Northern and arctic societies. Рубрика в журнале - Arctic and North
Статья научная
The article details the list of “Samoyeds”, compiled in 1832 by Tobolsk missionary Hieromonk Makarii. The generic names and surnames indicated there show that they belonged to the European, Ural and Siberian tundra Nenets, and it was not by chance that they were on the same list. It was a small group from the “Vojkar Samoyeds”, a separate territorial group of the Nenets ethnos, wandering in the 17th–19th centuries on both sides of the Subpolar Urals. On the basis of information from the “List”, generalization of materials from archival documents and works of researchers and travelers of the 18th – 19th centuries, it was possible to put forward several reasonable assumptions and clarifications about the origin of some Nenets families and patronyms, places of their settlement and marital relations. In addition, for the first time, it was possible to find information about the compiler of the “List”, its life and activities long before the missionary trip to the north of the Berezovsky department.
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Статья научная
In recent decades, interest in Arctic tourism has been growing at a high rate all over the world. The relevance of this area is also increasing against the background of global climate change and the development of so-called “last chance tourism”. The Russian Arctic has unique competitive advantages in the Arctic tourism market, preserving vulnerable Arctic and tundra landscapes under various anthropogenic activities, a large number of national parks and historical and ethnographic heritage. At the same time, a number of single-industry towns are also concentrated there, which have practically no revenue base. According to many researchers, Arctic tourism can become a driver for the sustainable development of the territory and local communities of these towns. But to realize this scenario, the interest of local stakeholders — representatives of government, business and the population — is necessary. This article is devoted to the analysis of the results of a study of local communities’ interest in tourism development as a driver of sustainable development of the territory. The Arctic zone of the Komi Republic, namely the former mining town of Inta, was chosen as the area of study. The results of desk and field studies carried out within the framework of the research expedition in the Arctic zone of the Komi Republic are described. A comparative analysis of international studies on the topic has been carried out, a conceptual model of the attitude of local communities in the Arctic to the development of tourism in the region and the results of in-depth research and focus groups with key stakeholders of tourism in the Komi Republic have been described, limiting factors and potential for the development of Arctic tourism have been identified on the example of the selected territories.
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Artificial Intelligence Technologies in the Russian Arctic: The Case of the Murmansk Oblast
Статья научная
Russian Arctic is a positive example of the introduction of information technologies (Industry 4.0.) as well as artificial intelligence technologies (Industry 5.0.). In the 21st century, IT-technologies have significantly improved quality of life in the Russian Arctic — development of IT camps, access to the Internet from the tundra. Arctic projects related to the AI technologies implementation are becoming increasingly popular: the article provides a list of such Arctic AI projects. An analysis of IT and AI vacancies in all subjects of the Russian Arctic on the website of the headhunter recruitment agency showed that the largest number of IT vacancies was posted directly in the Murmansk Oblast (74 vacancies). The study also analyzed job seekers’ resumes in the Murmansk Oblast, posted in the Artificial Intelligence section. The study shows that knowledge of Python programming language, SQL databases and English language is a prerequisite for all AI specialists. It was also determined that the salary of AI specialists is significantly higher than that of IT specialists. The Murmansk Oblast is becoming a leader in the development and implementation of both IT and AI technologies; this is primarily due to the development of logistics and the Northern Sea Route as an alternative to existing sea routes.
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Artificial Intelligence in the Healthcare System of the Arctic Regions of the Russian Federation
Статья научная
Currently, in the Russian Federation, much attention is paid to the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies into the healthcare system in order to improve the quality of medical care provided. The AI methods support the medical decision-making; it becomes possible to obtain a second opinion for a doctor when determining a diagnosis, which leads to a reduced risk of determining erroneous diagnoses (including missed pathologies). The development of high-tech medical care is a particularly relevant issue for medical institutions in the Arctic regions, which are geographically distributed and remote territories with hard natural and climatic conditions. The solution of this issue is designed to ensure natural sustainable population growth in these regions and increase the life expectancy of the population of the Russian Arctic, including the indigenous peoples of the North. The article considers the positive experience of cooperation between Russian research centers, medical companies and higher educational institutions in the development and implementation of medical software products based on technologies and methods of artificial intelligence on the example of such Arctic territories of Russia as the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Murmansk Oblast, the Republic of Karelia and the Arkhangelsk Oblast.
