Естественные науки. Рубрика в журнале - Бюллетень науки и практики
Статья научная
The spring flora of the lowland part of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic was studied. The role of representatives of the family Brassicaceae Burnett in the spring flora was determined. The phytocenosis, including representatives of the family Brassicaceae Burnett, consists of 15 perennial species (41.66%), 13 annual species (36.11%), 3 biennial species (8.33%), one species that is either annual or biennial (2.77%), and among the woody representatives, one species (2.77%) is a tree and 3 species (8.33%) are shrubs. By ecological group, 17 species (47.22%) are mesophytes, 12 species (33.33%) are xerophytes, 3 species (8.33%) are xeromesophytes, 2 species (5.55%) are mesoxerophytes, 1 species (2.77%) is a hydromesophyte, and 1 species (2.77%) is a hydrophyte. Perennials predominate by life form, and mesophytes predominate by ecological group. The plants that form the phytocenosis mainly belong to the family Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl (12 species - 33%). The coordinates of the site where the phytocenosis with representatives of the family Brassicaceae Burnett is located in the lowland zone of the Autonomous Republic were identified using GPS: 39º4'49.73952'' N, 45º33'56.19276'' E, 956 m above sea level. Other significant representatives of the spring flora of the lowland part of the Autonomous Republic are also present here.
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Physiological characteristics study of normalization of carbohydrates in food rations
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Carbohydrates are organic substances with high energy, enter the body with food and satisfy the various needs of the human body. They enter the body mainly with plant products and are the most important source of energy. Approximately half (56-58%) of the energy needed by the body is provided by carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Here, the relationship between hydrogen and oxygen is the same as in water molecules. That is why they are called carbohydrates. During physical labor, the need for carbohydrates increases. They are also involved in plastic forming processes. Carbohydrates increase the amount of glucose in the blood and increase the amount of glycogen in the liver and muscles, being included in the composition of cells and tissues. Glucose is converted into reserve carbohydrates - glycogen, which is an energy reserve that serves to maintain the level of sugar in the blood at a normal level and ensures the stable functioning of all organ systems.
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Статья научная
The study investigates the biomorphological, phytocenological, and phytochemical characteristics of the family Crassulaceae in the flora of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The main objective of the research was to evaluate the ecological adaptation mechanisms, community structure participation, and bioactive compound potential of Crassulaceae species distributed in the arid and semi-arid ecosystems of the region. Field investigations were carried out during the active vegetation period using route and quadrat sampling methods. Biomorphological characteristics of plants were analyzed based on life form classification, morphometric parameters, and structural adaptation features. Phytocenological assessment was performed using the Braun-Blanquet approach to determine species abundance, dominance status, and interspecific relationships within plant communities. Phytochemical screening of leaf and stem samples was conducted using standard qualitative reactions and spectrophotometric analysis to determine the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant constituents. The results demonstrated that Crassulaceae species in the study area are mainly hemicryptophyte and chamaephyte life forms with succulent vegetative organs adapted to water-deficit conditions. These species are commonly associated with petrophytic xerophytic communities and play a stabilizing role in erosion-prone habitats. Phytochemical analysis revealed moderate to high levels of secondary metabolites, with ecological stress factors influencing compound accumulation. In conclusion, Crassulaceae representatives show significant ecological plasticity and possess promising biological activity potential, supporting their importance in biodiversity conservation and applied botanical research in the region. Research in this direction can provide a scientific basis for a deeper understanding of the structural and functional characteristics of vegetation, the protection of rare and endemic species, as well as the identification of promising medicinal and ornamental plants.
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Phytochemical Profile, Pharmacological Aspects, and Biotechnological Potential of the Genus Prangos
Статья научная
The genus Prangos (Apiaceae) comprises about 45 perennial aromatic species distributed mainly across the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Over the past two decades, Prangos species have received growing scientific attention due to their remarkable content of coumarins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and essential oils with diverse biological activities. This review summarizes current knowledge on the phytochemical composition, pharmacological effects, and biotechnological potential of Prangos species, with particular emphasis on P. ferulacea and P. trifida . Data from in vitro, in vivo, and biochemical assays are critically assessed. Evidence supports their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme inhibitory properties, alongside promising industrial and biotechnological applications. The review aims to consolidate recent findings and identify future research directions for exploiting Prangos as a source of natural bioactive compounds.
