Branch-wise economy. Рубрика в журнале - Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast
Objectives and methods of analyzing energy efficiency in the economy
Статья научная
Energy saving and improving energy efficiency of production are among economic development priorities in Russia and its regions. Energy efficiency issues are given a lot of attention in scientific research on the interrelation of economic and power engineering development. In order to select the methodological tools for regional studies, we have reviewed scientific publications that analyze and evaluate energy efficiency in the economy. As a result of the review, we highlight the relevant research objectives: 1) to clarify the trends and factors leading to changes in energy efficiency of the objects under consideration;2) to compare the energy efficiency of similar objects, to determine the causes of differences and possible growth potential; 3) to identify the spatiotemporal properties of energy variables and causal relationships between energy consumption and economic growth. In accordance with these research objectives we summarize the approaches and methods of statistical analysis, evaluation, and econometric modeling used to address them...
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Статья научная
The transformation of export activity, which is a “pillar” of the Russian economy and some of its regions, taking place amid geopolitical instability, determines the importance of assessing the consequences of this process for employment, as well as searching for the most promising types of economic activity that could become locomotives of development in the new economic conditions. In this regard, the aim of our study is to assess the impact of export activities on the number and professional structure of employment, as well as to identify promising areas for changing the structure of Russian exports. The multi-country input - output tables of the international database “The World Input - Output Database” served as the basis for modeling; the information base also included data from Rosstat and the Federal Customs Service. The study is of particular relevance, since the most technologically developed territories and industries facing the risks of deterioration of the investment climate and quality of life. Based on an input - output approach, which, along with an assessment of the economic effect on employment from export activities, constitutes the novelty of the study, we identify promising industries for job creation in the context of professions; we also highlight industries with a high multiplier of production costs as promising areas of development. It is noted that the export of minerals, in comparison with other types of activities, has less impact on employment. We point out the branches of the Russian economy, the output of which brings a greater economic effect in comparison with export activities. It is concluded that increasing exports of products from these economic sectors, combined with the development of new types of production within the country, will significantly enhance the impact of export activities on the number of employees and on the professional structure of employment. The results can be useful to a wide range of researchers in the field of economics of industries and territories, as well as to federal and regional authorities in the development and revision of various strategic and sectoral documents.
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Статья научная
The article investigates possible ways to increase labor productivity at large industrial enterprises with the help of organizational factors. Factors that reduce productivity include inefficient use of working time, excess of engineering and management staff, inefficient design and technological solutions, procedural violations, accidents and related manufacturing defects. These phenomena are due to unco- ordinated work of factory management services, distorting internal factory reporting and losing the ability to adequately analyze the technological and economic situation at the place of production. This problem arose in Soviet times when factory services became functionally subordinate to various government departments that did not ensure consistency of the policy documents they issued. Today, this problem has disappeared, but the working methods of factory services have not changed. The country has no management schools capable of organizing the work of factory services properly. Foreign experience of effective management is inadequate to the situation prevailing in Russian industrial production. Uncoordinated work of factory services forces the leadership of enterprises to manage production in a manual mode. Thus, production is going on, but it becomes fraught with chronic disorganization, which reduces efficiency and productivity. These phenomena, despite their widespread occurrence, are given very little attention in the Russian scientific literature, since there are not enough primary descriptions of situations that arise directly in the workshops. Due to the ineffectiveness of other research methods, this work uses participant observation technique, when the observer is a direct participant in the production process in question. An auxiliary shop is a short-range observation area, and the main metalworking shops represent a remote observation area. In the auxiliary shop, labor standards significantly exceed the actual labor intensity. This creates a specific moral atmosphere. The number of standard hours for a specific order is determined by administrative bargaining between management levels. In the main shops, standards are technologically determined, so workers do not have reserves for labor intensification. The increase in standards leads to an extension of the working week by almost half against the one provided for by the Labor Code, which in the future may create social tension. The article describes an attempt to create an independent trade union. The administration was able to block this attempt, but the possibility of forming a trade union remains. In conclusion we point out that the enterprise, which is the object of observation, has significant reserves for increasing labor productivity, but at the same time there is social tension that can lead to acute social conflicts. Improving the quality of management, including load balancing, can make significant contribution to resolving these issues.