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Assessment of the Governance of Arctic Cities in the Resilience Context
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The aim (research question) of the paper is to theoretically comprehend and empirically generalize the phenomenon of governance of Russia's Arctic cities in the context of their resilience (resistance to shocks and crises). The main tasks to be solved are: 1) searching for specific indicators to characterize the administrative and managerial system of a sample of Arctic cities; 2) distinguishing the types (groups) of Arctic cities according to the selected indicators of administrative and management system; 3) characterizing the local government structure of the three Arctic cities in the context of the previously conducted typology of Arctic cities according to the parameters of administrative and management system. The main results of the work are: 1) determination of the range of indicators (six) for assessing the quality of management of the 29 largest Arctic cities in terms of strengthening their resilience: these are indicators of openness to the outside world (“basicness” of the city); governance efficiency, degree of independence of decisions of city authorities; 2) identification of five clusters of cities with similar properties of the administrative and managerial subsystem: compact high-quality management, “low-cost” municipal management, “strong average” cities, significant reserves for improving management efficiency, case-anomaly; 3) institutional and geographic factors, acting together, determine the appearance of the administrative and managerial subsystem of the Arctic city. Among geographical factors, it is not latitude but longitude that is the location of the city in the European or Asian Arctic that is of primary importance; 4) For Arctic cities, where frequent natural and social force majeure demands a super-operational response to external threats, the model of power with a strong mayor is in most cases preferable to the “consensus” model of collective leadership with a weak mayor; 5) the ideal administrative and management system of the city, which implements the imperatives of basicness/openness, efficiency and autonomy to the maximum extent, and guarantees the city resilience, should have nature-like properties of self-organization, plasticity, flexibility, mobility and diversity. Their strengthening is provided by rejection of unification, including the ultimate consideration of specific features of a particular type and exploitation phase of the main natural asset nearest to the city.
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Статья научная
The relevance of this study is due to the need to develop a fairly understandable and in some sense universal tool for assessing the socio-economic situation in municipalities (districts and settlements) with pronounced territorial specifics, with clearly insufficient statistical and information support. The authors, with references to the results of their own research and to the work of their colleagues, present a detailed analysis of the key problems characteristic of the territories of the Russian Arctic, compare them with a set of main external factors of influence in relation to municipalities. Using the SEER expert procedure scheme and the hierarchy analysis method, according to the two-level model proposed by the authors, complex point estimates of the socio-economic situation in the Arctic settlements and municipal districts of the Arkhangelsk Oblast are calculated. The paper notes that the factors that are directly related to transport accessibility have the greatest impact on the development targets of Arctic municipalities. Therefore, the transport and logistics component should be fundamental in all strategic, program and planning documents aimed at achieving the goals of socio-economic development of the Arctic municipalities — districts and settlements. The obtained estimates are proposed to be used in the development of management decisions that could become the basis of a comprehensive interdepartmental inter-municipal program for the socio-economic development of Arctic municipalities.
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Статья научная
Since 2016, Russia has been implementing the priority federal program “Formation of a Comfortable Urban Environment”. During this period, significant funds have been spent and hundreds of improvement projects implemented in the urban environment in both large and small cities across the country. How did these improvements affect the subjective assessment of the urban environment among citizens? Are the residents involved in the development of these projects, or are they indifferent to these topics? Is there a difference in assessing the quality of the urban environment by the citizens between small and medium cities, company towns and multifunctional metropolitan areas? The article is a partial analysis of a comprehensive study’s data, “The Formation of a Comfortable Urban Environment in the Arkhangelsk Oblast”. The survey was conducted among residents of 5 cities of the Arkhangelsk oblast (n = 793). The methodology for assessing social well-being is used. The cities studied are varied in the typology of size and the dominant form of employment. The results of the study demonstrate the interest of residents in implementation projects. Assessment of the current urban environment is recorded as moderately unsatisfied. Moreover, there is no fundamental difference in assessments of the urban environment’s current conditions in the opinions of residents of small and single-industry towns and citizens of a large, regional center city.
