Northern and arctic societies. Рубрика в журнале - Arctic and North
Media Image of the Arctic: Towards Qualified Human Resources
Статья научная
The article is devoted to the relevant topic — the Russian Arctic labor resources. The potential labor force of the Arctic today includes representatives of generation Z, graduates of Russian universities. The strategic issue of attracting labor resources to the Arctic has a target audience of young people. The governmental policy agent is mass media. The media provide public narratives of social constructs. The media are used to represent such an important social construct for the state as the Russian Arctic. The established media image of the Arctic includes characteristics related to the harsh weather conditions, the region’s resource endowment, its military potential, and environmental problems. The traditional components of the media image of the Arctic have little significance in terms of highlighting the region’s human resource potential. The existing media image of the Arctic is uninformative for potential Arctic labor force due to the features of public information consumption and processing by young people. The content of the media image has a specific pragmatic component that is directly related to the issue of labor vacancies, living conditions, work and lifestyle in the location of the vacancy. The aim of the study is to determine the media image of the Arctic corresponding to the Russian government’s strategy for the development of the area. As a result, recommendations are made to adjust the media image of the Arctic to solve the problem of staffing the Arctic. The scientific novelty of the study is in the data obtained through surveys of Arctic university students. This data allows us to assess the degree of young people’s awareness of the possibilities for applying professional competencies in the development of the Arctic. The study of the modern youth features, including the character of media consumption, also constitutes scientific novelty in the study of tools for the formation of Arctic workforce. Practical significance is represented by the possibilities that will provide a new media image of the Arctic for the creation of human resources potential of the AZRF.
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Migration attitudes and mechanisms for attracting young people to the Russian Arctic
Статья научная
In this article, the author considers the migration outflow of the population from the Russian Arctic, a significant part of which are representatives of the socially active youth. A study of young people's motivations to move to a permanent or temporary place of residence in the Arctic showed that the idea of a region dominates the consciousness of this social group, characterized more by negative associations, such as “ice”, “cold” and “snow”. Nevertheless, some specific material incentives that, according to respondents, would positively influence a possible decision to relocate revealed. We are talking about providing additional paid vacations and rental housing. It was also possible to establish approximate boundaries of the minimum wage enough to decide on moving. The author claims that the socio-economic conditions changed after the collapse of the USSR. The state labor policy in the Arctic requires clarification concerning the discussed development options. Also, it demands the coherence of all measures taken at the legislative level in the context of speedy adoption of the fundamental law on the Russian Arctic. It is necessary to continue the policy of supporting various volunteer organizations as the most active and mobile structures for informing young people about employment opportunities in the Arctic and involving their representatives in socially useful activities.
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Modern Tourist Practices of the Northern and Arctic Territories
Статья научная
The ideas of northern and Arctic tourism are relevant in the modern world. Currently, northern tourism is becoming more and more popular among people with medium and high incomes in different countries, including Russia, and the trend of its development is positive. The purpose of this study is to show the relevance of tourism development in the northern and Arctic territories, to identify current trends and the need of people for the development of such tourism. The Arctic is becoming an increasingly popular tourist destination. The increased interest in tourism in the Arctic has led to the creation of appropriate infrastructure and has had an impact on the region and the people who inhabit it. It has also impacted the cultural identity and traditional livelihoods of the region. In particular, the recent rapid growth of tourism and related activities will have a permanent impact on the environment and cultures of the Arctic. The article presents an analysis of modern research on this topic. The author’s research of ethnocultural tourism in the northern territories of the Karelian borderland is shown. Conclusions about the necessity of tourism development on the northern border territories and in the Arctic zones are made.