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Статья научная
Discusses the participation of representatives of the Brassicaceae Burnett. family in the spring flora of the lowland areas of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, using the road leading to the Julfa district as an example. The study provides information on species belonging to the genera Arabidopsis (DC.) Heynh. and Camelina Crantz within this family. Specifically, the species Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz were identified along the road to Julfa. Data on the phytocoenosis formed by these species and its species composition are presented in tabular form. The study investigates the family, genus, life form, and ecological group of the species forming the phytocoenosis.
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Статья научная
The dendroflora of Ganja city includes the general composition of trees and shrubs naturally distributed in the city and used in greening. This flora has a significant impact on the ecological state of the city, its microclimate and the health of residents. The phytosanitary state of trees and shrubs used in greening reflects the health status of plants distributed in the area, their resistance to diseases, pests and environmental factors. From a phytosanitary point of view, exhaust gases and industrial waste cause a decrease in the quality of soil and air. This, in turn, creates stress in plants and reduces their resistance to diseases. In urban areas, tree species that are not suitable for the climate and soil are often damaged and stop developing. At this time, fungal, bacterial, viral diseases and pests develop, leading to the destruction of vegetation.
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Production and Use of Natural Antibiotics
Статья научная
This article presents an analysis of the biological, psychological, and social foundations of antibiotic dependence. An "artificial sense of security" and fear of illness exacerbate psychological dependence on antibiotics, leading to their inappropriate and repeated use. This behavior poses a serious threat not only to human health but also to public health systems and global infection control policies. Extraction and formulation technologies are considered, including the preparation of aqueous and alcohol extracts, tinctures and tinctures, as well as safe glycerin-based alternatives for children. Using the Nakhchivan region as an example, the potential of local flora and research infrastructure is analyzed. Preparations derived from plants common in the region, such as dogwood, garlic, propolis, sage, and mountain ginger, are considered important resources for integrating traditional medicine with modern biotechnology.
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Статья научная
The ability of aquatic ecosystems to self-purify is closely dependent on many natural factors. The purpose of the study is to assess the self-purifying ability of surface waters for pollutants along the coastal zone of the Caspian Sea (in the territory of Azerbaijan) under the influence of abiogenic factors - climatic, hydrodynamic, hydro chemical, etc. The system analysis revealed a general pattern : in general, the self-purifying ability of river systems along the Caspian coastal zone increases in the direction from south to north. In order to preserve water quality in river systems, it is important to develop a set of measures to protect biodiversity in these coastal terrestrial ecosystems and water catchments (watersheds) on the northeastern slope of the Greater Caucasus.
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Статья научная
Testate amoebae (Testacea) and ciliates (Ciliophora) are widespread in the freshwater ecosystems of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The distribution, abundance, and species diversity of these protozoans are influenced by various environmental factors. Temperature, water depth, gas conditions, and trophic interactions play a particularly important role. The optimal temperature range for both groups is from 15°C to 28°C. Testate amoebae are typically highly active at temperatures of 20–25°C. In bodies of water, when water temperatures exceed 30°C, the reproductive rate of testate amoebae decreases. Ciliates exhibit maximum reproductive capacity at temperatures of 18°C to 26°C. At temperatures approaching 35°C, protein denaturation occurs, leading to a rapid population decline. At lower temperatures (0–4°C), vital processes cease, but some species can survive for extended periods as cysts.
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Reproduction of Hirudo orientalis in laboratory and natural conditions
Статья научная
The medicinal leech is included in Azerbaijan's "Red Book". For this reason, research has been conducted to increase leeches to protect the hirudofauna of our country. Three methods were used to breed it in the laboratory. The laboratory research was conducted at the Institute of Zoology. Studies have been conducted in natural conditions At the Mingachevir Scientific-Experimental Laboratory. In laboratory conditions, leeches were fed once a month, while those selected for reproduction were fed twice a month with the blood, spleen, and liver of large livestock. Based on our research, we can conclude that the optimal temperature range for the survival of Hirudo orientalis in laboratory conditions is 20-25°C.
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Статья научная
Rosaceae spreading in mountain-xerophytic and steppe vegetation of Shahbuz district flora, is presented in the article. Information is given on the taxonomic composition, life forms, ecological groups, geographical area types and classes of woody species of the family. According to the researches conducted by us, when we characterized the woody species of the mountain-xerophyte and steppe zone of the Shahbuz district flora belonging to the Rosaceae family by genera, it was found that Rosa - 21 (37.5%), Crataegus - 7 (12.5%), Pyrus - 7 (12.5%), Prunus - 6 (10.71%), Sorbus - 5 (8.92%), Cotoneaster - 4 (7.14%), Rubus and Spiraea - 2 (3.57%), Malus and there is - 1 (1.78%) species of the Pyracantha genus. Shrub plants, especially woody species of the Rosaceae family, occupy an important place in the structure of Shahbuz district flora. They are part of the bush steppes, form independent groups and form unique formations.