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Axiological preferences of residents of the Karelian Arctic in the modern sociocultural situation
Статья научная
The study aims to identify the hierarchy of value dominants in the axiosphere of the Karelian Arctic residents, which has developed under the influence of natural, social, economic, and cultural-historical factors. The methodology used is complex and includes sociological, economic questionnaires, focus groups, and in-depth interviews. The study’s cameral stage is based on an analysis of the empirical stage results conducted during a comprehensive scientific expedition of scientists of Petrozavodsk State University to two Arctic regions of Karelia in the summer of 2019. The most important in the study is the cross-cultural approach, based on comparing the results of a survey of respondents - the Karelian Arctic residents with the “general cultural profile” of S. Schwartz and identifying the level of validity of the applied psychological methodology. During the study, the author’s hypothesis about features in the axiological preferences of the inhabitants of the Arctic zone at the level of dominant indicators is confirmed. At the stage of analysis and synthesis of the empirical stage results, the relationship of preserving human capital in the Arctic regions of Karelia with the identified value dominants of residents’ health and safety is established. Special attention is paid to the influence of the current socio-cultural situation on the formation of the axiosphere of the inhabitants of the Arctic zone, and the conclusion is also made about the need for an integrated scientific approach in determining the prospects for the development of society in the Arctic regions.
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Branding of the arctic tourism destinations in Russia
Статья научная
The study deals with the issues of tourism destinations branding, as well as tourism multidimensionality and tourism destination identity in the Russian Arctic. The factors determining the promotion and branding of tourist destinations in the Russian Arctic are considered in correlation with the fundamental principles of sustainability in Arctic tourism. The relationship between state policy and socio-economic development of the Arctic regions of Russia is considered, in particular, in the aspects of Arctic tourism development. Dialectical, logical, theoretical and empirical methods were conducted for this research. The article defines the conditions for increasing the competitiveness of the domestic tourism product in the Arctic, lists tourism facilities, territories and tourism products that are of the most expressed interest to Russian and foreign tourists. The factors affecting the competitiveness of the tourism product in the Russian Arctic are identified. The article presents the components of the tourist destinations image in the Russian Arctic, which may become the basis for the formation of a strategy for branding tourism in the Arctic regions. The conclusion is drawn about the need for an umbrella brand creation for the Russian Arctic. The necessity of creating conditions for the professional implementation of tourist personnel in the Arctic regions of Russia and the influx of labor resources from urbanized and oversaturated territories to the Arctic with the aim of the integrated development of tourism is substantiated.
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Статья научная
The Arctic region has long been at the center of world politics and economy. One of the reasons for the transformation of the global fringe into a center of attraction for the economic, geo-ecological and geopolitical interests of foreign countries is the Arctic is undergoing dynamic transformations. In the socio-political and scientific research agenda of the Arctic States, there are acute issues of accumulation and exchange of knowledge about changes taking place in the natural and socio-economic environment of a non-standard region from the point of view of management. The Arctic strategies of the Northern European States seek to fill the vacuum about the trends of environmental changes in the Arctic, the impact of natural transformations on the environment, socio-economic development, population security, and the use of natural resources by indigenous peoples. This task is planned to be solved through the development of research activities of universities located in the Far North and in the Arctic zone of Denmark, Norway, Finland and Sweden, as well as Iceland. The article describes the scientific interests of the Northern European States in the Arctic. Using analytical and comparative methods, the goal is achieved - to characterize universities as one of the parts of their scientific and educational space in the Nordic countries. An attempt is made to answer the question: how does educational and research activities contribute to the implementation of state program documents for the development of natural resources in the Arctic and the use of its spaces? The further direction of scientific research may be to compare the educational and research activities of universities in Northern Europe and universities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.
