Естественные науки. Рубрика в журнале - Бюллетень науки и практики
Morphological Characteristics of Pollen Grains of Some Fruit Plants Belonging to the Family Rosaceae
Статья научная
The present study is devoted to the investigation of morphological characteristics of pollen grains of several fruit plants belonging to the family Rosaceae. Plants of this family bloom in early spring and represent an important source of nectar and pollen for honey bees, thereby playing a significant role in apiculture and in the development of bee colonies. At the same time, pollen is one of the main factors influencing the chemical composition and quality indicators of bee products. The aim of the study was to investigate the palynomorphological characteristics of pollen grains of several fruit plants belonging to the Rosaceae family distributed in the flora of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, to evaluate their taxonomic significance, and to expand existing scientific knowledge. The research material consisted of pollen obtained from cultivated plants grown in the region. Four species that bloom in early spring and are intensively visited by bees were selected: Amygdalus communis, Cerasus vulgaris, Malus orientalis, and Persica vulgaris. Pollen samples were collected during the mass flowering period in the morning at the stage of newly opened flowers. Morphological analyses were carried out using light microscopy. Samples were observed under a Bresser light microscope at forty-times ocular magnification and documented at a resolution of 2048 by 1536 pixels. The results showed that pollen grains of all studied species were monad-type, radially symmetrical, isopolar, and tricolporate. Differences in pollen morphology among species were also identified. Cerasus species were characterized by sharply triangular pollen shape, wider colpi, and clearly expressed striate ornamentation. Malus orientalis pollen grains showed a more rounded contour, relatively narrow colpi, and weak ornamentation. Amygdalus communis pollen exhibited triangular contour and dense ornamentation. Persica vulgaris pollen demonstrated radial arrangement of apertures, colpi extending toward the poles, and a densely wrinkled exine surface. Thus, the obtained results demonstrate that morphological characteristics of pollen grains play an important role in species differentiation and taxonomic evaluation.
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Статья научная
Both cultivated and wild fodder plants are the main group of plants necessary for the development of animal husbandry. Although it is impossible to give a specific number about the number of species of fodder plants in Azerbaijan, there is no doubt that their number of species is expressed in hundreds. Thus, the number of species of annual grasses in the CIS includes up to 1000 species. As it is known, some species mentioned above as fodder plants also carry other qualities. For example, corn, sunflower, wormwood, three-leaf clover, etc. plants are also medicinal plants and are used as diuretics, pain relievers, etc. in folk medicine. It is widely used as a tool with properties. At the same time, due to these properties, these plants have become the subject of various aspects (botanical, pharmacological, mycological, etc.) studies, and this situation is still ongoing.
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New Distribution Area of Astragalus hamosus L. (Fabaceae Lindl.) in the Lesser Caucasus (Azerbaijan)
Статья научная
Species Astragalus L. Family Fabaceae Lindl. Widely represented in the flora of Azerbaijan. Descriptions of the species composition of Astragalus L. were previously made by the authors. In 2025, new locations of some species were discovered during field research. For the first time, new locations of Astragalus hamosus L. were discovered during research conducted near the village of Sus in the Lachin district (June 17, 2025), on the left bank of the Khakari River, and in the center of the village of Agaly in the Zangilan district (May 8, 2025). The morphological description and exact coordinates of the detection locations are provided.
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Статья научная
Extraction of essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. and analysis of its chemical composition were carried out. Samples of Thymus vulgaris L., widespread in the mountainous regions of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, were collected. After drying the obtained plant samples, the essential oil was obtained in laboratory conditions by hydrodistillation. The component composition of the obtained essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. was analyzed using gas-liquid chromatography. Based on the results, it was found that the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. contains α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, carene, linal, caryophyllene, terpinene, citronellol, N,N-dimethylacetamide, alpha-terpineol, estragole, camphene, myrtenol, nerol, geraniol, camphor, citronellyl butyrate, alpha-terpenyl acetate, geranyl oleate, geranyl acetate, cedrol, thymol. The essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. has high chemical quality. The essential oil has the potential for use in pharmacology and cosmetology due to its antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
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On the Study of the Genus Orobanche L.
