Lost hoard of roman coins presumably found in Northern Bulgaria

Автор: Filipova S.S.

Журнал: Материалы по археологии и истории античного и средневекового Причерноморья @maiask

Статья в выпуске: 15, 2023 года.

Бесплатный доступ

The object of the study is a coin hoard that probably belonged to a Bulgarian collector. The hoard was identified before the Law on Cultural Heritage came into force and there is no exact information about both its whereabouts and discovery. There are some reasons to believe that the hoard was found in Northern Bulgaria. The idea of its composition is only based on photos; the measurements and weights of the coins are not available. One hundred and twelve silver coins of the period 175-243 CE were deposited, specifically 111 denarii and one antoninian. One cannot be sure of the accuracy of the available information about the actual amount of the hoard. However, the coin complex deserves publication, since it enables the clarification of our understanding of the composition of monetary circulation in Northern Bulgaria in the 3rd quarter of the 2nd - in the 1st half of the 3rd century.

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Bulgaria, roman empire, numismatics, coin hoard

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/14129235

IDR: 14129235 | DOI: 10.53737/8461.2023.58.17.032

Текст научной статьи Lost hoard of roman coins presumably found in Northern Bulgaria

A matter of the study is a coin hoard, probably owned by a collector from Bulgaria. The information about it is based just on photo materials and there are no metrical data. It had been identified before the Act on Cultural Heritage entered into force, after which its destiny has been

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unknown. According to the information, it originates from Northern Bulgaria — the territory of the Roman Province Lower Moesia. The hoard consists of 112 silver coins from the period of 175— 243 CE, as 111 are denarii and one antoninian. Of course, we can’t be certain about the preciseness and correctness of the available information regarding the real amount of the hoard. There are no concrete data about its place of finding. That’s why it can’t be used as 100 percentage recourse of information.

According to the names of the emperors the coins were struck in, they are distributed as follows:

‐ Marcus Aurelius (161—180) — 1 piece (Fig. 1: 1);

‐ Faustina Junior — 1 piece (Fig. 1: 2);

‐ Lucilla — 1 piece (Fig. 1: 3);

‐ Commodus (177 —192) — piece (Fig. 1: 4);

‐ Clodius Albinus (195—197) — piece (Fig. 1: 5);

‐ Septimius Severus (193—211) — 21 pieces (Fig. 1: 6—26);

‐ Julia Domna — 10 pieces (Fig. 1: 27—36);

‐ Caracalla (198—217) — 10 pieces (Fig. 1: 37—46) ;

‐ Plautilla — 3 pieces (Fig. 1: 47—49);

‐ Geta (198—212) — 6 pieces (Fig. 1: 50—55);

‐ Macrinus (217—218) — 1 piece (Fig. 1: 56);

‐ Elagabalus (218—222) — 6 pieces (Fig. 1: 57—62);

‐ Julia Paula — 2 pieces (Fig. 1: 63—64);

‐ Julia Aquilia Severa — 1 piece (Fig. 1: 65);

‐ Julia Soemias — 1 piece (Fig. 1: 66);

‐ Julia Messa — 2 pieces (Fig. 1: 67—68);

‐ Severus Alexander (222—235) — 21 pieces (Fig. 1: 69—89);

‐ Julia Mamaea (235†) — 7 pieces (Fig. 1: 90—96);

‐ Maximinus I (235—238) — 7 pieces (Fig. 1: 97—103);

‐ Gordianus III (238—244) — 9 pieces (Fig. 1: 104—112).

It’s quite possible the coins from the hoard to have been collected as family savings. The range between the earliest and the latest coin is 68 years and there are no chronological breaks. All of the coins were in circulation. The collecting began during the reign of Septimius Severus and in percentage the best presented are his coins namely (19%) and the coins of Severus Alexander (19%).

The presented types on the coins are known in the science (look at the catalogue attached). An exception are three coins — two of Septimus Severus and one of Gordian III. In the first coin of Septimus Severus (Fig. 1: 9) the type ADVENTVI AVG / FELICISSIMO (Severus riding r., r. hand raised) struck in the Roman mint in 196—197 CE is known but has been used in aurei (RIC IV-I: 100, No. 74). His second coin was struck in the Emesa mint in 194—195 (Fig. 1: 8). The image of Minerva is on the coin’s reverse, standing up and facing left, holding a spear. In the coins described in RIC IV-I (RIC IV-I: 146, No. 409), the goddess is also holding a shield, which is missing here. A similar coin but also having an inscription MINER VICT is published on (forumancientcoins.com: 1). The inscription on our coin MIATER VICT also doesn’t correspond to the presented in catalogues coins. In this matter, the coins’ authenticity is unquestionable, which speaks about a probable mistake made in Antiquity. A coin with the same inscription on the reverse was presented in Tauler & Fau Subastas (numisbids.com: 1).

On the reverse of the Gordian III’s coin with the inscription PIETA/S AVG is imaged Pietas standing on the left, raising both hands over an altar (Fig. 112). A coin with such an image of the goddess hasn’t been recorded among Gordian III’s coins. The obverse inscription of the coin marks the years of its mintage — 241—243.

The denarii to antoniniani proportion is 111 towards 1, as the only antoninianus is of Elagabalus. Categorically, coins struck in the Roman mint predominate. They number 102. The rest

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Lost hoard of Roman coins presumably found in Northern Bulgaria

1 0 are struck in the Empire Eastern mints: Emesa — 2 pieces, Laodicea ad Mare — 4 pieces, Antioch — 4 pieces. The Emesa and Laodicea ad Mare coins were struck in the name of Septimius Severus and the Antioch ones — of Elagabalus (2 pieces) and Severus Alexander (2 pieces).

If we assume the information regarding the chronological frames of the hoard as correct, probable reason for its treasuring and staying under the ground should be sought in the events happened after 243, when the last struck coins are dated in. It means that the invasions during the time of Gordian III in 238 and 242 should not be taken as a reason for the hoard treasuring1. The next events were in 245 during the reign of Philip I Arab (244—249). There are no preserved historical records, contemporaries of the event. An evidence is the brief data of Zosimus (that the Carpathians invaded the lands by the Danube), Zonara (that wars are made with the Scythians) and John of Alexandria (that Philip I defeated the Scythians) (Varbanov 2017b: 32). The seriousness of this event is indicated by the fact that after driving back the invaders in 247 Philip I received the title of Carpicus Maximus. Boris Gerov assumes that the areas close to the Danube were devastated during this invasion (Gerov 1977: 129—130), and according to him the findings ending with the coins of Gordian III struck in the period 241—244 cannot be attributed to him. However, several published findings of silver coins2 with clear archeological context confirm the assumption that the coins were treasured because of these events namely:

‐ Two collective coins from the forum in Ulpia Ouescus with terminus post quem 241—243 and 242—243 (Ivanov, Kovacheva 2002: 45);
‐ Nove, Mithraem — 108 denarii and antoniniani with terminus post quem 242 (Dimitrov 2005: 79—98);
‐ The village of Mineralni Bani, Holly Spirit fortress — 53 silver coins with terminus post quem 243—244 (Slavova 2003: 69—81);
‐ The village of Koprivets, Rousse district — 42 coins with terminus post quem 241—243 (Varbanov 2012: 333—349);
‐ The village of Yudelnik, Rousse district with terminus post quem 241—243 (Varbanov 2017а: 213).