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Current Problems of Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Arctic in the Context of Climate Change
Статья научная
The article describes the current problems of small indigenous peoples of the Russian Arctic in the context of climate change, the main of which are: the food problem, the problem of transport accessibility, the problem of economic activity and the problem of health. Because of global warming due to the increase in the average annual temperature, there is a high probability that the above-mentioned problems will only increase and significantly affect all life support systems of small indigenous peoples of the Russian Arctic. The article uses analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction to show the interconnection and mutual influence of the existing problems on the economic activity and health of small indigenous peoples in the conditions of climate change in the Arctic. In order to solve the current problems of the Russian Arctic indigenous minorities in the context of climate change, the following is required: 1) development of laws, strategies and/or state programs for the protection of indigenous peoples to minimize the adverse effects of climate change by sectors (reindeer herding, fishing, hunting and gathering); 2) creation of a system for assessing the impact of climate change on the economic activity and health of indigenous peoples; 3) participation of indigenous peoples in environmental monitoring and implementation of environmental projects in the Arctic.
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Demographic Situation in the Arkhangelsk Oblast: Analysis and Solutions
Статья научная
The issue of differentiation of socio-economic development indicators is relevant for the regions of the Russian Federation. An important condition for the effective and stable development of territories is a favorable demographic situation. This requires a competent and thoughtful demographic policy that will ensure population reproduction and economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The study area is the Arkhangelsk Oblast, partly included in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, which is of strategic interest to Russia due to its geopolitical, geo-economic position in the modern world. The aim of the work is to analyze the changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the population of the Arkhangelsk Oblast, determined by the processes of fertility, mortality, migration, as well as the socio-economic situation and state policy. To analyze the demographic situation, the paper uses traditional methods of analysis (comparison, relative and average values, graphic method). The paper presents the territorial differentiation of the demographic situation in the regions of the Northwestern Federal Okrug. The information base is national and regional statistical information for the last 10 years. The article discusses the interim results of the implementation of the national project “Demography” in the Arkhangelsk Oblast. The results of the study can be useful for state authorities and local governments that manage the regional development of territories within the framework of the national project “Demography”.
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Differentiation of the Northern Regions of Russia in Terms of Labor Potential
Статья научная
The purpose of the study is to determine significant, sustainable differences between the northern regions of Russia in terms of labor potential of the population. The object of the study is the labor potential of the population of the northern regions of Russia. In order to develop the typology of regions, 22 indicators were selected for the period 2014–2020, characterizing the labor potential of the population and the conditions for its implementation. The correlation analysis has resulted in the formation of a feature space based on eight indicators that determine four blocks of labor potential components: a) demographic, b) health component, c) education, d) economic indicators reflecting interaction in the labor market. The typology has resulted in the identification of six stable types of regions that are characterized by specific inert processes due to cultural-historical and natural-climatic factors. It is revealed that during the COVID-19 pandemic, the gap between regions in terms of labor potential increased, leaving the same ratio of regions. The proposed typology can be used for scientific research in the field of labor potential management the regional level. From a practical point of view, the work may be of interest to state authorities when developing managerial decisions in the field of implementing investment projects, especially within the framework of implementing the state program of socio-economic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. In addition, the recovery of the economy of certain Russian regions after the severe crisis caused by the pandemic is possible due to the increase in the labor potential of the population. The presented typology makes it possible to identify the priority areas, allows increasing the comprehensive indicator of labor potential, which is most relevant for the northern regions.
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Digitalization in education and distance barriers in the Russian Arctic: problems and prospects
Статья научная
In the era of digital technologies, the issues of providing highly qualified personnel, the effective use of the intellectual potential of the territory and the creation of conditions for its reproduction are of particular importance. These problems are more acute in remote areas of the Russian Arctic. This is due, firstly, to the ultradispersity of the settlement system in the Arctic of the Russian Federation, and, secondly, to the imbalance between the demand and supply of labor resources in territorial and professional terms. Digitalization has become an integral component of education all over the world; therefore, the purpose of this article is to assess the availability of education in the regions of the Russian Arctic and to search for new targets for quality education in the context of digital transformation. The existing educational environment in the Arctic regions is analyzed in the article. The impact of urbanization degree on affordable education in remote Arctic regions is assessed. The financial capabilities of the population are investigated. Based on the analysis, a number of problems associated with the active dissemination of new technologies are identified. Recommendations for improving the educational process are given, taking into account the digitalization of society. The main stages of modernization of the educational process in remote regions of the Arctic are identified.