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Статья научная
The research topic we have chosen is relevant due to the following factors: a key role of Russian small and medium-sized enterprises in national economic development in a difficult geopolitical situation, specifics of enterprises in this segment, as well as the duality of scientific views on the expediency of strategic planning for this type of business. The aim of the work is to clarify the importance, features of construction and application, as well as the expediency of strategies that are effective tools for the development of the sector in question. Scientific novelty of the research lies in considering strategic planning issues of small and medium-sized enterprises through the prism of how strategies in these companies are designed and applied. We look into theoretical foundations of the influence of strategic planning and strategies on the following aspects of the work of small and medium-sized enterprises: competitiveness, assessment of business achievements, financial performance, productivity, viability, etc.; we review domestic and foreign scientists’ ideas on this issue. Taking into account the fact that the functioning of small and medium-sized enterprises has its own specifics, we identify certain features inherent in small and medium-sized business strategies, namely: integrated approach, multitasking, adaptability, interactivity, inclusivity. We put forward a comparative classification of fundamental features of small (and medium-sized) and large companies’ strategies. Based on the specific analysis of Russian and foreign literature carried out within the framework of the work, we identify reasons impeding the implementation of strategies in small and medium-sized businesses, and estimate the expediency of using strategies in such enterprises. We formulate conclusions about the current state and sentiment in the business environment, drawing upon the results of a survey of representatives of the sector under consideration. In the course of the work we use general scientific methods; the results of theoretical and empirical analysis are interpreted with the help of general logic methods, formalization, abstraction. Methodologically, the study is based on a systems approach and classical and modern theories of strategic planning
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Статья научная
The paper dwells on specific characteristics, factors, and conditions stimulating or hindering technical and socio-economic development of the agrarian sector in the Northern region in the case of the Komi Republic. It reveals conditions and threats to the Northern agricultural modernization upon Russia's entry into the WTO; analyzes risks caused by the reduction in the volume of direct state support that pose a serious threat to the sector modernization; suggests measures on improving budget support for the agrarian sector in accordance with the WTO requirements.
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Opportunities and prospects for the emergence of new refineries in Russia's northern regions
Статья научная
The article is devoted to the study of the issue concerning the improvement of the system of regional oil products supply of Russia's Northern territories. It considers the key issues of the formation of oil industry, the regional economic branch that is new for the Murmansk Oblast. The research information base consists of analytical and statistical materials of the regional authorities of Russian Northern subjects and of data presented in the electronic media. The paper is addressed to economists, specialists of regional and local authorities, representatives of oil enterprises, and to all those interested in the range of problems of fuel-and-energy development of our country's North.
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Optimization of carrier vehicles for the transportation of rotted straw
Статья научная
The use of roll technology in our country’s flax cultivation is hampered due to the lack of special transport. The article analyses and determines the volumes and legs of transporting rotted straw from fields to the Vologda oblast flax-processing plants; several perspective options for using technical means available at enterprises are proposed for transportation of flax rolls. Their influence on saving of time, fuel, and on labour productivity increase is shown.
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Organizational and economic mechanism of agriculture modernization
Статья научная
The article substantiates the preconditions for the modernization of Russian agriculture. The effectiveness of the authorities’ measures to stimulate the sector transfer to the intensive way of development is briefly described and evaluated. The article defines main disadvantages of the organizational and economic mechanism of the production modernization in the agricultural sector, consisting in different orientation of operations tools regulating the agrarian and industrial complex, absence of the accounting of climatic conditions and industry specialization. The methodological recommendations with regard to the allocation of budget support funds between different types of agricultural producers depending on their susceptibility to the use of scientific and technological progress are defined.