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Статья научная
The quality of life is determined by approaches to its assessment, including analysis of the effectiveness of measures to improve it. Russia has accumulated empirical data on socio-economic factors of well-being and quality of life of the indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East, however, there is a lack of knowledge about the degree of influence of educational policy in the field of preservation and development of national languages and culture on them. The purpose of the work is to assess the social situation related to the availability of education in the native language as a condition for the formation of well-being and quality of life of children and youth of the indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation. The study included 2 parts: analysis of macro-level indicators of the quality of life of the indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East based on data from ethnic statistics, general statistical indicators, educational statistics; a survey study in which young people of the indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation from 8 regions of the Russian Federation participated. The study obtained reliable and representative data on the learning conditions and factors of subjective well-being of the youth of the indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East living in different regions. The use of comparable indicators to assess the social situation in several subjects of the Russian Federation makes it possible to correctly compare the quality of life of the youth of the indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East with their peers living in the same territories of the Russian Federation, but not belonging to these ethnic groups. The results of the study made it possible to fill in the lack of data on the potential for the preservation and development of native languages and cultures of the indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East. Knowledge of the mechanisms of formation of attitudes and behavior of young people is important for Russian society, as it is associated with making decisions about potential risks for a special socially vulnerable and difficult-to-study part of the Russian population. The complex use of socio-psychological research and analysis of statistical data made it possible to triangulate various sources of information and identify significant factors of well-being and quality of life of the indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation.
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On the Conceptual Model of Balanced Socio-Economic Development of the Arctic Territories
Статья научная
The article deals with the key aspects of the formation of the integrated socio-economic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF). The main purpose of the study is to create a conceptual model for balanced socio-economic development. The article uses such methods as comparison, analysis, deduction and induction. The importance of the development of these territories for the sustainable development of the country is shown. The main regulatory documents defining the development of this region are highlighted. Threats to the security of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation are identified. The relations of other countries to the Arctic are considered. The importance of bringing the standard of living in the Arctic region closer to the average in Russia and the importance of this direction of action to reduce the negative demographic trend are outlined. Besides, the need to study the development of the Arctic region of the Russian Federation is determined not by statistical methods, but by new research methods. The importance of creating a megaproject for the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation with specific measurable goals is highlighted. Such risks of this region are described as: population decline, in particular, the decline of the able-bodied population (including highly qualified personnel), the critical state of housing and communal services, the high cost of living and use of resources, the threat to environmental safety, weak diversification of production, long distances from industrial centers. Economic, social and environmental factors affecting the dynamics of the integrated socio-economic development of the Arctic region of the Russian Federation are considered. A conceptual model of balanced socio-economic development of the region was developed on the basis of a set of factors. The conceptual model of integrated development of the Arctic regions of the Russian Federation is a complex of various factors. This model can become a basis for the preparation of strategic planning documents in the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and it is possible to compare and compare the development of the regions using this model.
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On the Study of the Native Language of the Ob-Ugric Ethnos: Scientific Foundations
Статья научная
The authors of the article consider the issues of the formation of ethno-cultural and national identity on the example of the Ob-Ugric ethnic group living in the Arctic. Much attention is paid to such ethno-cultural component as native language. The problem of bilingualism, as well as the development of communicative competence in native and foreign languages, their practical application in the cultural sphere and social life under the influence of social, pedagogical and psychological factors is topical. Despite living in harsh climatic conditions, the northerners have for centuries cultivated such feelings as responsibility, justice, readiness to help. The authors noted the interest in the deep historical roots of their ethnic group and presented indisputable facts of educating children in the spirit of preserving and increasing values, passing them on to subsequent generations, spreading throughout the world. Based on the analysis of modern ethnopedagogical trends in the educational space of the Ob-Ugric ethnos, some recommendations on the main issues of ethnoculture and folk pedagogy development are presented. The study is based on the ideas of Wilhelm von Humboldt about the spiritual power of people, the role of language in the spiritual development of mankind, the peculiarities of the national character, the thinking of the people, their spiritual nature and way of life, conceptualization of knowledge about the world and the ways of its transmission. The authors assign a special role to ethnopsychology, the science of individual and collective consciousness, and ethnopedagogy, which integrates the ethnocultural component into the system of training sessions and contributes to the formation of a national identity in the younger generation, understanding and preserving the spiritual and moral values and traditions of their people.
