Significance of English abbreviations in the field of dentistry

Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice

UDC 811.111-11:61+811.512.133-11:61               

Abbreviation — a word related to a group of nouns that has special lexical properties as an element of the vocabulary, formed by the abbreviation of a word or word combination, the concept of “abbreviation” or “shortened word” is understood as lexical [10].

Abbreviation as a method of forming new words is firmly included in terminology, in particular, in the terminological system of normal words. The emergence of new realities and concepts leads to the emergence of significant unknowns. Normative and grammatical features of these types of words lead to the emergence of a tendency to create harmonious lexical units in the process of their creation. The word abbreviation was translated into Russian from Italian as “abbreviation” (abbreviation, Latin brevis “short”), and from the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, this word was used in its original, etymological sense. Abbreviations appeared in European languages in the 20th century, and many languages have models for their creation. The first compound words appeared in the Russian language in the late 90s of the 21st century. Especially in the last decade, the number of abbreviations and the frequency of their use in modern European languages have increased tremendously, abbreviations are becoming one of the leading methods of word formation. The density and the complexity of this process determines the urgency of the problem, creates the need to resort to a careful study of abbreviations. O. G. Kosareva states: “Abbreviation reduces the material shell of communicative units and at the same time increases the speed of information flow.” Abbreviation is the joining and shortening of two or more words.

Abbreviations, which are part of linguistics, have been studied by a number of scientists over the years and covered in many scientific sources. Abbreviations and abbreviations are widely used in linguistics. Although there is almost no difference between these terms, both of them are studied as separate terms. Linguists emphasize the importance of studying the growth of word formation processes and, at the same time, the newly emerging lexical units in the language. Indeed, one of the modern forms of lexicon entering the language is considered to be abbreviations. According to V. V. Borisov, it can be stated that the 20th century is the “age of abbreviations. As a result of the globalization process, significant layers of abbreviated lexicon have begun to emerge. We are witnessing the increasing prevalence of abbreviations in all areas of our society [3, 4].

Abbreviations are characterized by their ability to perform various functions in different speech styles. In terms of significance, one can particularly highlight the nominative and information-delivery functions of abbreviations. The importance of nominative expression in abbreviations lies in its connection to the increasing need to name new concepts in social life. According to Y. Gorshunov, the phenomenon of abbreviations arises in the communicative process between interlocutors to achieve a specific goal. This goal can involve obtaining information or exchanging thoughts about the state of affairs. Indeed, if there is a goal, there must also be a means to achieve it. Modern linguistics allows us to better understand the nature of the processes of receiving and transmitting information through these means in both spoken and written communication.

The functions of abbreviations convey hidden meanings within a text, and this function arises from the goals of various lexical systems in language. V. Raskin emphasizes that “this, firstly, indicates the information delivery function of the term, and secondly, implies the formation of abbreviated terms [9].

This is because the real world is constantly evolving, leading to new words emerging in language, which reflects the dynamic nature of the world's linguistic landscape.

In everyday spoken communication, an abbreviation is understood as a new word formed from the initial sounds of words or the first letters of several words. When we talk about abbreviations, it also refers to the process of forming these shortened forms. The linguistic encyclopedia provides the following definition: An abbreviation is a noun made up of the cut words included in the original phrase or the cut parts of a complex word, and its final component can also be a whole word [7].

R. Shapovalova states that “abbreviation” refers to the process of creating a shortened lexicon, while “abbreviation” is the result of this process [10].

Some linguists explain that an abbreviation is the result of a process that creates new words based on the initial letters of words or combinations of words [8]. According to them, it is necessary to include the abbreviation in the compound word structure; in addition, the new word must be shorter than the original word and should serve as a synonym [2].

N. Shevchuk emphasizes that an abbreviation is one of the formal structural variants of a word, from which both a complete word and a shortened form can derive meaning [11].

