Естественные науки. Рубрика в журнале - Бюллетень науки и практики
Статья научная
The territory of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic is very rich in vegetation. The location of the territory in a sharply continental climate zone has also had a great influence on the flora. Whether it be high mountain, medium mountain, lowland or flat areas, various groups of plants inhabit this territory. Thus, plant species with medicinal, fodder, technical, vegetable and other properties are found in our Republic. One of the most widespread families in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic is the Plantaginaceae Juss. family. During my research, I studied in detail the taxonomic composition, bioecological characteristics, distribution areas and life forms of species of the Plantaginaceae family (Plantaginaceae Juss.) common in this territory. During the research, the vegetation period of all three species of the family was fully traced over a certain period (one year). It was established that species of the Plantaginaceae family (Plantaginaceae Juss.) are also widely used in folk medicine.
Бесплатно
Ecological Monitoring of Breeding Populations of Anatinae in the Absheron Peninsula (Azerbaijan)
Статья научная
From 2018 to 2025, a year-round, species-specific monitoring of mallards in the Absheron Peninsula was conducted, covering both abundance and all key aspects of biology. The data obtained allowed us to identify certain species characteristics associated with their habitat in anthropogenically transformed areas and reliably demonstrate the existence of a well-established mallard population. For the first time, the socioeconomic conditions for the use of existing duck resources were examined, and recommendations for resource management were provided. The information obtained significantly complements existing data on duck biology and can be used to adjust hunting parameters in suburban hunting areas.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
The article deals with the determination of the composition and quantitative diversity of phytochemicals - phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, and organic acids - in Punica granatum L. populations distributed in the northeastern part of the Lesser Caucasus. The main reason for studying this diversity is to evaluate the interaction between ecological factors, including altitudinal gradients, soil properties, humidity, temperature, and light regimes. The article reflects, on a scientific basis, the mechanisms of influence of ecological variability on the phytochemical profile. These populations, depending on the ecological conditions reflecting the climate and soil diversity of the region, undergo regular changes and spread throughout the territory, playing an important role in the formation of the adaptive capabilities and phytochemical diversity of the species. The levels of tannins and phenolic acids in pomegranate populations increased significantly under nitrogen limitation. This increase reflects the adaptation of the plant to metabolic stress. The increase in anthocyanin and total phenol levels in populations accompanied by water deficit is explained by the compensation of drought-induced oxidative stress.
Бесплатно
Effect of plants used for whooping cough and their content of biologically active substances
Статья научная
Azerbaijan is a country with the richest medicinal resources in the world. Favorable climatic conditions, fertile soils, abundant sunlight, and sufficient water reserves create the basis for the growth of various types of valuable medicinal plants here. In the cold months, phytotherapy is used not only for treatment, but also for prevention. Among infectious diseases caused by cold weather, whooping cough prevails over others. There are enough medicinal plants and natural remedies to eliminate the main symptom of the disease, coughing and irritation caused by suffocation. The composition of plants used in whooping cough is rich in saponins, mucus, glycosides, flavonoids, and essential oils. Extracts, infusions, and cooking made from them, taken in a certain dose, increase the body's natural defenses and prevent the disease from becoming chronic. Experts have given rules on how much and in what ratio to take them. The use of fresh air in combination with phytomedicines for whooping cough is even more effective. Since treatment with phytotherapy is effective, it has been used at all times and research is constantly being conducted in this direction.