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Rosmarinus officinalis L., properties, areas of application
Статья научная
Presents information about the botanical characteristics of rosemary, the regions and species of rosemary found in Azerbaijan, its chemical composition, fields of application, medicinal and therapeutic properties, as well as the preparation of its oil. The conducted research has revealed that there are two species of the genus Rosmarinus in nature: 1. Rosmarinus officinalis and Rosmarinus eriocalyx. In the flora of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, the species Rosmarinus officinalis is found, while Rosmarinus eriocalyx is encountered in the Mediterranean region. Based on literature data and our research, species belonging to this genus are used in medical, ecological, decorative, and cosmetic fields.
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Статья научная
The effect of salt stress on several morpho-physiological characteristics of maize plants has been investigated in this study. Maize seedlings were treated with 0, 1, 2, and 3% NaCl for 5 days. It was shown that due to salinity, the growth traits (length of root and plant, fresh weight and dry weight of root and seedlings, leaf area, salt tolerance index, RWC, etc.) are significantly reduced. The relative water content in the leaves of the plant decreased gradually with increasing NaCl levels. High salt stress had a strong on root growth. Based on our results on the ultrastructure of the root obtained by electron microscopy, salinity slightly damaged the root anatomy.
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Статья научная
Carnivorous animals play a key role in maintaining the health and resilience of ecosystems. Although these species are often viewed as harmful and dangerous around the world, they actually perform several important functions. Thus, these creatures are an integral component of ecosystems, playing a crucial role in regulating the numbers of sick and old individuals within populations of both carnivores and prey species. At the same time, carnivores serve as “keystone” species by maintaining herbivore and rodent populations at normal levels. In recent years, the impacts on wildlife have been steadily intensifying due to increasing human activity. The reduction and fragmentation of habitats due to human exploitation of natural resources, along with the inability to obtain sufficient food resulting from decreased prey populations in the wild, negatively impact these animals. Industrial development, forest fires, tourism expansion, as well as illegal and excessive hunting, lead to the loss of their natural habitats. Although such activities and disasters affect all living organisms, many scientists agree that human impact constitutes a global issue and poses a significant threat, particularly to carnivores. Our studies of mammal species inhabiting the Gizilaghaj National Park, their bioecological characteristics, and population dynamics play a crucial role in assessing the role of these creatures in the ecosystem and their functions in protecting complex living systems.
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Some Types of Sucking Pests of Stone Fruit Trees in the Shaki-Zakatala Region and their Entomophage
Статья научная
In Azerbaijan, and in the Shaki-Zagatala region, rich in orchards, valuable stone fruit trees are grown, which formed the basis of this work. The area of stone fruit orchards is increasing annually. To achieve higher yields, a pest protection plan was developed and implemented. A key issue is the identification of stone fruit tree pests and the timely and effective implementation of control measures. From 2001 to 2013, field and laboratory studies of stone fruit tree pests and their entomophages were conducted in the districts of Balakan, Zagatala, Shaki, Kash, Oguz, Gabala, and Ismaili. The districts of Zagatala, Shaki, Ismaili, and Gabali were selected as permanent sites. The study of the species composition, biological characteristics and economic significance of pests of fruit and forest trees and their entomophages opens up opportunities for the use of entomophages in the fight against harmful insects.
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Special protection of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic natural areas
Статья научная
The presented article provides information on specially protected natural areas of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The environmental strategy implemented under the leadership of Heydar Aliyev since the 70s of the last centuries is successfully continuing in Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic today. The article also pays special attention to the beauty of the nature of Nakhchivan and the potential of ecotourism. As a result of the research, it was found that in the past period, in order to improve the environmental situation and protect biodiversity, the negative impact on the environment was minimized, and modern technologies were used in economic development. Specially protected natural territories have been created to protect the flora and fauna species of the territories that fascinate with aesthetic beauty, ecological balance, protection and restoration of biodiversity, the uniqueness of the natural environment, rare and endangered species. The article also contains detailed information about the territories of the Ordubad State Nature Reserve, Ordubad National Park, Shahbuz State Nature Reserve, Arpachay State Nature Reserve and Arazboyu State Nature Reserve, their geographical position, flora and fauna species listed in the Red Book. also reflected. Created and protected reserves, reserves and parks are also of particular importance in terms of visibility when conducting production experiments for high school students.