• V. Borisov notes that an abbreviation consists of the specific expanded parts of a certain part of speech and can be related to the lexicon and semantics of speech. He explains that various combinations of initial letters, groups of letters, and even fully formed components can participate in the formation of abbreviations [3]. Thus, the process of abbreviation is an inseparable whole, producing one unit that expresses the unity of meaning and sound.

• D. I. Alexeyev defines the term “abbreviation” and distinguishes the corresponding shortened forms, describing the process of creating lexical abbreviations [1]. In this context, the abbreviation is intrinsically linked to its prototype.

Khojiev argues that “terms and abbreviations form lexical units in language and are included in the vocabulary [6]. Overall, the process of shortening abbreviations used in speech is crucial for identifying the characteristics of word formation. Research on the challenges of using linguistic tools considers this phenomenon as one of the fundamental types of language development. This process may also relate to the various intentions associated with refining speech forms. The phenomenon of using linguistic resources is closely tied to the communication process, where the exchange of information occurs within the discourse domain.

Abbreviations are difficult to translate. Because in this case the translator does not have the opportunity to use auxiliary literature or dictionaries. Often, in this case, the translator must rely on his professional experience, and if he does not know the abbreviation, he must follow the general meaning of the conversation. Translation is a complex and multifaceted type of human activity. Abbreviations reveal a number of grammatical features. In scientific and technical literature, texts aimed not at speakers of a certain language but at representatives of a certain professional group with a certain extralinguistic knowledge occupy a special place.

In modern linguistics, the problems of the lexical unit, which can be reduced as a linguistic phenomenon, attract the attention of many researchers. These problems are considered in many articles and works of foreign authors. Abbreviations are one of the most difficult elements to understand and translate special foreign texts. In order to fully understand abbreviated lexical units, a thorough knowledge of a certain text, as well as a reader's understanding of the meaning of the abbreviations used in the text, will be understood in advance. Abbreviations are incomprehensible to the addressee and are not unique to the original; that is, together with abbreviations, their full form should be given.

Analysis. Abbreviations exist in all areas of life, from medicine to religion [1]. Abbreviations can be found in the dental field of medicine as well as in all fields.

ALARA: as low as reasonably achievable—erishish mumkin bo‘lgan o‘rtacha darajadan past daraja

ANUG: acute necrotic ulcerative gingivitis—o‘tkir nekrotik yarali gingivit

CDA: Certifie Dental Assistant—sertifikatga ega stomatolog yordamchisi

CCD: charge-coupled device—zaryadlangan qurilma

CAT: computer-assisted tomography—kompyuter tomografiyasi

CEREC: ceramic reconstruction—keramik rekonstruksiya

DDS/DMD: Doctor of Dental Surgery or Doctor of Dental Medicine—tish jarrohligi yoki stomatologiya fanlari doktori

HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act—Sog‘liqni saqlash sug‘urtasi portativligi va javobgarligi to‘g‘risidagi qonun

MPD: maximum permissible dose—ruxsat etilgan maksimal doza

PDR: Physician’s Desk Reference—shifokor stoli ma’lumotnomasi

PPE: personal protection equipment—shaxsiy himoya vositalar

RDH: Registered Dental Hygienist—ro‘yxatdan o‘tkazilgan tish gigiyenasi

In any language, the system of abbreviations is an integral part of its general lexical-semantic system, and therefore the system of abbreviations in different languages is not similar [10].

Sometimes an abbreviation used in a certain language may not meet the abbreviation characteristics when it enters another language or may lead to the creation of a new abbreviation.

OF ABBREVIATIONS ACCORDING TO THE METHOD OF FORMATION IT IS DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING TYPES

Method of formation	In English	Full form
Formed from the initial letters of a word	ADA CDPMA DDS	American Dental Association Certified Dental Practice Management Assistant Doctor of Dental Surgery
The head is formed by the joining of pieces	Medicaid Medicare
A mixture consists of initial parts of words and capital letters	X-bite, x-rays, t-test, p-value
It consists of the whole word combination of the head part	bis-GMA	bisphenol Adiglycidylether methacrylate

Medicaid [8]: low-income and qualified persons receive medical treatment or care, with prior authorization, except in emergencies, in which case treatment is provided without waiting for approval; state-administered program, and each state sets its own guidelines.