Among the known 30 hoards of silver coins ending with emissions of Gordian III, only the hoard from Veselinovo village, Shumen district is with terminus post quem 240 and can be connected with the invasion from 242 (Varbanov 2021: 65). The rest are with terminus post quemm 241—243. With the same invasion are also connected the findings ending with coins of Gordian III found in the territory of Dacia Province (Suciu 2000: 137; Găzdac 2012: 175; Varbanov 2017а: 266).

Having the full awareness of the questions that may arise in relation with the conclusions made and their uncertainty, the publishing of this scattered coin hoard provides certain information.

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CATALOGUE

No	Ruler	Mint / Dates	Obverse	Reverse	Denomination	References
1	MARCUS AURELIUS, 161—180	Rome, 175—176	M ANTONINVS AVG / GERM SARM Laur. hd. r.	TR P XXX / IMP VIII COS III Genius, nude, stg. l., holding patera and corn-ears.	AR Denarius	RIC III: 353
2	FAUSTINA JUNIOR	Rome, 161—176	FAVSTINA AVGVSTA Bust, diademed, draped.	IVNONA / REGINAE Juno veiled, stg. l., holding patera and sceptre; at her feet, a peacock.	AR Denarius	RIC III: 696
3	LUCILLA	Rome, 164—169	LVCILLAE AVG / ANTONINI AVG F Bust r., draped.	PIETAS Pietas, veiled, stg. l., raising her hand over lighter altar and holding a perfume box.	AR Denarius	RIC III: 775
4	COMMODUS, 177—192	Rome, 191—192	L AEL AVREL COMM AVG P FEL Hd. in lion’s skin r.	HERCVLI ROMANO AVG Bow, club and quiver with arrows.	AR Denarius	RIC III: 253
5	CLODIUS ALBINUS, 195—197	Rome, 194—195	D CLOD SEPT / ALBIN CAES Hd. bare r.	COS / II Aesculapius stg. l., holding serpent-wreathed rod.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 2
6	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Rome, 193—195	… SEV PE/RT AVG … Laur. hd. r.	LIBERO / PATRI Bacchus stg. l., holding oenochoe over panther and thyrsus.	AR Denarius
7	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Emesa, 194—195	IMP CAE L SEP SE•V PERT AVG … Similar.	VICTOR SEVER AVG Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 428
8	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Emesa, 194—195	IMP CAE L SEP SE/V PERT AVG COS II Similar.	MIATER VICT Minerva stg. l., holding spear.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: —
9	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193 — 211	Rome, 196—197	L SEPT SEV PERT / AVG … Similar.	ADVENTVI AVG / FELICISSIMO Severus riding r., r. hand raised.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 74
10	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193 — 211	Rome, 196—197	L SEPT SEV PERT / AVG IMP VIII Similar.	MVNIFICENTIA AVG Elephant r.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 82
11	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Rome, 196—197	L SEPT SEV PERT / AVG IMP VIII Similar.	PROVIDEN/TIA AVG Providentia stg. l., holding wand over globe and sceptre.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 92a
12	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Laodicea, 196—197	L SEPT SEV PE/RT AVG IMP VIII Similar.	C/ERER / FRVGIF Ceres stg. l., holding corn-ears and torch.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 475
13	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Rome, 197—198	L SEPT SEV PE/RT AVG IMP X Similar.	…NONA/E AVGG Annona stg. l., foot on prow, holding corn-ears and cornucopiae.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 107

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Lost hoard of Roman coins presumably found in Northern Bulgaria

No	Ruler	Mint / Dates	Obverse	Reverse	Denomination	References
14	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Laodicea, 198	L SEP SEVERVS PER / AVG P M IMP XI Similar.	VIC AVG/G C/OS II PP Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 498
15	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Rome, 198—200	L SEPT SEV AVG IMP XI PART MAX Similar.	MONETA / AVGG Moneta seated l., holding scales and cornucopiae.	AR Denarius	RIC IV-I: 135a
16	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Laodicea, 198—202	L SEPT SEV AVG IMP XI PART MAX Similar.	CONCOR/DIA / M/ILITVM Concordia stg. front, hd. l., holding standard in each hand.	AR Denarius	RIC IV-I: 502b
17	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Laodicea, 198—202	L SEPT SEV AVG IMP XI PART MAX Similar.	IVST/ITIA Justitia seated l., holding patera and sceptre.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 505
18	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Rome, 200—201	SEVERVS AVG / PART MAX Similar.	RESTITVTOR / VRBIS Severus stg. l., sacrificing with patera over tripod and holding spear.	AR Denarius	RIC IV-I: 167a
19	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Rome, 202	SEVERVS / PIVS AVG Similar.	PART MAX P M TR P X COS III PP Trophy and two captives.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 185
20	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Rome, 207	SEVERVS / PIVS AVG Similar.	P M TR P XV / COS III PP Africa, wearing elephant-skin headdress, stg. r.; at feet r. lion.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 207
21	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Rome, 209	SEVERVS / PIVS AVG Similar.	P M TR P XVII / COS III PP Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre: by him, two children stg., one r., one l.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 226
22	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Rome, 209	SEVERVS / PIVS AVG Similar.	P M TR P XVII / COS III PP Neptune stg. l., r. foot on globe, holding trident in l. hand.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 228
23	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Rome, 210	SEVERVS PIVS / AVG BRIT Similar.	P M TR P XVIII / COS III PP Similar.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 241
24	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Rome, 202—210	SEVERVS / PIVS AVG Similar.	RESTITVTOR / VRBIS Roma seated l. on shield, holding palladium and spear.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 288
25	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Rome, 202—210	SEVERVS / PIVS AVG Similar.	VICTORIAE / AVGG Victory in biga galloping r.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 299
26	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211	Rome	SEVERVS / AVG … Similar.	PROF… Severus on horseback galloping r., holding spear.	AR Denarius