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Oral stories about the Mezen churches as a subject of interdisciplinary research
Статья научная
The article analyzes oral narratives about the destruction of Orthodox religious buildings. Sources of the research are tests recorded during the folklore-anthropological expeditions of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University in the Mezen district of the Arkhangelsk Oblast (2009-2018). By the beginning of the 1930s, in Russia, the concept of “militant atheism” took shape and was approved, based on the idea of the counter-revolutionary meaning of religion and the anti-Soviet activities of believers. The object of our research is interdisciplinary. It is the subject of the study for oral history, folklore, social and cultural anthropology, and sociology. The sacrilege narratives are considered not so much as folklore or historical source, but as “a component of a local text ... whose function is not to “reflect”, but to “create” urban history, mythology, set the parameters for local identity.” A metanarrative is represented by the memories of the Mezen residents about the destruction of churches and the persecution of people for religious beliefs. It includes stories with the motives of dropping bells, punishment for the destruction of a church; desecration of cemeteries, the destruction of icons, the salvation of church property by the villagers, the conversion of churches to schools, granaries, clubs or stables, and repression against priests and parishioners. The research allows tracing the dynamics of mass representations. There was a gap in the cultural memory of the Mezen residents. The Mezen religious stories testify that, in the cultural memory of the Mezen, they were supplanted to the periphery and replaced by the Soviet period values.
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Orthodox Religious Infrastructure in the Tourism and Recreation Sphere of the Murmansk Oblast
Статья научная
Using the example of the Murmansk Oblast, the article analyzes the functioning of religious tourism within a region located in the conditions of the Polar and Subpolar areas. The region is considered as an example of the development of this direction of recreational economy, within which almost all objects of religious infrastructure, acting as the main objects of excursion display on thematic tourist routes, were lost during the Soviet period. A differentiated approach is used to apply the calculated coefficient of territorial concentration in order to identify the features of the placement of functioning monasteries, temples, and chapels. Their high concentration within certain areas of the Murmansk Oblast is recorded. On this basis, as well as on the basis of the analysis of the composition of the main thematic routes offered on the market, the following religious tourism clusters are proposed to be identified — Murman-Kolskiy, Tersko-Beregovoy, and Pechengskiy. The main conclusion of the article is that the role of religious objects in the implementation of educational routes throughout the Murmansk Oblast is significant, and religious tourism within its borders not only operates despite the high dispersion in the placement of monasteries and temples, as well as the losses of the Soviet period, but also has prospects for the introduction of innovative forms.
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Pechora routes of the Northern scientific and commercial expedition
Статья научная
The article considers the history and the study of the Russian North completed by the Northern scientific and commercial expedition. The main directions of research and the versatility of expeditions in 1920-1924 are reflected. The geological problems that were solved by expeditions to the Arctic territories of the northeastern part of the East European platform, the Timan Ridge, and the northern part of the Ural fold system with its continuing island chain (Vaigach and Novaya Zemlya) are considered. The theoretical conclusions of A.A. Chernov are reflected. The existence of a vast coal basin, the discovery of a great amount of mineral deposits, the mapping of the North of the Urals, and the area near the Pechora are recorded. The results of the described ethnographic research are the first important components in the study of cultural heritage. Despite the multidisciplinary nature and the amount of research carried out in the Arctic, many expeditions were scattered and ineffective; the poor coordination of scientific research that time is also noted by modern researchers of the history of the Arctic development. In 1929, after the reorganization of the Geolkom, on its basis, the Main Geological Exploration Department was formed, and it continued numerous studies of the Pechora region.
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Peculiarities of Territorial Population Mobility in Yakutia under COVID-19 Pandemic Conditions
Статья научная
The article discusses the special characteristics of the territorial mobility of the population of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Changes in the migration situation, structure of migration and migration activity of the population in different social and economic zones of the region in the context of the coronavirus pandemic are analyzed. The analysis shows that the peculiarities of distribution of productive forces and human resources in the labor market retain a fairly high potential for labor migration to the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) from the CIS countries and far abroad in the context of a pandemic, the share of arriving migrants indicating work among the reasons for migration continues to grow. The influence of socio-economic characteristics and urgent problems of the republic on the formation of migration activity and migration intentions of the population is considered. The article is based on the results of a mass survey in Yakutia (n=200). Analysis of the survey results shows that the features of territorial mobility, migration intentions of the population and absence of migration plans depend on the socio-economic conditions of residence, various factors of individual social status and position, and mobility resources. With mostly satisfactory assessments of the socio-economic situation in the republic and most factors of social life in the region, the respondents’ migration intentions are conditioned by low incomes and territorial specifics — remoteness from the central regions of the country, the high cost of air fares and harsh climatic conditions. In the pandemic conditions, the spatial mobility of the population, as one of the most important social resources of society, is most characteristic of the part of young people who have financial resources, unmarried, seeking better socio-economic and climatic conditions, to regions with better infrastructure, where they can get a decent job, quality education, medical services, recreation and leisure.
