The impact of non-traditional oilseed waste on dairy productivity of cows

UDC 68.39.15                                        

The development of livestock farming is one of the main strategic economic objectives of Kazakhstan and continues to be the main source of employment, food and income for the rural population [1].

The needs of industrial-scale livestock farming for all species, groups, and ages of animals are met by feed milling, which is a distinct, established sector of industrialization. This sector fulfills a strategic task: providing agricultural producers with high-quality feed.

One of the main ways to improve production in agriculture is to rationalize operating costs, which leads to a reduction in the cost of finished products with high crop productivity.

A major role is given to the use of highly efficient resource-saving technologies that can reduce the environmental impact and are also less costly for agricultural enterprises. High-quality resource provision is one of the key components of the proportional and balanced development of grain processing and livestock farms as structural elements of the meat, dairy, and grain product industries. subcomplexes [2,3].

To ensure a stable ecological situation in the environment, it is necessary to have a more rational and economical use of material resources in the national economy, comprehensive processing of raw materials, low-waste, waste-free technology, the full involvement of local types of raw materials and materials in circulation, the recycling of secondary resources, and the maximum reduction in the use of food raw materials and other agricultural products for technical purposes.

A pressing issue for agricultural production in our country is the ongoing and widespread adoption of new technologies, primarily aimed at ensuring food security. To achieve this, high productivity in livestock farming, including the production of maximum output that meets international standards, must be a key priority. However, one of the main factors hindering the achievement of these living standards is.

For the successful development of the feed industry, it is necessary to expand the feed supply and reduce the shortage of highly nutritious and affordable raw materials. Since feed accounts for approximately 70% of agricultural production costs, only improved feed quality and increased feed digestibility can enhance the competitiveness of domestic products [4, 5].

This use of grain is irrational, since the majority should be spent on food purposes.

At the same time, by-products and waste from various industries, as well as non-traditional types of raw materials, are underutilized [6,7].

In the context of developing market relations in the processing industries, raw materials play a special role, the real source of replenishment of which is the reduction of losses during harvesting, transportation, storage, and processing of products. When determining the level of technology, the goal is not only to increase the utilization of raw materials but also to ensure the production of useful products from waste, that is, to incorporate so-called secondary raw materials into production [8].

Secondary raw materials represent an easily renewable, cheap and accessible source of raw materials for new high-quality and nutritious feeds and, after appropriate processing, can acquire feed properties that are 1.5–3 times superior to goodquality feed grain [9,10].

Kazakhstan has significant potential to increase its share of the global oil and fat market. To this end, the government has taken steps to diversify crop production and shift away from monopolistic wheat cultivation toward expanding oilseed crops. Agricultural production is characterized by significant waste and byproducts. Growing grain and oilseed crops produces straw, baskets, and stalks.

One of the promising types of raw materials for the production of compound feed is waste obtained during the processing of sunflower and rapeseed (heads and stems) [11, 12].

The yield of heads per hectare is approximately 60% of the seed weight. With a sunflower seed yield of 12-15 centners per hectare, 7-

9 centners of heads are produced, or over 500 feed units., and 50 kg of digestible protein. This valuable feed is comparable in chemical composition to hay. 1 kg of baskets contains 0.4-0.5 feed unit and 30-35 g of digestible protein, as well as 3-4% fat, 1.7-2% calcium, 1% phosphorus, 40% nitrogen-free extractive substances and 25-30% fiber.

Dried sunflower stalks are comparable in nutritional value to good-quality winter straw. The best way to use sunflower waste in animal feed is to make flour. Sunflower waste flour is best used in granulated mixtures, comprising up to 40% of the ingredients by weight. Cattle can be fed 2.5-3 kg of sunflower waste per head per day.

The best way to use sunflower waste in animal feed is to make flour. Flour made from sunflower and rapeseed waste is best used in granulated mixtures, comprising up to 40% of the components by weight. Cattle can be fed 2.5–3 kg of sunflower waste per head per day. Furthermore, sunflower waste has been shown to contain pectin. During harvesting and threshing, the pectin content averages 25–26%.

Rapeseed and its derivatives are currently being considered as an alternative to expensive concentrated animal and plant feeds. This is due to the relatively low price of rapeseed products, along with their high concentration of metabolizable energy, essential amino acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Despite the lower availability of some minerals in rapeseed compared to soybeans, the former is a better source of readily available calcium, iron, manganese, phosphorus, selenium, and magnesium than soybeans, while the latter is a better source of copper, zinc, and potassium [13, 14, 15].

Thus, the use of waste in modern feed production enables the advanced processing of raw materials, a reduction in the cost of production of primary products through the sale of additional products, an expansion of the range of modern feed, the development of domestic animal husbandry, and improved environmental safety of food and processing facilities [16, 17]. The deficiency of protein components in compound feed can be reduced by using by-products from food and processing industries. Rational use of waste in feed production will ensure a cumulative effect and help related industries reach new levels of development.

