Естественные науки. Рубрика в журнале - Бюллетень науки и практики
Статья научная
The study of the Salicaceae Mirb. species common in the flora of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic was conducted and their floristic analysis was performed. In the flora of the autonomous republic, 17 Salicaceae species belonging to 2 genera were identified, 9 species were assigned to the genus Salix L., and 8 species to the genus Populus L. Types of areas: boreal areal type (7 species), xerophilous areal type (4 species), Caucasian areal type (4 species) and desert areal type (1 species). The areal type was not determined for one species. This family is of great interest both in terms of biological diversity and ecological significance. It was established that the greatest species diversity of the family is found in the middle mountain zone, and a small part is found in the low and middle mountain zones, as well as in the subalpine zone. At present, the issues of adjusting botanical-geographical and historical plant systems, analyzing the distribution and genesis of species, and clarifying typical ranges are extremely important.
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Статья научная
Hawthorn (Crataegus) is a plant consisting of various species of thorny shrubs or small trees belonging to the Rosaceae family. The genus Hawthorn (Crataegus L.) has 20 species in the flora of Azerbaijan and 20 species in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic: Crataegus pontica C.Koch., Crataegus orientalis Pall. ex Bieb., Crataegus meyeri Pojark., Crataegus szowitsii Pojark., Crataegus pentagyna Waldst. & Kit., Crataegus pseudoheterophylla Pojark., Crataegus cinovski Kassymova., Crataegus sanguinea Pall., Crataegus curvisepala Lindm., Crataegus caucasica C. Koch. Hawthorn species are found in various ecological zones, including mountainous, flat and semi-desert areas. The climatic conditions of each region affect the phenological stages of plant development. In the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, hawthorn is found in almost all altitude zones (800-2500 m). The greatest amplitude of distribution belongs to the species Crataegus orientalis. It is found in areas from the foothill zone to the subalpine zone (900-2250 m). In the middle zone, the species C. cinovskisii, C. szovitsii, C. Tournefortii, C. pojarkoviae and C. pontica are predominantly common. However, in some cases, the distribution zone of the species C. pontica goes down, and the species C. pojarkoviae rises to the high-mountain zone. The species Crataegus caucasica, C. rhipidophylla, C. pseudoheterophylla and C. zangezura are found almost from the low-mountain zone to the subalpine zone, and the species C. atrosanguinea and C. eriantha are found in the low-mountain and middle-mountain zone. The distribution zone of the species C. meyeri sometimes reaches an altitude of 2350 m. The flower lump of the hawthorn species, which is used as a food and medicinal plant, is used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and to regulate heart rhythm. Ripe fruits are also useful for lowering blood pressure in folk medicine. The fruits and flowers of hawthorn are used in medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases, circulatory problems and high blood pressure. The plant is rich in flavonoids, antioxidants and tannins, so it strengthens the immune system and has an anti-inflammatory effect. Hawthorn is also used as an ornamental plant.
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Free-living infusor fauna of the Araz reservoir of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
Статья научная
The article studies the fauna of free-living infusoria (Ciliophora) in the Araz reservoir of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. As a result of seasonal studies during 2018-2022, 61 species of ciliated infusoria belonging to 29 families and 38 genera were identified. During the study, modern classification systems proposed by Lynn (2008) and Adl et al. (2005) were used, and the results obtained are of great importance in terms of studying the infusoria fauna of the reservoir and can be used as baseline data in future ecological monitoring and biodiversity conservation.
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Статья научная
In the period from 2017 to 2022, ciliated protozoa and testate amoebae were studied in freshwater ecosystems of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. 110 species of ciliates and 65 species of amoebae were identified. The species diversity of ciliates in freshwater is almost twice as high as in soil. The differences in species diversity between aquatic and soil amoebae are relatively small. The need for standardization of the methods used by researchers is emphasized. Further studies of these groups of protozoa are necessary to obtain more accurate conclusions about their ecological role, relationships, and their importance in various biological processes.
