion and tranlation corrected by Ligeti and Lewicki); → Chinese 秀 xiu ‘elegant; graceful; superior’.

süme tapınak || temple / 寺，寺院 Matsui 2017. √ Mo. süme ‘temple, monastry, church’ Lessing 743b.

talay < Mo. dalai deniz; büyük deniz, okyanus || Meer; Ozean, Universum // ocean; Ж SYS_Oda, ET§, BT 13. §§ talayniy erkligi okyanusun gucu Ж®№^:^ у^^>^ФЙ#(Ж#®#±г^Ж^П§) SYS_Oda, BT 13; talaydaki bilgeler ETŞ.

temdek < Mo. temdeg işaret, belge, kanıt || Beweis //evidence, proof; Anti. §§ bo söztin temdek ermez mü bu söz belge değil mi? || für dieses Wort nicht der (einzige) Beweis? Anti. √ Mo. temdeg ‘mark, sign’ Lessing 798b.

tepsi < Mo. < Qin. Ш^ diezi tabak || Teller // plate, platter SUK, Tot. §§ bes yagak tepsi [t]ört ïgač tepsi SUK. √ Mo. tebsi ‘large oblong plate, platter or tray’ Lessing 790b; Clauson 445b; Kara — Zieme, 1978, p. 182-183, line 1305.

türgen < Mo. uzman, becerikli || expert, habile // swift InsIduq (II. 5). §§ bitigni okka baglaṭïp türgenlerni kelürüp balïkka atdurdï InsIduq.√ cf. Mo. türgen ‘quick, swift, rapid, speedy’ Lessing 855a; Cf. Tuvan dürgen TuwWz]

učagur < Mo. uǰagur aslî, birincil, asıl, aslında, esasen || ursprünglich // originally SUK. §§ bo borluk učagur turïnïŋ üčün SUK. √ Mo. SUK II, p. 296b; ‘Phags-pa uǰa’ur, huǰa’ur ‘origin’ Tumurtogoo 185a, 191a.

yada- < Mo. yada- yapamamak, edememek || nicht können // to be bnable SUK. §§ men kalanka yadap bėrim alïm telim bolup SUK. √ Mo. yada- ‘to have no strength or power’ Lessing 422a.

yasa < Mo. ǰasag yasa, kanun || Gesetz // law SUK. §§ yasatakï kïnka tegẓünler SUK. √ Mo. ǰasaγ ‘rule, government, adminisration’, ‘law’ Lessing 1039b-1040a. → časak yosun < Mo. yosun nizam, düzen, kanun, gelenek || Regel, Norm, Brauch, Gesetz // rule, habit, usage SUK. §§ törö yargu yosunï birle aṭa yaẓmïš yaẓukka tegẓün SUK. √ Mo. yosu(n) ‘generally accepted rule, traditional custom, habit, or usage’ Lessing 435b.

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