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No	Ruler	Mint / Dates	Obverse	Reverse	Denomination	References
27	JULIA DOMNA	Rome, 196—211	IVLIA / AVGVSTA Bust r., draped.	FORTVNAE / FELICI Fortuna stg. l., holding caduceus in r. hand and resting l. arm on rudder.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 552
28	JULIA DOMNA	Rome, 196—211	IVLIA / AVGVSTA Similar.	IV/NO Juno, veiled, stg. l., holding patera and sceptre; at feet l., peacock.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 559
29	JULIA DOMNA	Rome, 196—211	IVLIA / AVGVSTA Similar.	HILA/RITAS Hilaritas stg. l., holding long palm and cornucopiae; two small figures at sides of Hilaritas.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 557
30	JULIA DOMNA	Rome, 196—211	IVLIA / AVGVSTA Similar.	MARTI / CASTRO/RVM Julia seated l., holding phoenix on globe and sceptre, to l., two standards.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 568
31	JULIA DOMNA	Rome, 196—211	IVLIA / AVGVSTA Similar.	PIETAS / PVBLICA Pietas veiled, stg. front, hd. l. by altar, raising both hands.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 574
32	JULIA DOMNA	Rome, 196—211	IVLIA / AVGVSTA Similar.	VENVS VICTRIX Venus stg. l., holding helmet and palm, resting l. elbow on column; at feet l., shield.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 581
33	JULIA DOMNA	Rome, 196—211	IVLIA / AVGVSTA Similar.	VESTA / MATER Vesta seated l., holding palladium and sceptre.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 583
34	JULIA DOMNA	Rome, 211—217	IVLIA PIA FELIX AVG Bust r., draped.	DIANA / LVCIFERA Diana stg. l., holding torch in both hands.	AR Denarius	RIC IV-I: 373a
35	JULIA DOMNA	Rome, 211—217	IVLIA PIA / FELIX AVG Similar.	MAT AVGG MAT SEN M PATR Julis seated l., holding branch and sceptre.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 381
36	JULIA DOMNA	Rome, 211—217	IVLIA PIA / FELIX AVG Similar.	MATRI / DEVM Cybele, towered, stg. front, hd. l., holding drum and sceptre, resting l. arm on column; at feet l. lion.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 382
37	CARACALLA, 198—217	Rome, undated (196?)	M AVR ANTO/NINVS CAES Bust, draped, cuirassed, hd. bare r.	SEVERI AVG PII FIL Lituus, axe, jug, simpulum, sprinkler.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 4
38	CARACALLA, 198—217	Rome, 196—198	M AVR ANTON / CAES PONTIF Bust, draped, hd. bare r.	FIDES P/V/BLICA Fides stg. r., holding corn-ears and basket of fruit.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 8

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Lost hoard of Roman coins presumably found in Northern Bulgaria

No	Ruler	Mint / Dates	Obverse	Reverse	Denomination	References
39	CARACALLA, 198—217	Rome, 199—200	ANTONINVS / AVGVSTVS Laur. bust r., draped, cuirassed.	PONTIF / TR P III Sol stg. front, hd. l., holding globe and spear.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 30a
40	CARACALLA, 198—217	Rome, 201—206	ANTONINVS / PIVS AVG Laur. bust r., draped.	RECTOR / ORBIS Similar.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 141
41	CARACALLA, 198—217	Rome, 201—206	ANTONINVS / PIVS AVG Similar.	RECTOR / ORBIS Similar.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 141
42	CARACALLA, 198—217	Rome, 212	ANTONINVS PIVS AVG BRIT Laur. hd. r.	PM TR P XV COS III PP Salus seated l., feeding out of patera snake coiled round altar and holding cornucopiae.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 196
43	CARACALLA, 198—217	Rome, 210—213	ANTONINVS PIVS/ AVG BRIT Similar.	MARTI PROPVGNATORI Mars hurrying l., holding spear and trophy.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 223
44	CARACALLA, 198—217	Rome, 215	ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM Similar.	PM TR P XVIII COS IIII PP Apollo, naked, with cloak flying, stg. l., holding branch and lyre on altar.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 254
45	CARACALLA, 198—217	Rome, 215	ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM Similar.	PM TR P XVIII COS IIII PP Fides Militum stg. between two standarts.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 267
46	CARACALLA, 198—217	Rome, 213—217	ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM Similar.	VENVS VIC/TRIX Venus stg. l., holding Victory and spear and leaning on shield, set on helmet.	AR Denarius	RIC IV-I: 311b
47	PLAUTILLA	Rome, 202—205	PLAVTILLAE AVGVSTAE Bust, draped r.	CONCORDIAE AETERNAE Caracalla stg. l., clasping r. hands with Plautilla, stg. r.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 361
48	PLAUTILLA	Rome, 202—205	PLAVTILLA / AVGVSTA Similar.	CONCORDIA / AVGG Concordia stg. l., holding patera and sceptre.	AR Denarius	RIC IV-I: 363a
49	PLAUTILLA	Rome, 202—205	PLAVTILLA AVGVSTA Similar.	PIETAS / AVGG Pietas stg. r., holding sceptre and child.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 367
50	GETA, 198— 212	Rome, 198—200	L SEPTIMIVS / GETA CAES Bust, draped, cuirassed, hd. bare r.	SPES / PVBLICA Spes advancing l., holding flower and raising skirt.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 4
51	GETA, 198— 212	Rome, 200—202	P SEPT GETA / CAES PONT Bust, draped, hd. bare r.	FELICIT/AS AVGG Felicitas stg. l., holding caduceus and cornucopiae.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 8
52	GETA, 198— 212	Rome, 200—202	P SEPT GETA / CAES PONT Bust, draped, cuirassed, hd. bare r.	FELICITAS / PVBLICA Similar.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 9b