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Species of the Brassicaceae Burnett. Family for the Flora of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan
Статья научная
The species of the Brassicaceae family of the flora of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan are considered. The flora of the region is characterized by 28 species belonging to 16 genera of this family. There are monotypic genera that are found only in the flora of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan: Aethionema R.Br., Alyssum L., Arabidopsis (DC.) Heynh., Arabis L., Atropatenia F.K. Mey., Asperuginoides Rauschert, Coluteocarpus Boiss., Cymatocarpus O.E. Schultz, Drabopsis C. Koch, Diptychocarpus Trautv., Erysimum L., Fibigia Medik., Isatis L., Peltariopsis N. Busch, Litwinowia Woronow and Sterigmostemum Bieb. Bioecological characteristics of these species are given.
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Статья научная
Shahbuz region, considered the “flora museum” of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, occupies a special place in the Autonomous Republic due to the richness of its biodiversity, especially the diversity of flora species. In fact, this richness is due to the many species contained in the flora of the region, including wild vegetables, honey and nectar plants, medicinal plants, as well as essences, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, grafting agents, etc. Medicinal plants are of particular importance in this wealth. Some plant raw materials contain bioactive compounds with a wide range of effects, and the study and application of various substances in these mixtures, especially flavonoids, has always been the focus of scientific attention. Particularly, the high biological activity of flavonoids, their broader pharmacological effects and abundance in the plant kingdom should be considered as the main reasons for conducting research. A number of flavonoids have antibacterial effects. Thanks to their antioxidant properties, flavonoids protect the body from harmful environmental influences. In particular, the use of these substances in medicine and cosmetics, the pharmaceutical and food industries leads to a further increase in interest in them. Considering that the species Scrophularia nodosa L., widespread in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Region, including the Shahbuz region, is rich in flavonoids, qualitative analyzes were carried out to prove the presence of flavonoids in Scrophularia nodosa , and the amount of flavonoids was determined by the spectrophotometric method. As a result of laboratory studies, the total amount of flavonoids, determined by spectrophotometric method in the form of Scrophularia nodosa L., was 5,58%.
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Structural changes in Peganum harmala L. induced by gamma radiation
Статья научная
For the first time, the qualitative and quantitative alkaloid composition of Peganum harmala L. was thoroughly studied by identifying IR and radiothermoluminescence spectra. In order to identify alkaloids, a new combined and improved IR spectroscopy and radiothermoluminescence methods with high resolution were proposed. It is shown that the content and ratio of different types of alkaloids in the stems and seeds of P.Harmala differ significantly. More precisely, harmine prevails in the seeds, and peganine in the stems. In terms of the content and ratio of alkaloid components, P. harmala growing in the Absheron has a number of advantages compared to the same plants growing in the Masalli and Ismailli regions. It was found that when P. Harmala samples were irradiated, the IR spectra were transformed. More precisely, in the region of small doses (0.5
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Study of microscopic fungi on medicinal plants growing in the Kedabay region
Статья научная
Mycological investigations on medicinal plants is carried out in many countries of the world, but local studies in this direction are not widespread enough. The study of microscopic fungal species (mycoflora) distributing on some medicinal plants ( Urtica dioica L., Stellaria media L., Cephalaria gigantea (Ledeb.) Bobrov) in the natural conditions of the Gadabay region and widely used in folk medicine, determining their systematic composition, and evaluating the results obtained on a scientific basis. The study was conducted based on mycological methods. The characteristics and eco-trophic relationships of them have been studied. The anamorphs of fungi belonging to the Ascomycota division are more numerous than those belonging to other taxonomic groups. They account for 66% of the total number of fungi recorded during the studies. 34% belong to the Zygomycota phylum. More than 15 species of micromycetes were found on the studied plants and they were systematically attributed to different taxonomic groups. Plant-fungal relationships were observed in various ecolotrophic types: parasitism, saprotrophy and, in rare cases, mutualism. The dominance of pathogenic micromycetes increased, especially in weakened and mechanically damaged plant organs. The results of the study are of great importance in terms of increasing the level of biological safety of medicinal plants and determining the hygienic and sanitary norms that should be observed during their proper collection, storage, and use.
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