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Статья научная
The strategy for the development of the Arctic zone of Russia is primarily aimed at improving the quality of life of the Arctic population, health saving and reducing morbidity. The climatic and geographical conditions of the Arctic zone are extremely uncomfortable for living and cause the development of a number of diseases, as well as the polysyndrome of “northern stress”. Moreover, the Arctic population is affected by persistent organic pollutants that enter the body through a traditional diet and contribute to the development of oncological diseases by suppressing the functions of the immune system. Cytokines — proteins encoded by genes with a high degree of polymorphism, responsible for the nature of inflammatory processes, for the effectiveness of defense functions of the body in response to infections and the oncological process development — are one of the main mediators of the immune system. The distribution of polymorphisms in the cytokine genes produced by different types of cells of immune system (rs2069762 IL2, rs2243250 IL4, rs2069812 IL5, rs1800872 IL10, rs1800925 IL13, rs2275913 IL17A, rs7044343 IL33) in the populations of Nenets, Dolgan-Nganasans and Slavs was studied. Analysis of the results showed that the frequency of TG and GG genotypes rs2069762 IL2, CT genotype rs2243250 IL4, CT genotype rs2069812 IL5, TG genotype rs1800872 IL10, CC genotype rs1800925 IL13, GA genotype rs2275913 IL17A, CC rs7044343 IL33 genotype is significantly higher in Arctic populations compared to Slavs, and may be a potential genetic marker of disease development. The studied mutations are associated with the expression level of the corresponding cytokines and their production, which entails changes in the functioning of the cytokine network. It can be concluded that the indigenous inhabitants of the Russian Arctic have genetically determined rapid development of immune reactions, protection to the development of allergic diseases and resistance to the formation of malignant tumours in comparison with Slavs, i.e. the immigrant population.
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Population Health in the Russian Arctic: Problems, Challenges, Solutions
Статья научная
Significant lagging of the Arctic regions of Russia from the all-Russian values of life expectancy and mortality rates of people of working age is noted at the highest state level as one of the main threats to the socio-economic development of the Russian Arctic and ensuring its national security. This lag is largely due to the negative impact of extreme natural and climatic environmental conditions on the health of the population working and living in the Arctic. The presented article is aimed at systematizing the problems and challenges associated with the impact of the harsh natural and climatic conditions of the Arctic on the health of the population living there, as well as finding ways to adapt the public administration system to these challenges. Based on a critical analysis of scientific literature and official statistical information, the paper identifies the health features and the process of adaptation to the natural and climatic conditions of the Arctic for different groups of the Arctic population: indigenous, old-timers and newcomers. The authors have substantiated that the most vulnerable group of the population, whose health is most negatively affected by the extreme natural and climatic conditions of the Arctic, are migrants. On the basis of generalization of problems and peculiarities of public health of the Arctic population and systematization of the experience of previous scientific research, the directions of adaptation of the public administration system of the Arctic regions to the existing challenges have been developed. These directions are based on a differentiated approach to various groups of the Arctic population: indigenous, old-timers and newcomers. According to the authors, the implementation of the directions presented in the article, as well as the creation of the most favorable socio-economic living conditions, can compensate for physiological losses and improve the health indicators of Arctic residents.