The aim of the research is to study the impact of compound feed with the introduction of non-traditional oilseed waste on the level of milk productivity and milk quality.

Materials and research methods

To achieve this goal, a scientific and economic trial was conducted at the Yntymak farm in the spring using the diet of dairy cows, according to the scheme presented in Table 1. The trial lasted 60 days and utilized a balanced group method. 40 Black-and-White cows were selected for the trial based on age, productivity, physiological condition, and live weight, and were divided into four groups of 10 cows.

The differences in feeding were that in the first control groups, feed was used in accordance with the technology adopted on the farm, and in the experimental groups, the animals received compound feed according to a developed recipe, in which grain raw materials were replaced with feed flour obtained from post-harvest waste of oilseed crops (Table 2).

Table 1. Scheme of scientific and economic experiment

Groups	Number of animals in a group, heads.	Feeding conditions
I – control	10	Basic diet (BD)
II - experimental	10	Basic diet + test diet (sunflower flour -5%, safflower flour 2% by weight)
III - experimental	10	Basic diet + test diet (sunflower flour -7%, safflower flour 3% by weight)
IV - experimental	10	Basic diet + test diet (sunflower flour -10%, safflower flour 5% by weight)

Table 2. The recipe for compound feed for dairy cows

Components	Experienced recipes, %
	1	2	3
Wheat	17,0	14,0	11,0
Corn	30,0	30,0	30,0
Barley	10,0	10,0	10,0
Wheat bran	16,0	16,0	16,0
Corn feed	10,0	10,0	10,0
Sunflower cake	5,0	5,0	5,0
Feed phosphate	2,0	2,0	2,0
Chalk feed	1,0	1,0	1,0
Table salt	1,0	1,0	1,0
Premix	1,0	1,0	1,0
Sunflower Waste Flour	5	7	10
Safflower Waste Flour	2	3	5

The average daily milk yield served as the primary indicator for calculating the feeding ration. Milk production was determined individually for each experimental cow twice daily, with an average milk sample collected. Protein and fat content in the milk were determined using a Lactan -4M milk quality analyzer.

Results and discussion

During the study, the experimental cows were fed a commercial diet balanced in all nutrients. A well-balanced diet ensures lactating cows produce the maximum possible amount of milk. Feed intake also influences milk production.

Cow productivity can be assessed by both milk quantity and milk quality. The milk quality obtained from experimental animals is presented in Table 3.

Table 3. Quality indicators of milk from experimental cows

Indicators	Groups
	Control	Experience I	Experience - II	Experience - III
Average daily milk yield per cow, kg	20.0±1.7	21.1 ±2.1	23.2 ±1.8	22.4 ±1.7
Gross milk yield per cow per experiment, kg	1200±2.0	1266±2.2	1392±2.0	1344±1.9
Mass fraction of fat, %	3.50±0.5	3.52±0.3	3.60±0.6	3.58±0.3
Protein content, %	3.20±0.3	3.26±0.3	3.28±0.5	3.25±0.5
Gross milk yield per cow of basic fat content for the experiment, kg	1235±2.9	1310±2.9	1473±3.2	1423±3.0

Analyzing the data in Table 3, we can conclude that the developed feeding formula for lactating cows increased productivity and improved milk quality. Average daily milk yield per cow was 20 kg in the control group, compared to 21.1, 23.2, and 22.4 kg in the experimental groups. The protein content in milk from cows in the control group was 3.2%. Experimental cows fed oilseed waste in their diets exceeded their control group counterparts by 1.5-2.5% in this indicator.

A trend toward an increase in fat mass fraction was observed in the milk of cows in experimental group 2, which was 2.8% higher than in the control. Cows in experimental groups 2 and 3 exceeded the control in terms of fat mass fraction by 2,5-3%. An increase in fat mass fraction was observed in the milk of cows in the experimental groups, which was 0.52.0% higher than in the control.

The results of the study showed that feeding lactating cows with the developed compound feed contributed to increased productivity and improved milk quality due to more efficient use of nutrients in the diet.

Conclusion

Thus, the results of the conducted studies indicate that the developed feed recipe for lactating cows contributed to increased milk production and improved milk quality. The highest average daily milk yield was recorded in the second experimental group, reaching 23.2 kg, a 16% increase compared to the control. The most important component of milk is complete proteins, which combine a vast number of properties important for humans. The highest protein content was found in the milk of cows in the second experimental group.

It was established that animals in the experimental groups had similar quality indicators to animals in the control groups.

Consequently, the newly developed recipe, which contains non-traditional raw materials, allows us to solve a number of important problems, reduce the proportion of valuable grain raw materials in the composition of compound feed, reduce their cost, increase biological value, and improve the environmental situation.