Бесплатно
Energy Efficiency in Baku as a way to Reduce Emissions
Статья научная
Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, as the country’s economic, industrial, and transportation hub, accounts for a significant share of greenhouse gas emissions. According to statistical data, approximately 40% of the country’s annual carbon emissions originate from Baku, posing substantial challenges to the city’s prospects for climate-resilient development. In recent years, the rate of CO₂ emissions in the country has been notable: between 2020 and 2023, emissions increased from 34,305 kilotons to 42,766 kilotons, representing an approximate 25% rise. Graphical projections indicate that if the current growth trend continues, national CO₂ emissions could reach 49,703 kilotons by the end of 2025. This increase is closely linked to the city’s energy consumption, industrial activity, and the sustainability of its transportation infrastructure. In the 21st century, climate change has emerged as one of the most critical environmental and social challenges on a global scale. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from human activities, particularly in the industrial, energy, and transportation sectors, are accelerating global warming. Cities, especially rapidly urbanizing regions, play a central role in this process, as high energy consumption, dense transportation flows, and intensive industrial activities constitute the main sources of carbon emissions. In this context, Baku’s transition to a climate-resilient urban model depends heavily on the implementation of energy efficiency measures. Enhancing building insulation systems, switching to LED lighting, applying smart thermostats, deploying electric buses, and integrating renewable energy technologies not only reduce energy consumption but also minimize greenhouse gas emissions. Mathematical models indicate that even a 3–5% annual reduction in energy use can result in significant CO₂ emission savings. This paper discusses the implementation of energy efficiency measures in Baku, their potential for emission reduction, and strategic directions for the city’s climate adaptation. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of strengthening energy policies and investing in renewable energy technologies based on projected CO₂ levels.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
This paper considers the ecological condition of Khojasan Lake on the Absheron Peninsula by drawing together available monitoring data and technical reports that describe recent changes in the lake’s water quality. A multi-parameter monitoring programme was implemented in 2023–2025, covering 41 physicochemical and hydrochemical indicators measured at three water depths. The analysis reflects how long-standing industrial use of the territory, rapid urban expansion, and alterations of natural drainage systems have shaped the current hydrochemical profile of the lake. The discussion focuses on several groups of indicators that are commonly applied in environmental assessments—salinity, nutrient enrichment, organic load, and suspended matter—because they provide the clearest picture of ongoing degradation processes. In parallel, the paper reviews technological options that have been proposed for improving water quality in arid and semi-arid regions, with particular attention to solar-powered treatment units, modified filtration systems, and low-maintenance monitoring devices suitable for continuous observation. A pilot MMF unit supplied by a photovoltaic array was operated under real field conditions. The treatment demonstrated substantial improvements in key performance metrics, including marked decreases in turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and biochemical oxygen demand, and notable reductions in dissolved metals such as iron, manganese, zinc, and others. Bringing these strands together makes it possible to identify the pressures that are most influential for Khojasan Lake today and to outline practical directions for future monitoring and management. The material is intended to serve as a consolidated reference for specialists involved in the restoration of inland water bodies on the Absheron Peninsula.
Бесплатно
Factors Influencing the Decline of Biodiversity in Azerbaijan
Статья научная
The natural vegetation and its flora of Azerbaijan are exposed to anthropogenic influences, leading to a decrease in the number of a number of valuable plant individuals or their complete destruction. The main result of the factors affecting the reduction of biodiversity in Azerbaijan is the disruption of the ecological balance of the country, which threatens rare and endemic species. As a result of the reduction of biodiversity, the ecosystems of Azerbaijan are weakened and rare species are at risk of extinction. The sustainability of natural resources and the environment is seriously threatened. As a result of the disruption of ecosystem stability, the ability of local populations to use natural resources is limited and the resilience of ecosystems to climate change is reduced.
