Естественные науки. Рубрика в журнале - Бюллетень науки и практики
Статья научная
This study systematically investigates the formation of hydrothermal potential in natural cenosis of mountain brown-gray soils on the southeastern slopes of the Lesser Caucasus, considering vegetation cover density. The aim is to identify patterns of temperature and moisture reserve variations under different vegetation densities and to reveal structural characteristics of hydrothermal potential. Comparative analysis at the cenosis level demonstrated a functional relationship between vegetation cover density and hydrothermal parameters. The results indicate that vegetation density is a key regulatory factor in the formation of hydrothermal potential, providing important insights for assessing water–thermal resources and predicting ecological processes in mountain ecosystems.
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Статья научная
This study assessed the ecological status of the Shahagachi coastal area (Azerbaijan, Caspian Sea) using fish as bioindicators. The study was conducted on 16 specimens of mullet (Liza saliens) and 15 specimens of kutum (Rutilus frisii cutum). A comprehensive approach was employed to evaluate the condition of the fish, including a genotoxic analysis based on nuclear aberrations in erythrocytes and a histopathological analysis of the gills. The genotoxic analysis revealed pathologies in fish erythrocytes such as nuclear deformation, invagination, and displacement, and in some cases, micronuclei. However, the level of detected pathological cells in the blood of mullet (1.65±0.06%) and kutum (2.12±0.18%) remained within the physiological reference range (<5%). Histological examination of the gills of both species showed protective and adaptive changes, such as hyperplasia, curvature, and fusion of secondary lamellae, and an uneven distribution of secondary lamellar hyperplasia; parasitic infestations were also detected.An integrated assessment of the results indicated that the studied fish populations are experiencing a state of mild physiological stress. It was concluded that the environmental conditions in the Shahagachi area, while not causing critical damage, create unfavorable background conditions for aquatic organisms, which underscores the need for further monitoring to prevent ecosystem degradation.
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Conclusions of botanical research. Discussion and analysis of the results obtained
Отчет
This scientific research presents the studies conducted from 2021 to 2025 and the results obtained from those studies. The materials of the research obtained in different years can be used in the teaching of "Systematics of Higher Plants", "Systematics of Plants", "Medicinal Plants of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic", and "Local Flora" courses in the Master's and Doctoral programs at the Biology and Biology Teaching specialties.
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Current State of Rare Plant Species on Mount Garagush of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
Статья научная
The study area covers the territory of the Garagush Mountain of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The Garagush Mountain system (2600.5 m), one of the highest peaks of the Daralayaz range, has an absolute height of 1200‒2600 m and is located between the upper reaches of the Qabaglichay River and the village of Chalkhangala, south of the Kechaltapa Mountain. The Billavachay and Lizbirtchay rivers pass through the area. Studies have been conducted to study the biodiversity of the flora and vegetation of this area, collect materials, identify and protect rare species. Critically Endangered species have been identified in the study area, and appropriate conservation measures, proposals and recommendations have been developed.
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Current Status of Caryophyllaceae Juss. in the Lachin District
Статья научная
The article provides information on the biological, ecological, and coenosis-forming characteristics of representatives of the Caryophyllaceae Juss. family found in the Lachin district, their distribution patterns, and limiting factors for the protection of rare and endangered species. The research was mainly carried out in mountain-meadow tall-herb meadows, forest-meadow vegetation, and steppe vegetation types, as well as in various plant communities. The abundance of Caryophyllaceae Juss. representatives in plant communities was assessed at 1–2 points. Studies on populations of Minuartia intermedia (Boiss.) Hand.-Mazz. revealed irreversible unidirectional changes. A gradual decrease in the number of M. intermedia populations and high sensitivity to adverse environmental factors were observed. Without timely conservation measures, the populations may completely disappear. The species Paronychia azerbaijanica Chaudhri was found in the Lachin district within mountain steppe and mountain-xerophyte steppe vegetation types in the form of localities. A decreasing trend in the number of individuals was observed, making conservation measures necessary. This species is included in the third edition of the “Red Book” of Azerbaijan. Direct observations and studies on populations of Silene cephalantha Boiss. revealed that, due to anthropogenic factors, the quality of the habitat has declined (A2ac). The growth dynamics of individuals were found to be at a low level. The absence of young individuals indicates an ongoing continuous decline (C1). In the observed area, only 3–5 individuals were found per 10 m². All these factors indicate a potential threat of extinction in the future. Therefore, the development dynamics of the species should be monitored.