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Genetic characteristics of honey bee breeding in the Ganja-Gazakh region of Azerbaijan
Статья научная
Beekeeping is one of the oldest and most profitable sectors of agriculture. Since ancient times, humans have bred, propagated, and maintained honey bees ( Apis mellifera L.). The favorable soil and climatic conditions, along with the rich flora of Azerbaijan, create an ideal environment for the development of beekeeping. One of the challenges in bee breeding research is that honey bees mate in the air, often at considerable distances from their colonies. This complicates controlled breeding efforts. To address this issue, selection specialists are exploring artificial insemination techniques and the establishment of controlled mating zones. This article examines the development of beekeeping in Azerbaijan, with a particular focus on honey production in the Western region. Additionally, it explores the most effective modern approaches to bee breeding, especially in the context of increasing resistance to adverse environmental factors, which has become a critical priority in contemporary apiculture.
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Статья научная
The distribution of 176 plant species belonging to 27 families and 75 genera in the wild flora of the area was determined during the research conducted in Yevlakh district area in 2023-2025. A flora conspectus, identified during the research, was developed for the species, which included the taxonomic structure, life forms, geographical and areal types, ecological groups and endemism of the area’s flora. It was found that the Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Cyperaceae, Salicaceae, Polygonaceae and Rosaceae families are represented by more species in the area. The research also determined the species composition and structural characteristics of the phytocenoses found in the vegatation cover of Yevlakh district, revealing that the area’s flora includes desert, semi-desert, meadow, forest, swamp and other plant types. It was determined that recent global ecological problems, including anthropogenic factors, have a direct impact on the flora and vegetation of the area. In this regard, studying the geographical analysis of the current state of the flora in the territory of Yevlakh district creates the need for future geobotanical or phytosociological research within the area. This shows that the ongoing work is highly relevant.
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Health effects of polyphenols and flavonoids
Статья научная
Plants are the most important source of compounds that are very beneficial for the human body, including antioxidants. Therefore, the study of compounds in plants and their use in human nutrition is of great importance in our time. In this regard, this research work was aimed at studying the health effects of flavonoid and polyphenolic compounds, which are relevant in modern times. The article examines the works of many local and foreign researchers and summarizes the results obtained. It has been determined that flavonoids of natural origin have been the focus of increasing attention of researchers for many years and are widely used. Polyphenols have been the subject of many scientific studies due to their positive effects on health. These studies investigate how polyphenols act in the body and by what mechanisms they improve health. This is mainly due to their valuable medicinal value, as they are a source for capillary-strengthening, anti-inflammatory, choleretic, anti-sclerotic, anti-cancer, etc. preparations. Recently, attention has also been paid to the antioxidant properties of flavonoids. The role of polyphenols in preventing cardiovascular disease has been highlighted in many studies in recent years. Polyphenols lower blood pressure by dilating blood vessels, inhibit the oxidation of LDL (bad cholesterol), and increase HDL (good cholesterol) levels.
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Human anthropometric indicators for the preparation of simulation models
Статья научная
Normal human anthropometric parameters are used in the development of medical rehabilitation techniques, in the performance of surgical techniques used for normal human functioning. In order to perform these operations successfully, it is necessary to model normal human physical characteristics and, based on these models, perform the operations correctly. Normal anatomical characteristics have a positive effect on the physiological state of the person. The relevance of the research stimulates the development of the science of valeology and increases the relevance and practical significance of the topic. Prosthetics of organs lost in wars and accidents are also performed on the basis of computer models. The science of digital anthropology is modeling human anthropometrics, and practically important predictions are being made based on this modeling. Digital anthropology is based on the research of modern technology to compile a database of the most diverse anthropological indicators of people. Anthropology occupies a special place in the system of scientific knowledge about the world, because it is a field of science that studies the origin, development and role of humans in nature and society. In modern medicine, mathematical and graphic modeling of human anatomical and anthropological indicators is required in all fields. Anthropometric indicators of humans are taken as the basis in surgery, military science, sports. The structure of shoulders, diaphragm, hips, face, and the age of a human being can also be defined by these anthropometric indicators.