Бесплатно
Fish Biomarkers in the Ecological Assessment of the Shahagachi Coast (Caspian Sea)
Статья научная
This study assessed the ecological status of the Shahagachi coastal area (Azerbaijan, Caspian Sea) using fish as bioindicators. The study was conducted on 16 specimens of mullet (Liza saliens) and 15 specimens of kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum). A comprehensive approach was employed to evaluate the condition of the fish, including a genotoxic analysis based on nuclear aberrations in erythrocytes and a histopathological analysis of the gills. The genotoxic analysis revealed pathologies in fish erythrocytes such as nuclear deformation, invagination, and displacement, and in some cases, micronuclei. However, the level of detected pathological cells in the blood of mullet (1.65±0.06%) and kutum (2.12±0.18%) remained within the physiological reference range (<5%). Histological examination of the gills of both species showed protective and adaptive changes, such as hyperplasia, curvature, and fusion of secondary lamellae, and an uneven distribution of secondary lamellar hyperplasia; parasitic infestations were also detected. An integrated assessment of the results indicated that the studied fish populations are experiencing a state of mild physiological stress. It was concluded that the environmental conditions in the Shahagachi area, while not causing critical damage, create unfavorable background conditions for aquatic organisms, which underscores the need for further monitoring to prevent ecosystem degradation.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
In modern times, the study of biodiversity in the context of global climate change is becoming more and more important. The study area is the Batabat Plateau, located in the north of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, on the southern slope of the Zangezur Range. The area surrounded by the Zangezur and Daralayaz ranges has such geographical conditions that the air humidity is below normal for most of the year. Only in the summer months does the humidity increase relatively. Due to the flow of moist air entering the area through the Bichanak pass, which is a low area of the Zangezur range, the humidity of the air is relatively high, which is very important in the formation of vegetation. As a result of our research, it was found that 968 species of plants belonging to 58 families and 344 genera can be found in the flora of the Batabat plateau, and the flora spectrum of the area was prepared by us. The species of plants distributed in the Batabat plateau were analyzed according to their life forms and useful properties, and it was found that the plant groups formed by these species contain a quantity of technical medicines, fruits and berries, and other useful products that will provide a number of industries (food, medicine, perfumery, etc.). Plant groups have abundant natural resources, which are used effectively.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
The study of the Salicaceae Mirb. species common in the flora of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic was conducted and their floristic analysis was performed. In the flora of the autonomous republic, 17 Salicaceae species belonging to 2 genera were identified, 9 species were assigned to the genus Salix L., and 8 species to the genus Populus L. Types of areas: boreal areal type (7 species), xerophilous areal type (4 species), Caucasian areal type (4 species) and desert areal type (1 species). The areal type was not determined for one species. This family is of great interest both in terms of biological diversity and ecological significance. It was established that the greatest species diversity of the family is found in the middle mountain zone, and a small part is found in the low and middle mountain zones, as well as in the subalpine zone. At present, the issues of adjusting botanical-geographical and historical plant systems, analyzing the distribution and genesis of species, and clarifying typical ranges are extremely important.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
Hawthorn (Crataegus) is a plant consisting of various species of thorny shrubs or small trees belonging to the Rosaceae family. The genus Hawthorn (Crataegus L.) has 20 species in the flora of Azerbaijan and 20 species in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic: Crataegus pontica C.Koch., Crataegus orientalis Pall. ex Bieb., Crataegus meyeri Pojark., Crataegus szowitsii Pojark., Crataegus pentagyna Waldst. & Kit., Crataegus pseudoheterophylla Pojark., Crataegus cinovski Kassymova., Crataegus sanguinea Pall., Crataegus curvisepala Lindm., Crataegus caucasica C. Koch. Hawthorn species are found in various ecological zones, including mountainous, flat and semi-desert areas. The climatic conditions of each region affect the phenological stages of plant development. In the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, hawthorn is found in almost all altitude zones (800-2500 m). The greatest amplitude of distribution belongs to the species Crataegus orientalis. It is found in areas from the foothill zone to the subalpine zone (900-2250 m). In the middle zone, the species C. cinovskisii, C. szovitsii, C. Tournefortii, C. pojarkoviae and C. pontica are predominantly common. However, in some cases, the distribution zone of the species C. pontica goes down, and the species C. pojarkoviae rises to the high-mountain zone. The species Crataegus caucasica, C. rhipidophylla, C. pseudoheterophylla and C. zangezura are found almost from the low-mountain zone to the subalpine zone, and the species C. atrosanguinea and C. eriantha are found in the low-mountain and middle-mountain zone. The distribution zone of the species C. meyeri sometimes reaches an altitude of 2350 m. The flower lump of the hawthorn species, which is used as a food and medicinal plant, is used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and to regulate heart rhythm. Ripe fruits are also useful for lowering blood pressure in folk medicine. The fruits and flowers of hawthorn are used in medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases, circulatory problems and high blood pressure. The plant is rich in flavonoids, antioxidants and tannins, so it strengthens the immune system and has an anti-inflammatory effect. Hawthorn is also used as an ornamental plant.