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Population formation and development dynamics of the Russian Far North in the 1920s
Статья научная
Based on the analysis of All-Union Population Census of 1926 and a wide range of general and regional scientific research, the author studies the processes of demographic and economic development of territories located in the Russian North and conventionally designated by the author as regions of European, Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern North. The paper identifies key trends and features of Northern regions' development in the 1920s, caused by the first Soviet reforms of the administrative-territorial structure of the country, economic development and national state policy, which had an impact on the demographic processes in the regions including population size, its composition and settlement structure. It is found that the economic development was the most active in the bordering areas, where intensive development of industry and transportation implied the need to strengthen national defense and expand trade and economic ties. This mainly concerned the regions of the European and Far Eastern North. The regions that were rich in natural resources, especially gold deposits, such as Yakutia, also developed more actively. Other regions of Ural and Siberian North developed in a more traditional way, based on growth of wood harvesting and fishing industry. Improving of living conditions of the indigenous peoples of the North, material support for their farms, medical care and legal assistance, introduction of education among the population in the 1920s had a positive impact on the economic and demographic development of the indigenous population.
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Population of the Komi Republic: From the 1897 Census to the 2021 Census
Статья научная
This article examines the population censuses conducted in the Russian Empire, the USSR and the new Russia; it reveals the peculiarities and methodological apparatus of each population census, presents the main questions of census lists, their comparability with previous censuses, notes new questions and explains their application. Thus, in the 2010 population census, the term “household” was introduced in the question on kinship (property) with other persons living with the respondent; in the question on marriage status, the concepts “officially divorced” and “separated” were differentiated; the levels of education and the presence of a degree were highlighted; the results of population censuses are given according to statistical data for the Komi Republic. The results of the population censuses of 1939 and 1959, which made it possible to assess the scale of forced migration to the Komi region, are separately considered. For each population census, the timing of its conduction and the critical moment are given, it is explained why certain population censuses were carried out not in the “zero” year, as is customary in most countries of the world, but in other years. Particular attention is paid to the 2021 census, it has been postponed for one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Preservation of the Nenets Language in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Based on Sociological Survey
Статья научная
The article presents the results of a sociological study conducted in 2022 in the city of Naryan-Mar, as well as in the villages of Nelmin Nos and Krasnoe of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Based on the results of interviews with specialists and experts in the field of the Nenets language, working in education and culture, as well as in the relevant executive authorities of the Okrug, conclusions about the preservation of the Nenets language in the region were made. Particular attention is paid to the respondents’ perceptions of such aspects of the language situation as the use of the Nenets language by different population groups in various spheres of life, intergenerational transmission, the presence of the language in public space and on the Internet, and the motivation of the population to learn and use the language. The study resulted in recommendations for the preservation of the Nenets language in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, taking into account the linguistic situation in the region, as well as Russian and foreign practices for the preservation of small languages. The following are proposed as priority areas of work: (1) organizing systematic work to preserve and improve the status of the Nenets language in the Okrug; (2) supporting workplaces, initiatives, organizations and individuals involved in the preservation of language and culture; (3) creating an attractive language environment, especially in the digital sphere (the Internet), with a focus on primary school children; (4) supporting communities, especially reindeer herding communities and agricultural production cooperatives, where the language is used and its intergenerational transmission is maintained.
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Статья научная
The Far North is the most important territory for Russia, which largely determines the pace and prospects of socio-economic development. This means that its development requires special attention. One of the main drivers for the development of the Far North is the system of general education, which meets the needs of the society and the economy of the macro region. The article considers it in two ways. First, a comparison is made between the Far North and the rest of the country of the dynamics of indicators that characterize the training of the most talented and motivated children. For this purpose, the number of winners and prize-winners of the all-Russian subject Olympiads since the academic year 2011/2012 is analyzed. It is shown that their number is significantly lower than the national average. Second, the dynamics of number of educational institutions, children attending them, and teachers working there are considered. The conclusion is made about the significant deterioration of the indicators, which is associated primarily with unfavorable demographic dynamics. The problems faced by the education system are considered and measures aimed at improving the situation are proposed. The most important of them are the concentration of efforts on the development of the mass system of general education, preparing children for work and living in rural areas, and improving the information support of the implemented policy.