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No	Ruler	Mint / Dates	Obverse	Reverse	Denomination	References
53	GETA, 198— 212	Rome, 200—202	P SEPT GETA / CAES PONT Similar.	PRIN/C IVV/ENTVT/IS Geta stg. l., holding branch and spear; behind trophy.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 18
54	GETA, 198— 212	Rome, 209	P SEPTIMIVS / GETA CAES Similar.	PONTIF COS II Geta stg. l., holding globe and sceptre.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 61b
55	GETA, 198— 212	Rome, 210	IMP CAES P SEPT / GETA PIVS AVG Laur. hd. r.	PONTIF TR P / II COS II Felicitas stg. l., holding cornucopiae and long caduceus.	AR Denarius	RIC IV I: 69b
56	MACRINUS, 217—218	Rome, 217	IMP C M OPEL SEV MACRINVS AVG Laur. bust r., cuirassed.	PONTIF MAX TR P COS PP Securitas stg. l., legs crossed, holding sceptre and leaning on column.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 24b
57	ELAGABALUS, 218—222	Rome, 218	IMP CAES M AVR ANTONINVS AVG Radiate bust r., draped, cuirassed.	PM TR P COS P P Roma seated l., holding Victory and sceptre; by her side, shield.	AR Anto-ninianus	RIC IV II: 1
58	ELAGABALUS, 218—222	Rome, 218—222	IMP ANTONINVS PIVS AVG Laur. bust r., draped.	LIBERALITAS AVG II Liberalitas stg. l., holding abacus and cornucopiae.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 100
59	ELAGABALUS, 218—222	Rome, 218—222	IMP ANTONINVS AVG Laur. bust r., draped, cuirassed.	PROVID / DEORVM Providentia stg. l., legs crossed, holding rod and cornucopiae and leaning on a column; at her feet, globe.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 130
60	ELAGABALUS, 218—222	Rome, 218—222	IMP CAES M AVR ANTONINVS AVG Similar.	SALVS ANTONINI AVG Salus stg. r., feeding a snake which she holds in her arms.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 140
61	ELAGABALUS, 218—222	Antioch, 218—222	ANTONINVS PIVS FEL AVG Similar.	CON/COR/DIA / MILIT Two standards between two vexilla.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 187
62	ELAGABALUS, 218—222	Antioch, 218—222	ANTONINVS PIVS FEL AVG Laur. hd. r.	HILARI/TAS AVG Hilaritas stg. l., holding wreath and long palm; a child stg. on either side.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 190
63	JULIA PAULA	Rome, 219	IVLIA PAVLA AVG Bust r., draped.	CONCO/RDIA Concordia seated l., holding patera, in field star.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 211
64	JULIA PAULA	Rome, 219	IVLIA PAVLA AVG Similar.	VENVS GE/NETRIX Venus seated l., holding globe and sceptre.	AR Denarius	RIC IVII: 222

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Lost hoard of Roman coins presumably found in Northern Bulgaria

No	Ruler	Mint / Dates	Obverse	Reverse	Denomination	References
65	JULIA AQUILIA SEVERA	Rome, 220	IVLIA AQVILIA SEVERA AVG Busr r., draped.	CONCORDIA Concordia stg. l., holding patera and double cornucopiae; on l. lighted altar; in field r. star.	AR Denarius	RIC IVII: 226
66	JULIA SOAEMIAS	Rome, 219—222	IVLIA SOAEMIAS AVG Bust r., draped.	VENVS CAELESTIS Venus, diad., stg. l., holding apple and sceptre; in field a star.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 241
67	JULIA MAESA	Rome, 218—222	IVLIA MAESA AVG Bust r., draped.	SAECVLI FE/LICITAS Felicity stg. l., holding caduceus and patera over altar, in field r. star.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 271
68	JULIA MAESA	Rome, 218—222	IVLIA MAESA AVG Similar.	VENVS VICTRIX Venus stg. l., holding helmet, transverse spear and shield.	AR Denarius	RIC IVII: 275
69	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 222	IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG Laur. bust r., draped.	PM TR P / C/OS PP Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre and thunderbolt.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 4
70	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Antioch, 222	IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG Similar.	PM TR P / COS PP Fortuna stg. l., holding rudder and cornucopiae, star in l.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 246
71	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 223	IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG Similar.	PM TR P / II COS PP Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre and thunderbolt.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 19
72	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 225	IMP C M AVR SEV/ ALEXAND AVG Similar.	PM TR P / IIII COS PP Emperor stg. l., sacrificing over a tripod and holding a scroll.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 50
73	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 226	IMP C M AVR SEV/ ALEXAND AVG Similar.	PM TR P V / COS II PP Similar.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 55
74	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 227	IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG Similar.	PM TR P VI / COS II PP Aequitas stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 64
75	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 227	IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG Similar.	PM TR P VI / COS II PP Pax running l., holding olive-branch and sceptre.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 67
76	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 228	IMP C M AVR SEV/ ALEXAND AVG Similar.	PM TR P VII / COS II PP Emperor stg. l., sacrificing over a tripod and holding a scroll.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 81
77	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 231	IMP ALEXAN/DER PIVS AVG Laur. hd. r.	PM TR P X / COS III PP Mars stg. l., holding spear and resting r. hand on shield.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 108

МАИАСП № 15. 2023

No	Ruler	Mint / Dates	Obverse	Reverse	Denomination	References
78	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 234	IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG Laur. bust r., draped.	PM TR P / XIII COS III PP Sol rad., walking l., and holding whip.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 123
79	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 222—228	IMP C M AVR SEV/ ALEXAND AVG Similar.	AEQVI/TAS AVG Aequitas stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 126
80	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 222—228	IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG Similar.	FIDES / MI/LITVM Fides stg. r., holding two standarts.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 139
81	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 222—228	IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG Similar.	IOVI CONSER/VATORI Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre and thunderbolt.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 141
82	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 228—231	IMP SEV ALE/XAND AVG Laur. hd. r.	ANNO/NA AVG Annona stg l., holding anchor and corn-ears, at her feet l., modius.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 188
83	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 228—231	IMP SEV ALE/XAND AVG Similar.	VICTORIA AVGVSTI Victory stg. r., foot on helmet; writing VOT X on a shield.	AR Denarius	RIC IVII: 219
84	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 228—231	IMP SEV ALE/XAND AVG Similar.	VIRTVS / AVG Virtvs seated l. on cuirass, holding branch and sceptre; behind shield.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 221
85	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 231—235	IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG Laur. bust r., draped.	MARS V/LTOR Mars walking r., holding spear and shield.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 246
86	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 231—235	IMP ALEXAN/DER PIVS AVG Similar.	MARS / VLTOR Mars stg. l., leaning on shield and holding spear, standart resting on his r. arm.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 248
87	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 231—235	IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG Laur. hd. r.	PROVIDENTIA AVG Providentia stg. l., holding corn-ears and cornucopiae, on ground, a modius.	AR Denarius	RIC IVII: 250
88	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Rome, 231—235	IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG Similar.	PROVIDE/NTIA AVG Similar.	AR Denarius	RIC IVII: 250
89	SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235	Antioch, undated issues	IMP C M AVR … AVG Laur. bust r., draped, cuirassed.	VICTO/R/I/A AVG Victory running r., holding wreath and palm; in field star.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 300
90	JULIA MAMAEA, 235†	Rome, 222—235	IVLIA MA/MAEA AVG Bust, diademed, draped, r.	FECVND / AVGVSTAE Fecunditas seated l., holding hand of a child and resting her l. arm on seat.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 332