Бесплатно
Free-living infusor fauna of the Araz reservoir of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
Статья научная
The article studies the fauna of free-living infusoria (Ciliophora) in the Araz reservoir of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. As a result of seasonal studies during 2018-2022, 61 species of ciliated infusoria belonging to 29 families and 38 genera were identified. During the study, modern classification systems proposed by Lynn (2008) and Adl et al. (2005) were used, and the results obtained are of great importance in terms of studying the infusoria fauna of the reservoir and can be used as baseline data in future ecological monitoring and biodiversity conservation.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
In the period from 2017 to 2022, ciliated protozoa and testate amoebae were studied in freshwater ecosystems of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. 110 species of ciliates and 65 species of amoebae were identified. The species diversity of ciliates in freshwater is almost twice as high as in soil. The differences in species diversity between aquatic and soil amoebae are relatively small. The need for standardization of the methods used by researchers is emphasized. Further studies of these groups of protozoa are necessary to obtain more accurate conclusions about their ecological role, relationships, and their importance in various biological processes.
Бесплатно
Genetic characteristics of honey bee breeding in the Ganja-Gazakh region of Azerbaijan
Статья научная
Beekeeping is one of the oldest and most profitable sectors of agriculture. Since ancient times, humans have bred, propagated, and maintained honey bees ( Apis mellifera L.). The favorable soil and climatic conditions, along with the rich flora of Azerbaijan, create an ideal environment for the development of beekeeping. One of the challenges in bee breeding research is that honey bees mate in the air, often at considerable distances from their colonies. This complicates controlled breeding efforts. To address this issue, selection specialists are exploring artificial insemination techniques and the establishment of controlled mating zones. This article examines the development of beekeeping in Azerbaijan, with a particular focus on honey production in the Western region. Additionally, it explores the most effective modern approaches to bee breeding, especially in the context of increasing resistance to adverse environmental factors, which has become a critical priority in contemporary apiculture.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
The distribution of 176 plant species belonging to 27 families and 75 genera in the wild flora of the area was determined during the research conducted in Yevlakh district area in 2023-2025. A flora conspectus, identified during the research, was developed for the species, which included the taxonomic structure, life forms, geographical and areal types, ecological groups and endemism of the area’s flora. It was found that the Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Cyperaceae, Salicaceae, Polygonaceae and Rosaceae families are represented by more species in the area. The research also determined the species composition and structural characteristics of the phytocenoses found in the vegatation cover of Yevlakh district, revealing that the area’s flora includes desert, semi-desert, meadow, forest, swamp and other plant types. It was determined that recent global ecological problems, including anthropogenic factors, have a direct impact on the flora and vegetation of the area. In this regard, studying the geographical analysis of the current state of the flora in the territory of Yevlakh district creates the need for future geobotanical or phytosociological research within the area. This shows that the ongoing work is highly relevant.
Бесплатно
Health effects of polyphenols and flavonoids
Статья научная
Plants are the most important source of compounds that are very beneficial for the human body, including antioxidants. Therefore, the study of compounds in plants and their use in human nutrition is of great importance in our time. In this regard, this research work was aimed at studying the health effects of flavonoid and polyphenolic compounds, which are relevant in modern times. The article examines the works of many local and foreign researchers and summarizes the results obtained. It has been determined that flavonoids of natural origin have been the focus of increasing attention of researchers for many years and are widely used. Polyphenols have been the subject of many scientific studies due to their positive effects on health. These studies investigate how polyphenols act in the body and by what mechanisms they improve health. This is mainly due to their valuable medicinal value, as they are a source for capillary-strengthening, anti-inflammatory, choleretic, anti-sclerotic, anti-cancer, etc. preparations. Recently, attention has also been paid to the antioxidant properties of flavonoids. The role of polyphenols in preventing cardiovascular disease has been highlighted in many studies in recent years. Polyphenols lower blood pressure by dilating blood vessels, inhibit the oxidation of LDL (bad cholesterol), and increase HDL (good cholesterol) levels.