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Статья научная
Investigates the altitudinal distribution and ecological characteristics of the oriental apple (Malus orientalis Uglitzk.) within the territory of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. Based on expeditionary observations conducted between 2003 and 2025, the study examines the species’ occurrence across different elevation belts, its relationship with slope exposure, and its distribution in high mountain areas. It was determined that the upper boundary of the species’ distribution reaches 2350–2400 m above sea level in certain regions, thereby expanding previously known floristic data. The research revealed that in high mountain zones the species predominantly occurs on southern and southwestern slopes. Malus orientalis demonstrates morphological and phenological variability across altitudinal gradients, reflecting a high degree of polymorphism and ecological plasticity. Small-fruited, resilient forms dominate in high-altitude zones, whereas large-fruited forms prevail in lower belts. These features confirm the species’ importance as a valuable genetic resource for breeding. The findings open perspectives for biodiversity conservation and the development of drought- and disease-resistant cultivars.
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Статья научная
The article provides information on the geographical distribution of some wild species of the genus Allium L. distributed in the flora of Azerbaijan, as well as a detailed morphological analysis of their vegetative and generative organs. As a result of the ecological analysis, it was determined that the studied species are cryptophytes and most of them are distributed in the middle mountainous zone. In addition, considering that the wild species of the genus Allium L. we have selected have a great bioresource value, information about perspective of their use is also reflected in the article.
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Статья научная
The territory of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of the Republic of Azerbaijan is rich in fodder plants. Despite this, pastures and hayfields in livestock farms are not used for their direct purpose. This, naturally, negatively affects the development of livestock breeding. As is known, plants of legume family are rich in nitrogen. Animals grazing regularly in these areas develop various gastrointestinal tumours when eating the wet mass of the plant. For this purpose, legumes should be used as dry feed. During 2024, studies were conducted to investigate the forage and chemical composition of Vicia elegans Guss species, including its distribution. Starting from early spring months, pastures and hayfields on the territory of the Batabat plateau were surveyed, and the use of the species ‘ Vicia elegans Guss’ in animal husbandry was studied. During the study, the ratio of dry matter and protein in leaves and stems of the plant collected from the Batabat plateau was determined.
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Статья научная
The territory of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic is very rich in vegetation. The location of the territory in a sharply continental climate zone has also had a great influence on the flora. Whether it be high mountain, medium mountain, lowland or flat areas, various groups of plants inhabit this territory. Thus, plant species with medicinal, fodder, technical, vegetable and other properties are found in our Republic. One of the most widespread families in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic is the Plantaginaceae Juss. family. During my research, I studied in detail the taxonomic composition, bioecological characteristics, distribution areas and life forms of species of the Plantaginaceae family (Plantaginaceae Juss.) common in this territory. During the research, the vegetation period of all three species of the family was fully traced over a certain period (one year). It was established that species of the Plantaginaceae family (Plantaginaceae Juss.) are also widely used in folk medicine.
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Ecological Monitoring of Breeding Populations of Anatinae in the Absheron Peninsula (Azerbaijan)
Статья научная
From 2018 to 2025, a year-round, species-specific monitoring of mallards in the Absheron Peninsula was conducted, covering both abundance and all key aspects of biology. The data obtained allowed us to identify certain species characteristics associated with their habitat in anthropogenically transformed areas and reliably demonstrate the existence of a well-established mallard population. For the first time, the socioeconomic conditions for the use of existing duck resources were examined, and recommendations for resource management were provided. The information obtained significantly complements existing data on duck biology and can be used to adjust hunting parameters in suburban hunting areas.