МАИАСП № 15. 2023

Lost hoard of Roman coins presumably found in Northern Bulgaria

No	Ruler	Mint / Dates	Obverse	Reverse	Denomination	References
91	JULIA MAMAEA, 235†	Rome, 222—235	IVLIA MAMAEA AVG Bust, draped, r.	IONO CONS/E/RVATRIX Juno, diad. and veiled stg. l., holding patera and sceptre; at her feet peacock.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 343
92	JULIA MAMAEA, 235†	Rome, 222—235	IVLIA MAMAEA AVG Similar.	IONO CONS/E/RVATRIX Similar.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 343
93	JULIA MAMAEA, 235†	Rome, 222—235	IVLIA MA/MAEA AVG Bust, diademed, draped, r.	VENER/I FELICI Venus stg. r., holding sceptre and Cupid.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 351
94	JULIA MAMAEA, 235†	Rome, 222—235	IVLIA MA/MAEA AVG Similar.	VENVS V/ICTRIX Venus stg. l., holding helmet and sceptre; at her feet, l., shield.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 358
95	JULIA MAMAEA, 235†	Rome, 222—235	IVLIA MA/MAEA AVG Similar.	VES/TA Vesta stg. l., holding patera and transverse sceptre.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 362
96	JULIA MAMAEA, 235†	Rome, 222—235	IVLIA MA/MAEA AVG Similar.	VES/TA Vesta stg. l., holding palladium and sceptre.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 364
97	MAXIMINUS I, 235—238	Rome, 236	IMP MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG Laur. bust r., draped, cuirassed.	PM TR P II COS PP Emp. in military dress, stg. between two standards.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 3
98	MAXIMINUS I, 235—238	Rome, 237	MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG GERM Similar.	PM TR P III / COS PP Similar.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 5
99	MAXIMINUS I, 235—238	Rome, 238	MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG GERM Similar.	PM TR P IIII / COS PP Similar.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 6
100	MAXIMINUS I, 235—238	Rome, 235—236	IMP MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG Similar.	VICTO/RI/A AVG Victory advancing r, holding wreath and palm.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 16
101	MAXIMINUS I, 235—238	Rome, 236—238	MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG GERM Laur. bust r., draped, cuirassed.	PROVIDENTIA AVG Providentia stg. l., holding wand over globe and cornucopiae.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 20
102	MAXIMINUS I, 235—238	Rome, 236—238	MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG GERM Similar.	VICT/ORIA GERM Victory stg. l., holding wreath and palm, seated captive at her feet.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 23
103	MAXIMINUS I, 235—238	Rome, 236—238	MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG GERM Similar.	VICT/ORIA GERM Similar.	AR Denarius	RIC IV II: 23
104	GORDIAN III, 238—244	Rome, 240	IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Laur. bust r., draped.	PM TR P III COS PP Gordian on horse pacing l., raising r. hand and holding spear.	AR Denarius	RIC IV III: 81

МАИАСП № 15. 2023

No	Ruler	Mint / Dates	Obverse	Reverse	Denomination	References
105	GORDIAN III, 238—244	Rome, 241—243	IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Similar.	VIRTVTI AVGVSTI Hercules stg. r., resting r. hand on hip and resting l. on club set on rock: lion-skin beside club.	AR Denarius	RIC IV III: 95
106	GORDIAN III, 238—244	Rome, 241—243	IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Similar.	PM TR P III COS II PP Apollo, bare to waist, seated l., holding branch and resting l. elbow on lyre.	AR Denarius	RIC IV III: 114
107	GORDIAN III, 238—244	Rome, 241—243	IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Similar.	PM TR P III COS II PP Emp. in military dress stg. l., holding spear and globe.	AR Denarius	RIC IV III: 115
108	GORDIAN III, 238—244	Rome, 241	IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Similar.	DIANA LV/CIFERA Diana stg. r., holding lighted torch.	AR Denarius	RIC IV III: 127
109	GORDIAN III, 238—244	Rome, 241	IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Similar.	PIETAS AVGVSTI Pietas, veiled, stg. front, hd. l., raising both hands.	AR Denarius	RIC IV III: 129
110	GORDIAN III, 238—244	Rome, 241	IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Similar.	SALVS AVGVSTI Salus stg. r., feeding snake heid in arms.	AR Denarius	RIC IV III: 129a
111	GORDIAN III, 238—244	Rome, 241	IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Similar.	SECVRITAS PVBLICA Securitas seated l., holding sceptre and propping head an l. hand.	AR Denarius	RIC IV III: 130
112	GORDIAN III, 238—244	Rome, 241—243	IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Similar.	PIETA/S AVG Pietas stg. l., raising both hands over altar.	AR Denarius	RIC IV III: —

МАИАСП № 15. 2023

Lost hoard of Roman coins presumably found in Northern Bulgaria

References 1: Septimius Severus. “Emesa” Mint. Available at: https://www.forumancientcoins. com /dougsmith/ (accessed 09.02.2023).

Список литературы Lost hoard of roman coins presumably found in Northern Bulgaria