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Prospects of Arctic Tourism in Russia in Current Conditions
Статья научная
Arctic tourism is an important mechanism for sustainable development of territories in the Far North. Russia has developed strategies for the development of Arctic tourism, which is one of the areas of international cooperation. However, the complicated relations of Russia on the international stage have endangered further successful development of tourism in the Arctic. Numerous problems of tourism development in underdeveloped territories are exacerbated by new obstacles that have caused changes in the tourism services market. The article analyzes the problems of Arctic tourism development in Russia in the context of a difficult geopolitical situation that emerged in 2022. We have identified priority issues hindering the development of Arctic tourism and predicted which of them will be the most relevant at the present stage. Based on this, possible directions for planning Arctic tourism in Russia in the regional context were proposed. In order to identify problems and justify the prospects for overcoming them, we conducted a content analysis of the reviews of tourists who visited the main tourist destinations in the Russian Arctic, and made a SWOT analysis of Arctic tourism logistics. As a result, we found that the main problem for the development of tourism in the Arctic will be the deterioration of transport accessibility due to difficulties in organizing air travel, especially in regions that do not have land-based communications with places where tourist interest is formed. Therefore, the focus in planning the development of Arctic tourism should now be given to the regions of the European sector of the Russian Arctic, the most accessible and popular among tourists.
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Статья научная
The assessment of the population's quality of life is an important analytical tool of the state socio-economic policy, which allows analyzing the current level of regional development, the population's satisfaction with living conditions, making interregional comparisons, determining shortcomings and prospective directions of public administration. At the same time, objective statistical indicators, on which the state management is based, in many respects may not coincide with the subjectively perceived quality of life of the population. In this context, the presented research is particularly relevant and practically significant. The purpose of the research is to identify the problems of development of the Murmansk Oblast, the most industrially and territorially developed region of the Arctic zone of Russia, on the basis of the comparison of subjectively perceived assessments of the quality of life and objective socio-economic characteristics, and to outline ways to solve them. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: the methodology for assessing the subjectively perceived and statistically determined quality of life of the population on the basis of indicators characterizing personal well-being and the quality of the living environment was developed; the subjectively perceived quality of life was assessed on the basis of the author’s methodology including the results of surveys of the population of cities and towns in the Murmansk Oblast; the quality of life of the population of the Murmansk Oblast was assessed on the basis of statistical data of socio-economic development; the data of the obtained assessments were compared, similarities and differences in the satisfaction of the population with personal well-being (as well as with the living environment) and statistical characteristics were revealed; the most important problems of socio-economic development, the resolution of which will improve the quality of life of the population of the Arctic region, were identified.
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Статья научная
The relevance of studying the state of the social environment of a regional society is determined by the development of inclusive processes that involve the integration of people with disabilities into public life as full members of society. In this regard, it is important to understand the level of readiness of society to include disabled children due to the large-scale disability of the child population and the existing need to create special conditions for the positive socialization of children in this category. The issues of creating inclusive environmental conditions are particularly relevant in Euro-Arctic territories, which are characterized by significant risks to health and quality of life of the population. In order to identify the level of readiness of the social environment of regional society, the article undertakes theoretical and empirical research, including an analysis of the characteristics of the social environment and approaches to determining its accessibility in domestic and foreign studies, the author’s typology of private social environments, as well as an assessment of the state of infrastructural and socio-psychological barriers for children with disabilities based on the results of the author’s online questionnaire survey of the population of the Arctic territories of the Northwestern Federal District conducted in 2022 (n=861, the sample is proportional to the number of residents of the Arctic territories). The survey revealed the existing barriers to inclusion in the studied territories, which is important in the implementation of social policy measures to create a barrier-free environment for the younger generation with persistent health disorders.
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Статья научная
Ensuring the social security of the modern family is an urgent issue and a priority of the national policy of the Russian Federation. In contemporary society, the relationship between the social security system and the resource of the family is visible. Family resource acts as a set of potentials aimed at maintaining the stability of the family and the development of its competence in solving family problems. So, the technology of social work aimed at enhancing the resources of the family is essential. The same is fair for the role of the immediate environment in supporting the family since it becomes an active subject in solving family problems. Such an instrument is restoration technologies focused on the resource potential of the family and the resources of social capital. These technologies are widely used in foreign social work and are a promising area for the Russian one. The use of these technologies can be a factor in increasing the effectiveness of family institutional resources in the social protection of the population. Also, the author analyzed the role of recovery technologies in ensuring the social security of the family and examined the use of these technologies in the Arkhangelsk Oblast.
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