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Статья научная
The article deals with the determination of the composition and quantitative diversity of phytochemicals - phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, and organic acids - in Punica granatum L. populations distributed in the northeastern part of the Lesser Caucasus. The main reason for studying this diversity is to evaluate the interaction between ecological factors, including altitudinal gradients, soil properties, humidity, temperature, and light regimes. The article reflects, on a scientific basis, the mechanisms of influence of ecological variability on the phytochemical profile. These populations, depending on the ecological conditions reflecting the climate and soil diversity of the region, undergo regular changes and spread throughout the territory, playing an important role in the formation of the adaptive capabilities and phytochemical diversity of the species. The levels of tannins and phenolic acids in pomegranate populations increased significantly under nitrogen limitation. This increase reflects the adaptation of the plant to metabolic stress. The increase in anthocyanin and total phenol levels in populations accompanied by water deficit is explained by the compensation of drought-induced oxidative stress.
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Статья научная
This study presents an integrated ecogeographical analysis of selected mud volcano landscapes within the Mud Volcanoes Group State Nature Reserve in Azerbaijan. The research focuses on ten representative mud volcanoes covering approximately 488 km² and aims to identify spatial patterns and ecological differentiation under semi-arid environmental conditions. The methodological framework is based on the integration of remote sensing data, digital elevation models (DEM), and geographic information systems (GIS). Relief characteristics, slope distribution, soil cover, and vegetation patterns were systematically analyzed to determine the relationships between geomorphological and ecological components of the landscape. The results indicate that the study area is predominantly characterized by lowland and gently sloping terrain, with elevations ranging from –21 m to 436 m. Saline and semi-saline soils dominate, significantly limiting vegetation development. Vegetation cover is sparse and mainly represented by halophytic and xerophytic species adapted to arid conditions. NDVI-based analysis revealed spatial variability and a temporal decline in vegetation density, indicating increasing aridity and environmental stress across the study area. Larger mud volcanoes exhibit more complex geomorphological structures and relatively higher ecological diversity. This study provides an integrated ecogeographical assessment by combining DEM-based geomorphological analysis with NDVI-derived vegetation dynamics, offering a novel perspective on mud volcano landscape systems. The findings contribute to sustainable management, conservation planning, and future geopark development.
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Effect of plants used for whooping cough and their content of biologically active substances
Статья научная
Azerbaijan is a country with the richest medicinal resources in the world. Favorable climatic conditions, fertile soils, abundant sunlight, and sufficient water reserves create the basis for the growth of various types of valuable medicinal plants here. In the cold months, phytotherapy is used not only for treatment, but also for prevention. Among infectious diseases caused by cold weather, whooping cough prevails over others. There are enough medicinal plants and natural remedies to eliminate the main symptom of the disease, coughing and irritation caused by suffocation. The composition of plants used in whooping cough is rich in saponins, mucus, glycosides, flavonoids, and essential oils. Extracts, infusions, and cooking made from them, taken in a certain dose, increase the body's natural defenses and prevent the disease from becoming chronic. Experts have given rules on how much and in what ratio to take them. The use of fresh air in combination with phytomedicines for whooping cough is even more effective. Since treatment with phytotherapy is effective, it has been used at all times and research is constantly being conducted in this direction.