MARCUS AURELIUS, 161—180 Rome, 175—176 M ANTONINVS AVG / GERM SARM Laur. hd. r. TR P XXX / IMP VIII COS III Genius, nude, stg. l., holding patera and corn-ears. AR Denarius RIC III: 353
FAUSTINA JUNIOR Rome, 161—176 FAVSTINA AVGVSTA Bust, diademed, draped. IVNONA / REGINAE Juno veiled, stg. l., holding patera and sceptre; at her feet, a peacock. AR Denarius RIC III: 696
LUCILLA Rome, 164—169 LVCILLAE AVG / ANTONINI AVG F Bust r., draped. PIETAS Pietas, veiled, stg. l., raising her hand over lighter altar and holding a perfume box. AR Denarius RIC III: 775
COMMODUS, 177—192 Rome, 191—192 L AEL AVREL COMM AVG P FEL Hd. in lion's skin r. HERCVLI ROMANO AVG Bow, club and quiver with arrows. AR Denarius RIC III: 253
CLODIUS ALBINUS, 195—197 Rome, 194—195 D CLOD SEPT / ALBIN CAES Hd. bare r. COS / II Aesculapius stg. l., holding serpent-wreathed rod. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 2
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Rome, 193—195 ... SEV PE/RT AVG ... Laur. hd. r. LIBERO / PATRI Bacchus stg. l., holding oenochoe over panther and thyrsus. AR Denarius
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Emesa, 194—195 IMP CAE L SEP SE^V PERT AVG ... Similar. VICTOR SEVER AVG Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 428
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Emesa, 194—195 IMP CAE L SEP SE/V PERT AVG COS II Similar. MIATER VICT Minerva stg. l., holding spear. AR Denarius RIC IV- I: —
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193 — 211 Rome, 196—197 L SEPT SEV PERT / AVG ... Similar. ADVENTVI AVG / FELICISSIMO Severus riding r., r. hand raised. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 74
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193 — 211 Rome, 196—197 L SEPT SEV PERT / AVG IMP VIII Similar. MVNIFICENTIA AVG Elephant r. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 82
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Rome, 196—197 L SEPT SEV PERT / AVG IMP VIII Similar. PROVIDEN/TIA AVG Providentia stg. l., holding wand over globe and sceptre. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 92a
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Laodicea, 196—197 L SEPT SEV PE/RT AVG IMP VIII Similar. C/ERER / FRVGIF Ceres stg. l., holding corn-ears and torch. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 475
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Rome, 197—198 L SEPT SEV PE/RT AVG IMP X Similar. ...NONA/E AVGG Annona stg. l., foot on prow, holding corn-ears and cornucopiae. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 107
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Laodicea, 198 L SEP SEVERVS PER / AVG P M IMP XI Similar. VIC AVG/G C/OS II PP Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 498
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Rome, 198—200 L SEPT SEV AVG IMP XI PART MAX Similar. MONETA/AVGG Moneta seated l., holding scales and cornucopiae. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 135a
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Laodicea, 198—202 L SEPT SEV AVG IMP XI PART MAX Similar. CONCOR/DIA / M/ILITVM Concordia stg. front, hd. l., holding standard in each hand. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 502b
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Laodicea, 198—202 L SEPT SEV AVG IMP XI PART MAX Similar. IVST/ITIA Justitia seated l., holding patera and sceptre. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 505
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Rome, 200—201 SEVERVS AVG / PART MAX Similar. RESTITVTOR / VRBIS Severus stg. l., sacrificing with patera over tripod and holding spear. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 167a
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Rome, 202 SEVERVS / PIVS AVG Similar. PART MAX P M TR P X COS III PP Trophy and two captives. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 185
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Rome, 207 SEVERVS / PIVS AVG Similar. P M TR P XV / COS III PP Africa, wearing elephant-skin headdress, stg. r.; at feet r. lion. AR Denarius RIC IV- I: 207
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Rome, 209 SEVERVS / PIVS AVG Similar. P M TR P XVII / COS III PP Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre: by him, two children stg., one r., one l. AR Denarius RIC IV- I: 226
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Rome, 209 SEVERVS / PIVS AVG Similar. P M TR P XVII / COS III PP Neptune stg. l., r. foot on globe, holding trident in l. hand. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 228
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Rome, 210 SEVERVS PIVS / AVG BRIT Similar. P M TR P XVIII / COS III PP Similar. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 241
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Rome, 202—210 SEVERVS / PIVS AVG Similar. RESTITVTOR / VRBIS Roma seated l. on shield, holding palladium and spear. AR Denarius RIC IV- I: 288
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Rome, 202—210 SEVERVS / PIVS AVG Similar. VICTORIAE / AVGG Victory in biga galloping r. AR Denarius RIC IV- I: 299
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 193—211 Rome SEVERVS / AVG ... Similar. PROF... Severus on horseback galloping r., holding spear. AR Denarius
JULIA DOMNA Rome, 196—211 IVLIA / AVGVSTA Bust r., draped. FORTVNAE / FELICI Fortuna stg. l., holding caduceus in r. hand and resting l. arm on rudder. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 552
JULIA DOMNA Rome, 196—211 IVLIA / AVGVSTA Similar. IV/NO Juno, veiled, stg. l., holding patera and sceptre; at feet l., peacock. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 559
JULIA DOMNA Rome, 196—211 IVLIA / AVGVSTA Similar. HILA/RITAS Hilaritas stg. l., holding long palm and cornucopiae; two small figures at sides of Hilaritas. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 557
JULIA DOMNA Rome, 196—211 IVLIA / AVGVSTA Similar. MARTI / CASTRO/RVM Julia seated l., holding phoenix on globe and sceptre, to l., two standards. AR Denarius RIC IV- I: 568
JULIA DOMNA Rome, 196—211 IVLIA / AVGVSTA Similar. PIETAS / PVBLICA Pietas veiled, stg. front, hd. l. by altar, raising both hands. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 574
JULIA DOMNA Rome, 196—211 IVLIA / AVGVSTA Similar. VENVS VICTRIX Venus stg. l., holding helmet and palm, resting l. elbow on column; at feet l., shield. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 581
JULIA DOMNA Rome, 196—211 IVLIA / AVGVSTA Similar. VESTA / MATER Vesta seated l., holding palladium and sceptre. AR Denarius RIC IV- I: 583
JULIA DOMNA Rome, 211—217 IVLIA PIA FELIX AVG Bust r., draped. DIANA / LVCIFERA Diana stg. l., holding torch in both hands. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 373a
JULIA DOMNA Rome, 211—217 IVLIA PIA / FELIX AVG Similar. MAT AVGG MAT SEN M PATR Julis seated l., holding branch and sceptre. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 381
JULIA DOMNA Rome, 211—217 IVLIA PIA / FELIX AVG Similar. MATRI / DEVM Cybele, towered, stg. front, hd. l., holding drum and sceptre, resting l. arm on column; at feet l. lion. AR Denarius RIC IV- I: 382
CARACALLA, 198—217 Rome, undated (196?) M AVR ANTO/NINVS CAES Bust, draped, cuirassed, hd. bare r. SEVERI AVG PII FIL Lituus, axe, jug, simpulum, sprinkler. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 4
CARACALLA, 198—217 Rome, 196—198 M AVR ANTON / CAES PONTIF Bust, draped, hd. bare r. FIDES P/V/BLICA Fides stg. r., holding corn-ears and basket of fruit. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 8
