Преступность несовершеннолетних: развитие и кризис (западной) криминологической теории

Автор: Кузнецов Александр Евгеньевич

Журнал: Вестник Пермского университета. Философия. Психология. Социология @fsf-vestnik

Статья в выпуске: 2 (42), 2020 года.

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Основное направление развития социологической криминологии несовершеннолетних состоит в последовательном достижении ею отрицательных результатов. Класс, раса, гендер, банда, культура, неэффективный социальный контроль, низкий самоконтроль и «социально дезорганизованное соседство» выдвигались и отбрасывались в качестве факторов криминализации и виктимизации лиц, не достигших 18 лет. Предлагается краткий обзор истории социологического исследования преступности несовершеннолетних с целью определения тенденций развития криминологии. Утверждается, что кризис науки преступности несовершеннолетних свидетельствует о кризисе криминологии в целом, выражающемся в выхолащивании социологизма и в тривиализации. Неспособность криминологии объяснить пик криминализации между 15 и 25 годами связывается с предположением об асимметричной каузации: причины криминализации подростков отличны от причин прекращения криминальной активности. Это предположение несовместимо с убежденностью криминологов в существовании универсальных причин (факторов) криминализации. Предполагается, что основная причина кризиса дисциплины состоит в отождествлении причин криминализации с признаками криминализованных групп и что та же ошибка повторяется в биокриминологии наряду с редукцией социальной организации к эффектам биологических факторов. В результате криминология и биокриминология отвечают на вопрос «кто совершает преступления?» вместо вопроса «почему совершаются преступления?». Успешный ответ на вопрос о причинах нарушения социального порядка зависит от решения проблемы природы социального порядка, дискуссионной для социологии в целом. Криминология игнорирует вопрос о роли агентов социального контроля (в первую очередь государства) в криминализации поведения и подростков как средства поддержания социального порядка.

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Криминология, делинквентность, преступность, девиация

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/147229585

IDR: 147229585 | DOI: 10.17072/2078-7898/2020-2-291-306

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