Бесплатно
Human anthropometric indicators for the preparation of simulation models
Статья научная
Normal human anthropometric parameters are used in the development of medical rehabilitation techniques, in the performance of surgical techniques used for normal human functioning. In order to perform these operations successfully, it is necessary to model normal human physical characteristics and, based on these models, perform the operations correctly. Normal anatomical characteristics have a positive effect on the physiological state of the person. The relevance of the research stimulates the development of the science of valeology and increases the relevance and practical significance of the topic. Prosthetics of organs lost in wars and accidents are also performed on the basis of computer models. The science of digital anthropology is modeling human anthropometrics, and practically important predictions are being made based on this modeling. Digital anthropology is based on the research of modern technology to compile a database of the most diverse anthropological indicators of people. Anthropology occupies a special place in the system of scientific knowledge about the world, because it is a field of science that studies the origin, development and role of humans in nature and society. In modern medicine, mathematical and graphic modeling of human anatomical and anthropological indicators is required in all fields. Anthropometric indicators of humans are taken as the basis in surgery, military science, sports. The structure of shoulders, diaphragm, hips, face, and the age of a human being can also be defined by these anthropometric indicators.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
This study was conducted to assess the impacts of hydrological variability and climate change on river discharge within the Kura River basin. The analysis indicates that both annual and seasonal flow regimes have undergone substantial alterations over recent decades, driven by rising air temperatures, uneven spatial - temporal distribution of precipitation, and reductions in snowpack. These changes have intensified the frequency and magnitude of hydrometeorological extremes-particularly floods and droughts - thereby increasing the complexity of forecasting and water-resource planning across the basin. The methodological framework integrates the Mann-Kendall trend test, Sen’s slope estimator, and AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) time-series modelling to detect long-term tendencies and quantify variability in streamflow dynamics. The combined application of these statistical tools enables a robust evaluation of monotonic trends, directional changes, and predictive behavior of discharge under changing climatic conditions. The findings highlight that adaptive water management, enhanced regional monitoring, and ecosystem-based approaches represent essential strategies for improving the sustainability and resilience of water-resource governance in the Kura River basin. Strengthening these measures will contribute to evidence-based decision-making and more effective responses to the growing challenges associated with climate-induced hydrological shifts.
Бесплатно
Impact of Environmental Pollution on Fish in the Arats Reservoir
Статья научная
The study was conducted on fish. As a result, it was determined that, depending on the time and type of pollution, similar pathologies, including edema, exudates, and hemorrhages, are observed in various fish species. The reaction to toxicant exposure manifests as various anomalies and pathologies (nephrocalcitosis, and structural anomalies in the gills, fins, internal skeleton, and skull). A decrease in the fish population of the Araz reservoir living in zones of strong technogenic impact, a reduction in spawning potential, or even complete displacement from their habitats was observed. For the first time, methods for the rational management of fish resources have been developed for the region's reservoirs. The organization of fish weight monitoring, assessment of the impact of economic activities on aquatic ecosystems, compilation of an ecological forecast, and development opportunities and prospects for fisheries have been identified.
Бесплатно
Impact of genetically modified organisms on human health
Статья научная
Investigates the impact of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on human health. It is noted that the use of GMOs is increasing yearly worldwide. While gene technology, which has entered our lives through the creation of genetically modified organisms, shows benefits, it also presents certain challenges. These challenges include negative impacts on distribution and balance, toxic effects on plants, difficulties in fighting pathogens due to the development of antibiotic-resistant genes, gene transfers, and an increased risk of allergic reactions due to GMOs, all of which raise relevant questions about genetically modified organisms. It is highlighted that in recent years, biotechnology and the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) developed through biotechnological research methods are among the topics of most interest worldwide. Based on the information obtained from the research, the article explores the potential benefits, harms, and risks of genetically modified organisms, their effects on biodiversity, socioeconomic and legal dimensions, as well as consumer perspectives. In conclusion, it is stated that since the opinions of scientists around the world about the benefits and harms of GMO products are not unanimous, it would be more appropriate to consider the favorable natural conditions in our country for the cultivation of agricultural products and use ecologically clean food products.
Бесплатно