Translation in Uzbek: kam daromadli shaxslar ustivor vakolat bilan tibbiy muxofaza va tibbiy muolaja va favqulotda vaziyatlarda muolaja tasdig‘ini kutmasdan amalga oshiriladi, bu davlat tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan dastur bo‘lib har bir davlat o‘z ko‘rsatmalarini belgilaydi.

Medicare [8]: health care for patients over age 65 who have registered for care.

Translation in Uzbek: ro‘yxatdan o‘tgan oltmish besh yoshdan oshgan bemorlarga tibbiy yordam ko‘rsatish.

X-bite [14]—The action of bringing the mandibular and maxillary teeth into contact. A scissors bite (X-bite) occurs if one or more teeth in the upper buccal segment is positioned so that its palatal cusp occludes buccal to the buccal cusp of a lower tooth; it can involve a single tooth or a complete quadrant and can involve one side (unilateral) or both sides (bilateral) of the arch and be either anterior or posterior.

Translation in Uzbek: X-bite – pastki va yuqori jag‘ tishlarining aloqa qilish harakati.

Agar yuqori yonoq (lot.t. Buccal-yonoq) qismida bir yoki undan ko‘p tishlar joylashgan bo‘lsa, yuqori tanglay tishlari pastki jag‘ yonoq tishlarini to‘sib qo‘ysa, qaychisimon tishlash sodir bo‘ladi, u bitta tishni yoki to‘liq tishning chorak qismini o‘z ichiga olishi, shuningdek, arkning bir tomonini yoki ikkala tomonini ham o‘z ichiga olishi va u yana old yoki orqa tomonda bo‘lishi mumkin.

X-rays [14] - High-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than ultraviolet radiation that passes through matter in varying degrees depending on its density.

Translation in Uzbek: Ultrabinafsha nurlaridan ko‘ra qisqaroq to‘lqin uzunligidagi yuqori energiyali elektromagnit radiyatsiya zichligiga bog‘liq moddadan turli darajada kesib o‘tadi.

P-value [14] - The chances of obtaining a certain pattern of results if there really is no relationship between the variables and the result could therefore have been caused by chance.

Translation in Uzbek: O‘zgaruvchanlik va natija o‘rtasida hech qanday bog‘liqlik bo‘lmasa, ma’lum bir natijalarning shaklini olish imkoniyati tasodifan sodir bo‘lishi mumkin.

Bisphenol Adiglycidylether methacrylate (bis-GMA) [14] - A large molecule methacrylate monomer used in resin composite material.

Translation in Uzbek: katta molekula metakrilat monomeri rezina (yelim)dan tashkil topgan materialda ishlatiladi.

We can summarize the practical importance of abbreviations in lexicographic sources as follows: abbreviations prevent repetition when working with text; serve to save time, place, and space; serve to ensure confidentiality with a dictionary compiled for military fields; Conditional abbreviations are often found in dictionaries of translations from one language to another; abbreviations may consist of capital letters, combinations of capital letters and words, or words or letters representing words in another language.

Conclusions and suggestions. From the above analysis, it can be seen that in order to fully understand the abbreviations, it is necessary to have a perfect knowledge of the field text, and the reader or translator will understand the meaning of the abbreviations given in the text based on the content of the text. The fact that new technologies, terms, and abbreviations are emerging today indicates that there are still many undiscovered and unexplored aspects of the field of abbreviations. It is very important for the development of the field of linguistics to constantly study and conduct scientific research on abbreviations that are often used in public speech and are learned from foreign languages.