Статья научная
The genus Orobanche L. (Orobanchaceae) is a taxonomically complex group of parasitic flowering plants with significant ecological and agricultural importance. Despite its diversity, systematic studies of Orobanche in the wild flora of Azerbaijan have been limited for over 60 years. This study provides an updated overview of the genus in Azerbaijan, integrating historical taxonomic knowledge with recent findings. A total of 59 species of Orobanche are currently recognized in Azerbaijan, with 29 species preserved in the herbarium of the Institute of Botany, Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The paper discusses the genus’s systematics, phylogeny, morphological characteristics, and distribution, highlighting the importance of field studies for accurate species identification. The results contribute to a better understanding of the diversity, ecological adaptations, and taxonomic status of Orobanche in the region.
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Статья научная
The article presents data on the species belonging to the subfamily Ennominae (Geometridae) collected in the Greater Caucasus region within Azerbaijan. The distribution areas of 28 species belonging to 18 genera (Abraxas - 1 species, Ligadia - 1 species, Colotois - 1 species, Erannis - 1 species, Ennomos - 2 species, Semiothisa - 4 species, Thefrina - 2 species, Cabera - 2 species, Zamacra - 1 species, Gnophos - 2 species, Triphosa - 1 species, Emarturgia - 1 species, Selenio - 2 species, Campaeo - 1 species, Elicrinia - 1 species, Opistograptis - 1 species, Calospilos - 2 species) from the subfamily Ennominae of the family (Geometridae) of the Greater Caucasus were noted. Representatives of the subfamily Ennominae (Geometridae) were first noted for the Azerbaijani part of the Greater Caucasus region.
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Статья научная
The spring flora of the lowland part of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic was studied. The role of representatives of the family Brassicaceae Burnett in the spring flora was determined. The phytocenosis, including representatives of the family Brassicaceae Burnett, consists of 15 perennial species (41.66%), 13 annual species (36.11%), 3 biennial species (8.33%), one species that is either annual or biennial (2.77%), and among the woody representatives, one species (2.77%) is a tree and 3 species (8.33%) are shrubs. By ecological group, 17 species (47.22%) are mesophytes, 12 species (33.33%) are xerophytes, 3 species (8.33%) are xeromesophytes, 2 species (5.55%) are mesoxerophytes, 1 species (2.77%) is a hydromesophyte, and 1 species (2.77%) is a hydrophyte. Perennials predominate by life form, and mesophytes predominate by ecological group. The plants that form the phytocenosis mainly belong to the family Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl (12 species - 33%). The coordinates of the site where the phytocenosis with representatives of the family Brassicaceae Burnett is located in the lowland zone of the Autonomous Republic were identified using GPS: 39º4'49.73952'' N, 45º33'56.19276'' E, 956 m above sea level. Other significant representatives of the spring flora of the lowland part of the Autonomous Republic are also present here.
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Physiological characteristics study of normalization of carbohydrates in food rations
Статья научная
Carbohydrates are organic substances with high energy, enter the body with food and satisfy the various needs of the human body. They enter the body mainly with plant products and are the most important source of energy. Approximately half (56-58%) of the energy needed by the body is provided by carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Here, the relationship between hydrogen and oxygen is the same as in water molecules. That is why they are called carbohydrates. During physical labor, the need for carbohydrates increases. They are also involved in plastic forming processes. Carbohydrates increase the amount of glucose in the blood and increase the amount of glycogen in the liver and muscles, being included in the composition of cells and tissues. Glucose is converted into reserve carbohydrates - glycogen, which is an energy reserve that serves to maintain the level of sugar in the blood at a normal level and ensures the stable functioning of all organ systems.
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Статья научная
The study investigates the biomorphological, phytocenological, and phytochemical characteristics of the family Crassulaceae in the flora of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The main objective of the research was to evaluate the ecological adaptation mechanisms, community structure participation, and bioactive compound potential of Crassulaceae species distributed in the arid and semi-arid ecosystems of the region. Field investigations were carried out during the active vegetation period using route and quadrat sampling methods. Biomorphological characteristics of plants were analyzed based on life form classification, morphometric parameters, and structural adaptation features. Phytocenological assessment was performed using the Braun-Blanquet approach to determine species abundance, dominance status, and interspecific relationships within plant communities. Phytochemical screening of leaf and stem samples was conducted using standard qualitative reactions and spectrophotometric analysis to determine the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant constituents. The results demonstrated that Crassulaceae species in the study area are mainly hemicryptophyte and chamaephyte life forms with succulent vegetative organs adapted to water-deficit conditions. These species are commonly associated with petrophytic xerophytic communities and play a stabilizing role in erosion-prone habitats. Phytochemical analysis revealed moderate to high levels of secondary metabolites, with ecological stress factors influencing compound accumulation. In conclusion, Crassulaceae representatives show significant ecological plasticity and possess promising biological activity potential, supporting their importance in biodiversity conservation and applied botanical research in the region. Research in this direction can provide a scientific basis for a deeper understanding of the structural and functional characteristics of vegetation, the protection of rare and endemic species, as well as the identification of promising medicinal and ornamental plants.
