From nano- to macro-scale: a review of fungal-induced biomineralization mechanisms for self-healing and strengthening of materials

Introduction. This review systematizes the key mechanisms of fungal-induced biomineralization for the self-healing and strengthening of mineral materials – calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation through urea hydrolysis and mycelial metabolic activity (FICP), as well as calcium oxalate (CaC2O4) formation via oxalic acid secretion (FIOP). Materials and methods. The review is based on an analysis of peer-reviewed scientific studies (Scopus, Web of Science), and more than 80% of them were published within the last five years (2022–2026). The analysis focused on qualitative and quantitative indicators of fungal impact on treated materials’ properties – mineral composition and yield, strength gains, and reduced water absorption, confirmed by nano‑ and microscopy methods. Results and discussion. A relationship between fungal species and strains, biomineralization mechanisms, medium compositions, and material strengthening effects has been identified in the study. It has been established that Trichoderma reesei, Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus niger, and Neurospora crassa effectively induce carbonate biomineralization, enhancing self‑healing and durability in concrete and soil matrices. Pleurotus ostreatus is considered a model organism capable of precipitating both calcium oxalates and carbonates, and forming bio‑reinforcement that enables cyclic self‑healing and strengthening of mineral material structures. However, implementing these biotechnologies requires developing application protocols and standards, as well as validation under real operating conditions. Conclusion. The present review provides a scientific base for further experimental developments and confirms the potential of fungal cultures for the self‑healing and stabilization of mineral materials in construction, geotechnical engineering, and related fields.