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Potential of technogenic mineral raw materials in Russia and the issues of its rational use
Статья научная
The increasing negative impact of mining waste on natural ecosystems often leads to their irreversible destruction, a trend that is gradually becoming global. The particular relevance of the research is explained, on the one hand, by the possibilities of minimization of specific volumes of formation of mining waste in all types of industries; on the other hand, by the possibilities of maximization of comprehensive use of their valuable components as secondary material resources on an economically rational basis and the possibilities of restoring the disturbed natural environment. The rational use of natural and technogenic mineral raw materials is greatly facilitated by the geological exploration and geological-economic evaluation of the resources, which requires the development of specific methodological approaches to the economic justification of resource estimation parameters for outlining and calculating the multicomponent commercial reserves of raw materials and separate valuable components in them...
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Статья научная
The article deals with the issues concerning Russia’s fuel and energy complex. It specifies the conceptual principles of the programme approach to the management of its development. The authors propose a list of activities on the sustainable development of small oil business in the framework of strategic programming. A conceptual model of an economic mechanism of strategic management of small oil business in Russia is presented in the article.
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Problems of agri-food sector in the Pechoran arctic region
Статья научная
The article shows the significance of providing people with fresh products in the development of mineral resources base in the Arctic subregion of the European North-East. The article describes the environmental conditions of the region, analyses the labor and agricultural resources. It reveals the forms of business ownership and their place in the production of certain types of goods. The article shows the influence of 1990 - 2000 transformation processes on agricultural production dynamics and the state of the industry’s production capabilities. Analytical data allowed to reveal present-day social and economic problems of the agrarian sector that are connected with macroeconomic and inter-sectoral deformation.
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Статья научная
Priority development areas (PDA) may serve as a basis for entrepreneurship development in tourism, creating a more competitive environment for entrepreneurial activities in relation to similar territories in the Pacific Rim. The key principles of these territories are radical deregulation and massive tax incentives. The process of creating priority development areas plays depends on the coordination of all members of the alliance which includes Federal government and business units. The purpose for the present study is to develop a mechanism of tourism cluster functioning in priority development areas through public and private sector entrepreneurship. In the framework of the set purpose the following objectives are fulfilled: the authors analyze the legislation of priority development areas; assess the current state of tourism and tourism infrastructure; develop a mechanism of tourism cluster functioning in priority development areas through one of the forms of public and private sector entrepreneurship - public franchising...
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Статья научная
The article dwells on the current state of the regulatory framework of the Russian Federation and the mechanism of public participation in forest management. The examples of addressing the problems of public participation in forest management in individual regions are disclosed. The article deals with the issues concerning the provision of in-interests of the local population through the voluntary forest certification system under the FSC scheme. Recommendations on improving the mechanism of public participation in solving the forest management issues are suggested.
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Статья научная
The purpose of this study is to quantify the relationship between fragmentized collective forestland, farmers investment and forest commodity output to examine the rationality of collective forest right reform after dispersed forestland operation. The data is based on the 2420 farmers’ survey data in nine provinces of China including Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Henan, Shandong and Liaoning. The results show that if S index is used, fragmentized forestland reaches 0.41 and can be ordered (from high to low) as Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Liaoning, Sichuan, Fujian, Guangxi and Shandong. Under certain fragmentized intervals (forestland fragmentized ratio lower than 0.22 or higher than 0.51), the higher the forestland fragmentized, the lower the farmers investment. The investment-output model indicates that forest block reflects the negative impacts to forest output while other variables such as labor, tangible inputs and forestland have positive impacts. When bamboo is produced, level of fragmentation has negative impacts on forestland acreage and significant positive impacts on labor used. The study implies that after the land is divided to households, physical investment is the key factor to affect the commodity output and should be considered by the related policies to increase the incentives of farmers. Based on this study, we provide some information and guidance on policy of farmers’ forestland operation in large scale.