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Energy Efficiency in Baku as a way to Reduce Emissions
Статья научная
Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, as the country’s economic, industrial, and transportation hub, accounts for a significant share of greenhouse gas emissions. According to statistical data, approximately 40% of the country’s annual carbon emissions originate from Baku, posing substantial challenges to the city’s prospects for climate-resilient development. In recent years, the rate of CO₂ emissions in the country has been notable: between 2020 and 2023, emissions increased from 34,305 kilotons to 42,766 kilotons, representing an approximate 25% rise. Graphical projections indicate that if the current growth trend continues, national CO₂ emissions could reach 49,703 kilotons by the end of 2025. This increase is closely linked to the city’s energy consumption, industrial activity, and the sustainability of its transportation infrastructure. In the 21st century, climate change has emerged as one of the most critical environmental and social challenges on a global scale. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from human activities, particularly in the industrial, energy, and transportation sectors, are accelerating global warming. Cities, especially rapidly urbanizing regions, play a central role in this process, as high energy consumption, dense transportation flows, and intensive industrial activities constitute the main sources of carbon emissions. In this context, Baku’s transition to a climate-resilient urban model depends heavily on the implementation of energy efficiency measures. Enhancing building insulation systems, switching to LED lighting, applying smart thermostats, deploying electric buses, and integrating renewable energy technologies not only reduce energy consumption but also minimize greenhouse gas emissions. Mathematical models indicate that even a 3–5% annual reduction in energy use can result in significant CO₂ emission savings. This paper discusses the implementation of energy efficiency measures in Baku, their potential for emission reduction, and strategic directions for the city’s climate adaptation. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of strengthening energy policies and investing in renewable energy technologies based on projected CO₂ levels.
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Статья научная
This paper considers the ecological condition of Khojasan Lake on the Absheron Peninsula by drawing together available monitoring data and technical reports that describe recent changes in the lake’s water quality. A multi-parameter monitoring programme was implemented in 2023–2025, covering 41 physicochemical and hydrochemical indicators measured at three water depths. The analysis reflects how long-standing industrial use of the territory, rapid urban expansion, and alterations of natural drainage systems have shaped the current hydrochemical profile of the lake. The discussion focuses on several groups of indicators that are commonly applied in environmental assessments—salinity, nutrient enrichment, organic load, and suspended matter—because they provide the clearest picture of ongoing degradation processes. In parallel, the paper reviews technological options that have been proposed for improving water quality in arid and semi-arid regions, with particular attention to solar-powered treatment units, modified filtration systems, and low-maintenance monitoring devices suitable for continuous observation. A pilot MMF unit supplied by a photovoltaic array was operated under real field conditions. The treatment demonstrated substantial improvements in key performance metrics, including marked decreases in turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and biochemical oxygen demand, and notable reductions in dissolved metals such as iron, manganese, zinc, and others. Bringing these strands together makes it possible to identify the pressures that are most influential for Khojasan Lake today and to outline practical directions for future monitoring and management. The material is intended to serve as a consolidated reference for specialists involved in the restoration of inland water bodies on the Absheron Peninsula.
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Factors Influencing the Decline of Biodiversity in Azerbaijan
Статья научная
The natural vegetation and its flora of Azerbaijan are exposed to anthropogenic influences, leading to a decrease in the number of a number of valuable plant individuals or their complete destruction. The main result of the factors affecting the reduction of biodiversity in Azerbaijan is the disruption of the ecological balance of the country, which threatens rare and endemic species. As a result of the reduction of biodiversity, the ecosystems of Azerbaijan are weakened and rare species are at risk of extinction. The sustainability of natural resources and the environment is seriously threatened. As a result of the disruption of ecosystem stability, the ability of local populations to use natural resources is limited and the resilience of ecosystems to climate change is reduced.
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Fish Biomarkers in the Ecological Assessment of the Shahagachi Coast (Caspian Sea)
Статья научная
This study assessed the ecological status of the Shahagachi coastal area (Azerbaijan, Caspian Sea) using fish as bioindicators. The study was conducted on 16 specimens of mullet (Liza saliens) and 15 specimens of kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum). A comprehensive approach was employed to evaluate the condition of the fish, including a genotoxic analysis based on nuclear aberrations in erythrocytes and a histopathological analysis of the gills. The genotoxic analysis revealed pathologies in fish erythrocytes such as nuclear deformation, invagination, and displacement, and in some cases, micronuclei. However, the level of detected pathological cells in the blood of mullet (1.65±0.06%) and kutum (2.12±0.18%) remained within the physiological reference range (<5%). Histological examination of the gills of both species showed protective and adaptive changes, such as hyperplasia, curvature, and fusion of secondary lamellae, and an uneven distribution of secondary lamellar hyperplasia; parasitic infestations were also detected. An integrated assessment of the results indicated that the studied fish populations are experiencing a state of mild physiological stress. It was concluded that the environmental conditions in the Shahagachi area, while not causing critical damage, create unfavorable background conditions for aquatic organisms, which underscores the need for further monitoring to prevent ecosystem degradation.