CARACALLA, 198—217 Rome, 199—200 ANTONINVS / AVGVSTVS Laur. bust r., draped, cuirassed. PONTIF / TR P III Sol stg. front, hd. l., holding globe and spear. AR Denarius RIC IV- I: 30a
CARACALLA, 198—217 Rome, 201—206 ANTONINVS / PIVS AVG Laur. bust r., draped. RECTOR / ORBIS Similar. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 141
CARACALLA, 198—217 Rome, 201—206 ANTONINVS / PIVS AVG Similar. RECTOR / ORBIS Similar. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 141
CARACALLA, 198—217 Rome, 212 ANTONINVS PIVS AVG BRIT Laur. hd. r. PM TR P XV COS III PP Salus seated l., feeding out of patera snake coiled round altar and holding cornucopiae. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 196
CARACALLA, 198—217 Rome, 210—213 ANTONINVS PIVS/ AVG BRIT Similar. MARTI PROPVGNATORI Mars hurrying l., holding spear and trophy. AR Denarius RIC IV- I: 223
CARACALLA, 198—217 Rome, 215 ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM Similar. PM TR P XVIII COS IIII PP Apollo, naked, with cloak flying, stg. l., holding branch and lyre on altar. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 254
CARACALLA, 198—217 Rome, 215 ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM Similar. PM TR P XVIII COS IIII PP Fides Militum stg. between two standarts. AR Denarius RIC IV- I: 267
CARACALLA, 198—217 Rome, 213—217 ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM Similar. VENVS VIC/TRIX Venus stg. l., holding Victory and spear and leaning on shield, set on helmet. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 311b
PLAUTILLA Rome, 202—205 PLAVTILLAE AVGVSTAE Bust, draped r. CONCORDIAE AETERNAE Caracalla stg. l., clasping r. hands with Plautilla, stg. r. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 361
PLAUTILLA Rome, 202—205 PLAVTILLA / AVGVSTA Similar. CONCORDIA / AVGG Concordia stg. l., holding patera and sceptre. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 363a
PLAUTILLA Rome, 202—205 PLAVTILLA AVGVSTA Similar. PIETAS / AVGG Pietas stg. r., holding sceptre and child. AR Denarius RIC IV- I: 367
GETA, 198— 212 Rome, 198—200 L SEPTIMIVS / GETA CAES Bust, draped, cuirassed, hd. bare r. SPES / PVBLICA Spes advancing l., holding flower and raising skirt. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 4
GETA, 198— 212 Rome, 200—202 P SEPT GETA / CAES PONT Bust, draped, hd. bare r. FELICIT/AS AVGG Felicitas stg. l., holding caduceus and cornucopiae. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 8
GETA, 198— 212 Rome, 200—202 P SEPT GETA / CAES PONT Bust, draped, cuirassed, hd. bare r. FELICITAS / PVBLICA Similar. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 9b
GETA, 198— 212 Rome, 200—202 P SEPT GETA / CAES PONT Similar. PRIN/C IVV/ENTVT/IS Geta stg. l., holding branch and spear; behind trophy. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 18
GETA, 198— 212 Rome, 209 P SEPTIMIVS / GETA CAES Similar. PONTIF COS II Geta stg. l., holding globe and sceptre. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 61b
GETA, 198— 212 Rome, 210 IMP CAES P SEPT / GETA PIVS AVG Laur. hd. r. PONTIF TR P / II COS II Felicitas stg. l., holding cornucopiae and long caduceus. AR Denarius RIC IV-I: 69b
MACRINUS, 217—218 Rome, 217 IMP C M OPEL SEV MACRINVS AVG Laur. bust r., cuirassed. PONTIF MAX TR P COS PP Securitas stg. l., legs crossed, holding sceptre and leaning on column. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 24b
ELAGABALUS, 218—222 Rome, 218 IMP CAES M AVR ANTONINVS AVG Radiate bust r., draped, cuirassed. PM TR P COS P P Roma seated l., holding Victory and sceptre; by her side, shield. AR Antoninianus RIC IV-II: 1
ELAGABALUS, 218—222 Rome, 218—222 IMP ANTONINVS PIVS AVG Laur. bust r., draped. LIBERALITAS AVG II Liberalitas stg. l., holding abacus and cornucopiae. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 100
ELAGABALUS, 218—222 Rome, 218—222 IMP ANTONINVS AVG Laur. bust r., draped, cuirassed. PROVID / DEORVM Providentia stg. l., legs crossed, holding rod and cornucopiae and leaning on a column; at her feet, globe. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 130
ELAGABALUS, 218—222 Rome, 218—222 IMP CAES M AVR ANTONINVS AVG Similar. SALVS ANTONINI AVG Salus stg. r., feeding a snake which she holds in her arms. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 140
ELAGABALUS, 218—222 Antioch, 218—222 ANTONINVS PIVS FEL AVG Similar. CON/COR/DIA / MILIT Two standards between two vexilla. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 187
ELAGABALUS, 218—222 Antioch, 218—222 ANTONINVS PIVS FEL AVG Laur. hd. r. HILARI/TAS AVG Hilaritas stg. l., holding wreath and long palm; a child stg. on either side. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 190
JULIA PAULA Rome, 219 IVLIA PAVLA AVG Bust r., draped. CONCO/RDIA Concordia seated l., holding patera, in field star. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 211
JULIA PAULA Rome, 219 IVLIA PAVLA AVG Similar. VENVS GE/NETRIX Venus seated l., holding globe and sceptre. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 222
JULIA AQUILIA SEVERA Rome, 220 IVLIA AQVILIA SEVERA AVG Busr r., draped. CONCORDIA Concordia stg. l., holding patera and double cornucopiae; on l. lighted altar; in field r. star. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 226
JULIA SOAEMIAS Rome, 219—222 IVLIA SOAEMIAS AVG Bust r., draped. VENVS CAELESTIS Venus, diad., stg. l., holding apple and sceptre; in field a star. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 241
JULIA MAESA Rome, 218—222 IVLIA MAESA AVG Bust r., draped. SAECVLI FE/LICITAS Felicity stg. l., holding caduceus and patera over altar, in field r. star. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 271
JULIA MAESA Rome, 218—222 IVLIA MAESA AVG Similar. VENVS VICTRIX Venus stg. l., holding helmet, transverse spear and shield. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 275
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 222 IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG Laur. bust r., draped. PM TR P / C/OS PP Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre and thunderbolt. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 4
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Antioch, 222 IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG Similar. PM TR P / COS PP Fortuna stg. l., holding rudder and cornucopiae, star in l. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 246
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 223 IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG Similar. PM TR P / II COS PP Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre and thunderbolt. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 19
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 225 IMP C M AVR SEV/ ALEXAND AVG Similar. PM TR P / IIII COS PP Emperor stg. l., sacrificing over a tripod and holding a scroll. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 50
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 226 IMP C M AVR SEV/ ALEXAND AVG Similar. PM TR P V / COS II PP Similar. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 55
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 227 IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG Similar. PM TR P VI / COS II PP Aequitas stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 64
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 227 IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG Similar. PM TR P VI / COS II PP Pax running l., holding olive-branch and sceptre. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 67
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 228 IMP C M AVR SEV/ ALEXAND AVG Similar. PM TR P VII / COS II PP Emperor stg. l., sacrificing over a tripod and holding a scroll. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 81
