Comprehensive Review of COVID-19: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Advancements, and Post-pandemic Strategies
Автор: Abzhaparova A., Durgesh Kumar, Vansh Gupta, Rishikesh Kumar, Abbas Khilji
Журнал: Бюллетень науки и практики @bulletennauki
Рубрика: Медицинские науки
Статья в выпуске: 3 т.12, 2026 года.
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Background: Since its emergence in late 2019, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has fundamentally altered global health landscapes. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge regarding the etiology, complex pathogenesis, evolving diagnostic modalities, and updated therapeutic strategies, with a focus on post-pandemic management and Long COVID. A narrative review was conducted using databases including PubMed, Scopus, and WHO repositories. Data regarding epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical guidelines published between January 2020 and late 2024 were analyzed. The virus utilizes the ACE2 receptor for entry, triggering a dysregulated immune response (cytokine storm) and coagulopathy. Diagnostic techniques have evolved from standard RT-PCR to rapid molecular assays and AI-assisted imaging. Treatment has shifted from supportive care to targeted antivirals and immunomodulators. While acute mortality has decreased due to vaccination and population immunity, the focus must now shift to managing endemic transmission and the chronic sequelae known as Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC).
Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/14134706
IDR: 14134706 | УДК: 616.98:578.834.1 | DOI: 10.33619/2414-2948/124/24
Комплексный обзор COVID-19: эпидемиология, патогенез, достижения в диагностике и стратегии в постпандемический период
С момента своего появления в конце 2019 года коронавирусная болезнь 2019 (COVID-19), вызываемая коронавирусом тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома 2 (SARS-CoV-2), коренным образом изменила глобальную ситуацию в области здравоохранения. Был проведен нарративный обзор с использованием баз данных, включая PubMed, Scopus и репозитории ВОЗ. Были проанализированы данные по эпидемиологии, патофизиологии и клиническим рекомендациям, опубликованные в период с января 2020 года по конец 2024 года. Вирус использует рецептор ACE2 для проникновения, вызывая нарушение регуляции иммунного ответа (цитокиновый шторм) и коагулопатию. Диагностические методы эволюционировали от стандартной ОТ-ПЦР до быстрых молекулярных анализов и визуализации с использованием ИИ. Лечение сместилось от поддерживающей терапии к целенаправленному применению противовирусных препаратов и иммуномодуляторов. Хотя острая смертность снизилась благодаря вакцинации и популяционному иммунитету, теперь необходимо сосредоточиться на борьбе с эндемической передачей вируса и хроническими последствиями, известными как пост-острые последствия SARS-CoV-2 (PASC).
Текст научной статьи Comprehensive Review of COVID-19: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Advancements, and Post-pandemic Strategies
Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice
UDC 616.98:578.834.1
COVID-19 is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by the novel betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2. First identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, it rapidly escalated into a global pandemic. Unlike previous coronavirus outbreaks (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated efficient human-to-human transmission even during the asymptomatic incubation period, complicating containment efforts [1].
Globally, the virus has infected hundreds of millions of individuals, with waves driven by variants of concern (VOCs) such as Delta and Omicron. The basic reproduction number ($R_0$) has fluctuated significantly with these variants; the Omicron variant, for instance, demonstrated significantly higher transmissibility than the ancestral strain. Regionally, epidemiology varies based on population density, healthcare infrastructure, and vaccination coverage [2].
While the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with COVID-19 is well-documented, gaps remain regarding the long-term systemic effects of the virus. Furthermore, diagnostic protocols differ vastly between resource-rich and resource-limited settings, creating disparities in care. The transition from pandemic to endemic status requires a re-evaluation of treatment protocols [3].
The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of SARS-CoV-2, detailing its pathogenesis, evaluating the shift in diagnostic technologies, and summarizing current consensus on treatment and post-pandemic management strategies. This paper employs a narrative review design to synthesize broad literature regarding the clinical and biological aspects of COVID-19. This format allows for the integration of epidemiological data, basic science (pathogenesis), and clinical management guidelines [4].
Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) regarding vaccines and therapeutics were included [5].
Peer-reviewed articles published in English between January 1, 2020, and December 2024; official health guidelines; systematic reviews and meta-analyses were considered. Exclusion criteria included: anecdotal case reports (unless highlighting a novel finding), non-peer-reviewed pre-prints (unless no other data exists), and studies with small sample sizes [6].