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Статья научная
The article considers socio-economic and socio-biological aspects of the Russian Food Security Doctrine, approved on January 21, 2020. The need to monitor Russia's food security is due to significant changes in “the country's socio-economic development, the emergence of new risks and threats to food security caused by economic sanctions imposed in 2014 by a number of Western countries against our country, the openness of the national food market” in connection with the accession to the World Trade Organization, and the deepening integration within the EAEU. The article examines modern approaches to the definition of state food security. Certain provisions of the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation are assessed, the analysis of food security in Russia in terms of self-sufficiency, economic and physical availability of food was carried out on the basis of statistical data. Food security in Russia has been achieved for the main items of food products, which is confirmed by the results of the analysis performed. A similar positive trend in the development of our country is confirmed by the estimates of foreign researchers based on the results of the Global Food Security Index monitoring. A comparative analysis of the diet of the population of Russia and the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk Oblasts is given. The work focuses on socio-biological risk factors for food security in the Arctic region of Russia.
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Статья научная
The article discusses several social aspects of the colonization of Eastern Murman (everyday life, daily work, religious beliefs, schooling, leisure). The historiographic analysis made it possible to identify the specifics of the local (everyday) history of the Kola Peninsula colonization. In the works of A.P. Engelhardt, A.G. Slezskinsky, S.Yu. Witte, S.O. Makarov, V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, K.K. Sluchevsky, D.N. Ostrovsky, A.K. Engelmeyer, V.I. Manotskov, A.K. Sidensner, N.V. Romanov, “Materials on the statistical study of Murman” and other sources provide facts from personal and family biography, the circumstances of resettlement to the Murmansk coast, living conditions, home furnishings, especially the education and upbringing of children. The descriptions of the migrants’ lifestyle recorded in the materials of expeditions and travel notes allow us to conclude that the colonists’ socio-cultural adaptation in Eastern Murman, the creation of a human habitat, was primarily associated with the development of the institution of the family. In general, the history of colonization is a unique experience in the development of the Arctic - one of the most productive in world history, which is vital for understanding the Russian North’s geography.
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Статья научная
The current stage of economic development of the Russian Arctic combines two contradicting tendencies — the intensification of economic development in line with the adopted special preferential measures and the aggravation of technical and technological contradictions under the tightening of sanctions and technological blockade, increasing wear of equipment, the loss of markets for extracted products. Under these conditions, anthropogenic and, particularly, technogenic environmental threats to nature and human habitat become the most important risk factor. The purpose of the work is to identify current ecological threats, problems and features of the environmental and economic development of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The study applies a comprehensive economic and sociological toolkit, including general theoretical approaches — dialectical, spatial economics and sustainable development, and private methods — statistical analysis, a number of sociological methods of collecting and processing data. The information basis of the study is the data of official authorities, statistics, the work of domestic and foreign scientists, as well as the results of a sociological survey of residents of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (May 2022; n=539). Key features of environmental and economic processes in the region were identified. Low degree of waste processing, high risks of technogenic accidents at oil and gas production enterprises and transport infrastructure remain. The main environmental threats perceived by the population include oil and gas production facilities, household waste and illegal dumps. In a number of territories, threats from defense activities, catching and processing of fish and illegal fishing are also relevant. The population is least satisfied with the quality of water resources, the cleanness of the environment and the state of forests and parks. Based on the results obtained, recommendations aimed at optimizing the environmental component of the social well-being of the population are given. The scientific significance of the study is determined by the actualization of knowledge about environmental and economic processes in the Arctic region of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, based on a comprehensive economic and sociological toolkit. The practical importance lies in the formation of the analytical framework for managing the environmental and economic development of the regions during the period of exacerbated contradictions in the development of the Russian Arctic.