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Phytochemical Profile, Pharmacological Aspects, and Biotechnological Potential of the Genus Prangos
Статья научная
The genus Prangos (Apiaceae) comprises about 45 perennial aromatic species distributed mainly across the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Over the past two decades, Prangos species have received growing scientific attention due to their remarkable content of coumarins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and essential oils with diverse biological activities. This review summarizes current knowledge on the phytochemical composition, pharmacological effects, and biotechnological potential of Prangos species, with particular emphasis on P. ferulacea and P. trifida . Data from in vitro, in vivo, and biochemical assays are critically assessed. Evidence supports their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme inhibitory properties, alongside promising industrial and biotechnological applications. The review aims to consolidate recent findings and identify future research directions for exploiting Prangos as a source of natural bioactive compounds.
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Статья научная
Discusses the participation of representatives of the Brassicaceae Burnett. family in the spring flora of the lowland areas of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, using the road leading to the Julfa district as an example. The study provides information on species belonging to the genera Arabidopsis (DC.) Heynh. and Camelina Crantz within this family. Specifically, the species Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz were identified along the road to Julfa. Data on the phytocoenosis formed by these species and its species composition are presented in tabular form. The study investigates the family, genus, life form, and ecological group of the species forming the phytocoenosis.
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Статья научная
The dendroflora of Ganja city includes the general composition of trees and shrubs naturally distributed in the city and used in greening. This flora has a significant impact on the ecological state of the city, its microclimate and the health of residents. The phytosanitary state of trees and shrubs used in greening reflects the health status of plants distributed in the area, their resistance to diseases, pests and environmental factors. From a phytosanitary point of view, exhaust gases and industrial waste cause a decrease in the quality of soil and air. This, in turn, creates stress in plants and reduces their resistance to diseases. In urban areas, tree species that are not suitable for the climate and soil are often damaged and stop developing. At this time, fungal, bacterial, viral diseases and pests develop, leading to the destruction of vegetation.
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Production and Use of Natural Antibiotics
Статья научная
This article presents an analysis of the biological, psychological, and social foundations of antibiotic dependence. An "artificial sense of security" and fear of illness exacerbate psychological dependence on antibiotics, leading to their inappropriate and repeated use. This behavior poses a serious threat not only to human health but also to public health systems and global infection control policies. Extraction and formulation technologies are considered, including the preparation of aqueous and alcohol extracts, tinctures and tinctures, as well as safe glycerin-based alternatives for children. Using the Nakhchivan region as an example, the potential of local flora and research infrastructure is analyzed. Preparations derived from plants common in the region, such as dogwood, garlic, propolis, sage, and mountain ginger, are considered important resources for integrating traditional medicine with modern biotechnology.
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Статья научная
The ability of aquatic ecosystems to self-purify is closely dependent on many natural factors. The purpose of the study is to assess the self-purifying ability of surface waters for pollutants along the coastal zone of the Caspian Sea (in the territory of Azerbaijan) under the influence of abiogenic factors - climatic, hydrodynamic, hydro chemical, etc. The system analysis revealed a general pattern : in general, the self-purifying ability of river systems along the Caspian coastal zone increases in the direction from south to north. In order to preserve water quality in river systems, it is important to develop a set of measures to protect biodiversity in these coastal terrestrial ecosystems and water catchments (watersheds) on the northeastern slope of the Greater Caucasus.