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 231 IMP ALEXAN/DER PIVS AVG Laur. hd. r. PM TR P X / COS III PP Mars stg. l., holding spear and resting r. hand on shield. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 108
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 234 IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG Laur. bust r., draped. PM TR P / XIII COS III PP Sol rad., walking l., and holding whip. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 123
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 222—228 IMP C M AVR SEV/ ALEXAND AVG Similar. AEQVI/TAS AVG Aequitas stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 126
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 222—228 IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG Similar. FIDES / MI/LITVM Fides stg. r., holding two standarts. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 139
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 222—228 IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG Similar. IOVI CONSER/VATORI Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre and thunderbolt. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 141
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 228—231 IMP SEV ALE/XAND AVG Laur. hd. r. ANNO/NA AVG Annona stg l., holding anchor and corn-ears, at her feet l., modius. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 188
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 228—231 IMP SEV ALE/XAND AVG Similar. VICTORIA AVGVSTI Victory stg. r., foot on helmet; writing VOT X on a shield. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 219
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 228—231 IMP SEV ALE/XAND AVG Similar. VIRTVS / AVG Virtvs seated l. on cuirass, holding branch and sceptre; behind shield. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 221
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 231—235 IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG Laur. bust r., draped. MARS V/LTOR Mars walking r., holding spear and shield. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 246
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 231—235 IMP ALEXAN/DER PIVS AVG Similar. MARS / VLTOR Mars stg. l., leaning on shield and holding spear, standart resting on his r. arm. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 248
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 231—235 IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG Laur. hd. r. PROVIDENTIA AVG Providentia stg. l., holding corn-ears and cornucopiae, on ground, a modius. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 250
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Rome, 231—235 IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG Similar. PROVIDE/NTIA AVG Similar. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 250
SEVERUS ALEXANDER, 222—235 Antioch, undated issues IMP C M AVR ... AVG Laur. bust r., draped, cuirassed. VICTO/R/I/A AVG Victory running r., holding wreath and palm; in field star. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 300
JULIA MAMAEA, 235f Rome, 222—235 IVLIA MA/MAEA AVG Bust, diademed, draped, r. FECVND / AVGVSTAE Fecunditas seated l., holding hand of a child and resting her l. arm on seat. AR Denarius RIC IV- II: 332
JULIA MAMAEA, 235f Rome, 222—235 IVLIA MAMAEA AVG Bust, draped, r. IONO CONS/E/RVATRIX Juno, diad. and veiled stg. l., holding patera and sceptre; at her feet peacock. AR Denarius RIC IV- II: 343
JULIA MAMAEA, 235f Rome, 222—235 IVLIA MAMAEA AVG Similar. IONO CONS/E/RVATRIX Similar. AR Denarius RIC IV- II: 343
JULIA MAMAEA, 235f Rome, 222—235 IVLIA MA/MAEA AVG Bust, diademed, draped, r. VENER/I FELICI Venus stg. r., holding sceptre and Cupid. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 351
JULIA MAMAEA, 235f Rome, 222—235 IVLIA MA/MAEA AVG Similar. VENVS V/ICTRIX Venus stg. l., holding helmet and sceptre; at her feet, l., shield. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 358
JULIA MAMAEA, 235f Rome, 222—235 IVLIA MA/MAEA AVG Similar. VES/TA Vesta stg. l., holding patera and transverse sceptre. AR Denarius RIC IV- II: 362
JULIA MAMAEA, 235f Rome, 222—235 IVLIA MA/MAEA AVG Similar. VES/TA Vesta stg. l., holding palladium and sceptre. AR Denarius RIC IV- II: 364
MAXIMINUS I, 235—238 Rome, 236 IMP MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG Laur. bust r., draped, cuirassed. PM TR P II COS PP Emp. in military dress, stg. between two standards. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 3
MAXIMINUS I, 235—238 Rome, 237 MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG GERM Similar. PM TR P III / COS PP Similar. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 5
MAXIMINUS I, 235—238 Rome, 238 MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG GERM Similar. PM TR P IIII / COS PP Similar. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 6
MAXIMINUS I, 235—238 Rome, 235—236 IMP MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG Similar. VICTO/RI/A AVG Victory advancing r, holding wreath and palm. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 16
MAXIMINUS I, 235—238 Rome, 236—238 MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG GERM Laur. bust r., draped, cuirassed. PROVIDENTIA AVG Providentia stg. l., holding wand over globe and cornucopiae. AR Denarius RIC IV-II: 20
MAXIMINUS I, 235—238 Rome, 236—238 MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG GERM Similar. VICT/ORIA GERM Victory stg. l., holding wreath and palm, seated captive at her feet. AR Denarius RIC IV- II: 23
MAXIMINUS I, 235—238 Rome, 236—238 MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG GERM Similar. VICT/ORIA GERM Similar. AR Denarius RIC IV- II: 23
GORDIAN III, 238—244 Rome, 240 IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Laur. bust r., draped. PM TR P III COS PP Gordian on horse pacing l., raising r. hand and holding spear. AR Denarius RIC IV-III: 81
GORDIAN III, 238—244 Rome, 241—243 IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Similar. VIRTVTI AVGVSTI Hercules stg. r., resting r. hand on hip and resting l. on club set on rock: lion-skin beside club. AR Denarius RIC IV-III: 95
GORDIAN III, 238—244 Rome, 241—243 IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Similar. PM TR P III COS II PP Apollo, bare to waist, seated l., holding branch and resting l. elbow on lyre. AR Denarius RIC IV-III: 114
GORDIAN III, 238—244 Rome, 241—243 IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Similar. PM TR P III COS II PP Emp. in military dress stg. l., holding spear and globe. AR Denarius RIC IV-III: 115
GORDIAN III, 238—244 Rome, 241 IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Similar. DIANA LV/CIFERA Diana stg. r., holding lighted torch. AR Denarius RIC IV-III: 127
GORDIAN III, 238—244 Rome, 241 IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Similar. PIETAS AVGVSTI Pietas, veiled, stg. front, hd. l., raising both hands. AR Denarius RIC IV-III: 129
GORDIAN III, 238—244 Rome, 241 IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Similar. SALVS AVGVSTI Salus stg. r., feeding snake heid in arms. AR Denarius RIC IV-III: 129a
GORDIAN III, 238—244 Rome, 241 IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Similar. SECVRITAS PVBLICA Securitas seated l., holding sceptre and propping head an l. hand. AR Denarius RIC IV-III: 130
GORDIAN III, 238—244 Rome, 241—243 IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Similar. PIETA/S AVG Pietas stg. l., raising both hands over altar. AR Denarius RIC IV-III

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