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Russia's defense industry modernization: learning from history
Статья научная
The article is devoted to the issue of the defense industry complex modernization as a key direction in the strategy of strengthening Russia’s national security and ensuring its sustainable economic development, increasing its performance and competitiveness. It analyzes the historical experience of creating and using the science and technology potential of the USSR defense industry.
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Sectoral and territorial specifics of value-added chains in Russia: the input-output approach
Статья научная
This paper shows the growing role of domestic demand in the development of the modern economy. We consider the capacity of domestic markets of the largest countries of the world. We prove that the low volume of domestic demand inhibits economic dynamics and worsens the quality of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation. We consider that a promising direction for expanding domestic consumer and investment demand is the implementation of state policy to increase the incomes of the population, companies and the state in the framework of lengthening their own value-added chains that produce goods and services for final use. In this regard, the goal of this study is to analyze the existing value-added chains, assess the degree of their fragmentation, sectoral and territorial specifics. The input-output theory serves as a methodological basis for our study. The information source is represented by basic input-output tables and the data of the Unified Interdepartmental Statistical Information System. The novelty of the research consists in adjusting the multidisciplinary approach to the assessment of fragmentation of production to suit the needs of the regional level and in identifying modern patterns in the functioning of Russian value-added chains on the basis of the approbation of the approach on the materials of Russian regions. According to the results of the calculations we reveal the average position of 125 branches of the Russian economy in the supply and sales chains. We substantiate the degree of fragmentation of production chains of various industries; we substantiate the factors that determine the length of a production process. We calculate the average distance along the sales chain, which the goods cover to the moment of their use by the end consumer. We consider regional fragmentation of production in Russia. We reveal a number of statistically significant dependencies between the position of regions in the value-added chains and their socio-economic development performance.
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Spatial aspects of electric power industry development in Russia's European North
Статья научная
The article deals with the Karelian-Kola and Dvina-Pechora parts of the electric power system located in Russia’s European North (REN) as the structures of trans-regional level. A comparative system analysis of these objects revealed their common and distinctive features, and the problems of their spatial organization. As a result, important factors of enhancing integration ties have been determined. Besides, the article highlights the main directions of spatial development of REN power supply system.
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Статья научная
The specifics of agricultural development management in the remote northern territories should be always taken into consideration; otherwise modernization processes in the agricultural sector would be impeded. The article defines the concept of agriculture modernization and highlights its necessity. It reveals the peculiarities, opportunities and limitations of technological and socio-economic development of agriculture in the peripheral northern rural territories of the Komi Republic. The article studies agriculture modernization for the period of the 1960s-1980s, and under market reforms. It shows the impact of market reforms on the change of economic and social conditions of agriculture in the peripheral areas of the northern region. For stimulating agricultural production modernization, the authors propose a target-programme method of managing the agriculture in peripheral territories.
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Статья научная
The article substantiates the necessity of modernization and the role of highly qualified personnel in the technological and socio-economic development of the agrarian sector in the Komi Republic. The article considers the provision of agriculture with personnel in the pre-reform period and describes the current situation concerning the professional level of managers, specialists of agricultural enterprises and workers of mass professions. The factors impeding the retaining of personnel in rural areas have been revealed. Besides, the article proposes a set of managerial, organizational and economic measures for the staffing of modernization and innovation development of agricultural production.
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Статья научная
The article discusses the current state and the main trends in the development of agriculture (on the example of agricultural enterprises in the Vologda Oblast). Nowadays there is a trend of decline in the production of basic agricultural products. The insufficient financing of agricultural enterprises is one of the key reasons for this situation. Internal and external sources of funding can be such tools. As world practice shows, the largest share in the funds, which are at the disposal of agricultural enterprises, accounts for direct budgetary financing. However, in the Russian Federation there is another trend: over the last decades there is noticeable reduction in direct state support of agricultural producers. In addition, in the framework of Russia's accession to the WTO there will be further decline in such support and simultaneous transfer of financial burden onto agricultural enterprises. Therefore, the government faces an acute problem of planning and forecasting volumes of state support and earnings of agricultural enterprises...
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