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Статья научная
Testate amoebae (Testacea) and ciliates (Ciliophora) are widespread in the freshwater ecosystems of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The distribution, abundance, and species diversity of these protozoans are influenced by various environmental factors. Temperature, water depth, gas conditions, and trophic interactions play a particularly important role. The optimal temperature range for both groups is from 15°C to 28°C. Testate amoebae are typically highly active at temperatures of 20–25°C. In bodies of water, when water temperatures exceed 30°C, the reproductive rate of testate amoebae decreases. Ciliates exhibit maximum reproductive capacity at temperatures of 18°C to 26°C. At temperatures approaching 35°C, protein denaturation occurs, leading to a rapid population decline. At lower temperatures (0–4°C), vital processes cease, but some species can survive for extended periods as cysts.
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Reproduction of Hirudo orientalis in laboratory and natural conditions
Статья научная
The medicinal leech is included in Azerbaijan's "Red Book". For this reason, research has been conducted to increase leeches to protect the hirudofauna of our country. Three methods were used to breed it in the laboratory. The laboratory research was conducted at the Institute of Zoology. Studies have been conducted in natural conditions At the Mingachevir Scientific-Experimental Laboratory. In laboratory conditions, leeches were fed once a month, while those selected for reproduction were fed twice a month with the blood, spleen, and liver of large livestock. Based on our research, we can conclude that the optimal temperature range for the survival of Hirudo orientalis in laboratory conditions is 20-25°C.
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Статья научная
Rosaceae spreading in mountain-xerophytic and steppe vegetation of Shahbuz district flora, is presented in the article. Information is given on the taxonomic composition, life forms, ecological groups, geographical area types and classes of woody species of the family. According to the researches conducted by us, when we characterized the woody species of the mountain-xerophyte and steppe zone of the Shahbuz district flora belonging to the Rosaceae family by genera, it was found that Rosa - 21 (37.5%), Crataegus - 7 (12.5%), Pyrus - 7 (12.5%), Prunus - 6 (10.71%), Sorbus - 5 (8.92%), Cotoneaster - 4 (7.14%), Rubus and Spiraea - 2 (3.57%), Malus and there is - 1 (1.78%) species of the Pyracantha genus. Shrub plants, especially woody species of the Rosaceae family, occupy an important place in the structure of Shahbuz district flora. They are part of the bush steppes, form independent groups and form unique formations.
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Rosmarinus officinalis L., properties, areas of application
Статья научная
Presents information about the botanical characteristics of rosemary, the regions and species of rosemary found in Azerbaijan, its chemical composition, fields of application, medicinal and therapeutic properties, as well as the preparation of its oil. The conducted research has revealed that there are two species of the genus Rosmarinus in nature: 1. Rosmarinus officinalis and Rosmarinus eriocalyx. In the flora of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, the species Rosmarinus officinalis is found, while Rosmarinus eriocalyx is encountered in the Mediterranean region. Based on literature data and our research, species belonging to this genus are used in medical, ecological, decorative, and cosmetic fields.
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Статья научная
The effect of salt stress on several morpho-physiological characteristics of maize plants has been investigated in this study. Maize seedlings were treated with 0, 1, 2, and 3% NaCl for 5 days. It was shown that due to salinity, the growth traits (length of root and plant, fresh weight and dry weight of root and seedlings, leaf area, salt tolerance index, RWC, etc.) are significantly reduced. The relative water content in the leaves of the plant decreased gradually with increasing NaCl levels. High salt stress had a strong on root growth. Based on our results on the ultrastructure of the root obtained by electron microscopy, salinity slightly damaged the root anatomy.
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Статья научная
Carnivorous animals play a key role in maintaining the health and resilience of ecosystems. Although these species are often viewed as harmful and dangerous around the world, they actually perform several important functions. Thus, these creatures are an integral component of ecosystems, playing a crucial role in regulating the numbers of sick and old individuals within populations of both carnivores and prey species. At the same time, carnivores serve as “keystone” species by maintaining herbivore and rodent populations at normal levels. In recent years, the impacts on wildlife have been steadily intensifying due to increasing human activity. The reduction and fragmentation of habitats due to human exploitation of natural resources, along with the inability to obtain sufficient food resulting from decreased prey populations in the wild, negatively impact these animals. Industrial development, forest fires, tourism expansion, as well as illegal and excessive hunting, lead to the loss of their natural habitats. Although such activities and disasters affect all living organisms, many scientists agree that human impact constitutes a global issue and poses a significant threat, particularly to carnivores. Our studies of mammal species inhabiting the Gizilaghaj National Park, their bioecological characteristics, and population dynamics play a crucial role in assessing the role of these creatures in the ecosystem and their functions in protecting complex living systems.
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