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Ethnic and confessional factors of comfort of the urban space in the Russian Arctic
Статья научная
The article deals with the influence of the ethnic and religious structure of the population of large cities of the Russian Arctic on the comfort of the urban space. The authors highlight the basic requirements for the urban area by social groups, based on their ethnic and religious affiliation. The main urban objects and spaces naturally and historically created for the needs of ethnic and religious groups are determined. The study used methods of social mapping, observation, analysis of statistical data. On the example of large cities in the regions of the Russian Arctic, the authors show the unsystematic nature of meeting ethnic and religious needs in the creation of comfortable urban space. According to the authors, this is primarily due to the diverse history of urban settlements in the Arctic zone, as well as the functional purpose of settlements, which differ in number and composition of residents. Based on this differentiation, the corresponding types of urban settlements are distinguished. Based on the relatively successful example of the policy of the capital region, the article makes recommendations for improving the proper administration of the urban municipalities of the Russian Arctic. Attention is drawn to the possible features of such a policy, considering the specifics of the Arctic cities and migration processes taking place in the region.
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Expulsions in the Russian North: migration processes and neoliberal policy
Статья научная
The article summarizes the results of a long-term study of changes in living conditions of the population in the North during the formation of trade capitalism and the spread of neoliberal policy. Expulsion is considered as an institutionally organized way of exception in the form of state policy, actively supporting social polarization, contributing to consumer way of natural resource development and extensive use of before-built infrastructure, and accompanied by the isolation of the experience, disregard of the interests and violation of the rights of residents. The article proves that Soviet policy, interested in attracting labor to develop the Russian North and used a distribution system of goods for these purposes, did not contribute much to the consolidation of labor migrants in the northern territories as it initiated their return to the homeland at the end of their labor biography. The position of a "temporary worker" was formed by the proposed privileges, which served a compensation for work in adverse climatic conditions but did not contribute to the prospects for the development of the northern territories. At the same time, the interests of residents, who turned out to be cut off from prestigious jobs and found themselves in worse living conditions, were regularly ignored, and their rights were unrecognized. If, through vertical mobility and integration into the Soviet distribution system, it was possible to smooth out the inequities in the distribution of benefits, it became more difficult to hide this with the country's transition to the market and the beginning of a new phase of natural resource extraction. Moreover, considering the exclusion processes have become more widespread. Now not only the indigenous peoples of the North but also the second generation of migrants are among the vulnerable groups. The focus of the conflict has shifted and expressed itself in the relations between the residents of the Center and the regions.
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Features of Digitalization of the Arctic Regions of Russia
Статья научная
Digital space allows connecting people without regard to physical space and makes many social services available, which is especially relevant for the Arctic territories. The aim of the study is to analyze the features of the digital space of the Russian Arctic regions. Research objectives: building a database of series of variables in the context of the Russian Arctic regions for the period 2014-2020, making a retrospective analysis of the dynamics of their digitalization, ranking the Russian Arctic regions by the level of digitalization based on the construction of an integral index. The objects of the study are nine Arctic regions of Russia. The results of the study provide recommendations for further digitalization of the Arctic regions. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the application of the index method for ranking the Russian Arctic regions by the level of digitalization for the period 2014-2020 according to four sub-indices: activities of households, population, authorities, organizations, which made it possible to trace the dynamics of indicators, evaluate the effectiveness of measures to develop the digital space of the regions. The methodology makes it possible to carry out calculations based on publicly available statistical data and can be used for territories of various levels when conducting retrospective analysis and strategic forecasting procedures. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the results obtained may be in demand when assessing the effectiveness of digitalization in the course of developing strategies and programs for digitalization of the regional space. The prospects for further research are determined by a deeper analysis of the degree of influence of variables on the level of digitalization of regions and the formation of proposals and recommendations for adapting digitalization processes, taking into account the current international situation.
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