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Статья научная
In modern times, the study of biodiversity in the context of global climate change is becoming more and more important. The study area is the Batabat Plateau, located in the north of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, on the southern slope of the Zangezur Range. The area surrounded by the Zangezur and Daralayaz ranges has such geographical conditions that the air humidity is below normal for most of the year. Only in the summer months does the humidity increase relatively. Due to the flow of moist air entering the area through the Bichanak pass, which is a low area of the Zangezur range, the humidity of the air is relatively high, which is very important in the formation of vegetation. As a result of our research, it was found that 968 species of plants belonging to 58 families and 344 genera can be found in the flora of the Batabat plateau, and the flora spectrum of the area was prepared by us. The species of plants distributed in the Batabat plateau were analyzed according to their life forms and useful properties, and it was found that the plant groups formed by these species contain a quantity of technical medicines, fruits and berries, and other useful products that will provide a number of industries (food, medicine, perfumery, etc.). Plant groups have abundant natural resources, which are used effectively.
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Floristic Analysis of the Genus Lotus L. Range in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
Статья научная
This article examines the floristic characteristics of the genus Lotus L., native to the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. This region is characterized by rich natural conditions and diverse climatic features. Research shows that there are six species of the genus Lotus in Azerbaijan. Four of these are native to the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. These species are found primarily in meadows, valleys, and mountainous areas. Research was conducted in various zones in 2024–2025. The taxonomic characteristics of the species were determined using modern scientific approaches. From an ecological perspective, three species are mesophytes, and one is a xerophyte. This indicates the predominance of plants adapted to humid conditions in the region. The species belong to different geographic regions and have different distribution patterns. Plants of the Lotus genus are used for fodder, ornamental, and medicinal purposes. They also have a positive impact on the ecosystem by increasing soil fertility. As a result, the genus Lotus L., although represented by a small number of species, is of great importance to the flora and economic life of the region. These plants improve soil fertility due to their ability to fix nitrogen. They also play a significant role in preventing soil erosion. Species of the Lotus genus contribute to the formation of various plant communities. The different topographic and climatic conditions of the region influence the distribution of these species. It is noted that future research is needed to further explore this genus.
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Статья научная
The article deals with the floristic study of monotypic genera of early and late spring vegetation belonging to the family Fabaceae Lindl. (legumes) spreading in the territory of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The main purpose of the study is to determine the species composition, bioecological characteristics, distribution area, phytocenotic relationships, and ecological adaptation mechanisms of monotypic genera found in the region. As a result of the study, biomorphological characteristics, life forms, geographical areal classes, and ecological groups of early and late spring plants of the Fabaceae family were studied. Also, the adaptation characteristics of these species to soil-climatic conditions and the level of resistance to anthropogenic influences were analyzed. The analysis of the areal structure of early spring plants showed that among the studied species, the xerophilous areal type predominates with 8 species, constituting 80% of the total composition. Within this type, the Mediterranean areal class is in the first place with 4 species (40%). The Eastern Mediterranean, Eastern Asia, Asia Minor, and Iranian areal classes are each represented by 1 species (10%). In addition, the Boreal type is represented by 1 species (10%) in the European areal class, and the Desert type is represented by 1 species (10%) in the Eastern Pontic areal class. The analysis conducted on altitudinal zones shows that the main part of the species is represented by 4 species (40%) in the plain and low mountain zones. The plain zone is characterized by 3 species (30%), the low mountain zone by 2 species (20%), and the species spreading to the middle mountain zone by 1 species (10%). Overall, 70% of the species are concentrated in the plains and lower mountain levels, while species numbers decline sharply at higher hypsometric levels.
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