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Статья научная
This study was conducted to assess the impacts of hydrological variability and climate change on river discharge within the Kura River basin. The analysis indicates that both annual and seasonal flow regimes have undergone substantial alterations over recent decades, driven by rising air temperatures, uneven spatial - temporal distribution of precipitation, and reductions in snowpack. These changes have intensified the frequency and magnitude of hydrometeorological extremes-particularly floods and droughts - thereby increasing the complexity of forecasting and water-resource planning across the basin. The methodological framework integrates the Mann-Kendall trend test, Sen’s slope estimator, and AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) time-series modelling to detect long-term tendencies and quantify variability in streamflow dynamics. The combined application of these statistical tools enables a robust evaluation of monotonic trends, directional changes, and predictive behavior of discharge under changing climatic conditions. The findings highlight that adaptive water management, enhanced regional monitoring, and ecosystem-based approaches represent essential strategies for improving the sustainability and resilience of water-resource governance in the Kura River basin. Strengthening these measures will contribute to evidence-based decision-making and more effective responses to the growing challenges associated with climate-induced hydrological shifts.
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Impact of Environmental Pollution on Fish in the Arats Reservoir
Статья научная
The study was conducted on fish. As a result, it was determined that, depending on the time and type of pollution, similar pathologies, including edema, exudates, and hemorrhages, are observed in various fish species. The reaction to toxicant exposure manifests as various anomalies and pathologies (nephrocalcitosis, and structural anomalies in the gills, fins, internal skeleton, and skull). A decrease in the fish population of the Araz reservoir living in zones of strong technogenic impact, a reduction in spawning potential, or even complete displacement from their habitats was observed. For the first time, methods for the rational management of fish resources have been developed for the region's reservoirs. The organization of fish weight monitoring, assessment of the impact of economic activities on aquatic ecosystems, compilation of an ecological forecast, and development opportunities and prospects for fisheries have been identified.
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Impact of genetically modified organisms on human health
Статья научная
Investigates the impact of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on human health. It is noted that the use of GMOs is increasing yearly worldwide. While gene technology, which has entered our lives through the creation of genetically modified organisms, shows benefits, it also presents certain challenges. These challenges include negative impacts on distribution and balance, toxic effects on plants, difficulties in fighting pathogens due to the development of antibiotic-resistant genes, gene transfers, and an increased risk of allergic reactions due to GMOs, all of which raise relevant questions about genetically modified organisms. It is highlighted that in recent years, biotechnology and the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) developed through biotechnological research methods are among the topics of most interest worldwide. Based on the information obtained from the research, the article explores the potential benefits, harms, and risks of genetically modified organisms, their effects on biodiversity, socioeconomic and legal dimensions, as well as consumer perspectives. In conclusion, it is stated that since the opinions of scientists around the world about the benefits and harms of GMO products are not unanimous, it would be more appropriate to consider the favorable natural conditions in our country for the cultivation of agricultural products and use ecologically clean food products.
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Influence of the Para-Aminobenzoic Acid–NiSO₄·7H₂O Complex on In Vitro Proliferation of Gisela-5
Статья научная
In this study, we synthesised a coordination compound resulting from the interaction of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) with nickel (II) sulfate heptahydrate (NiSO₄·7H₂O). To clarify its structural features, the complex was examined by FT-IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Its biological influence was tested on Gisela-5 rootstock grown in vitro through microclonal propagation. The compound was added to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium at four concentrations: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg·100 mL⁻¹. The treatment containing 1.5 mg·100 mL⁻¹ promoted the highest proliferation rate, nearly 90%. These observations suggest that the PABA-NiSO₄·7H₂O complex may act as a useful biostimulant for enhancing plant tissue culture growth.
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Статья научная
Ecological monitoring of airborne microfungi in the residential environment of Baku during 2024–2025 revealed that their seasonal and spatial distribution is closely associated with urban climatic conditions, humidity fluctuations, and anthropogenic impacts. During the dry summer season (humidity <70%), Alternaria alternata, Alternaria tenuissima, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Cladosporium herbarum were dominant, with average concentrations ranging from 450 to 850 CFU/m³, contributing significantly to allergic diseases such as rhinitis and asthma. In the autumn–winter period (humidity 70–85%), species such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp., and Stachybotrys chartarum prevailed, with concentrations increasing to 1300–1950 CFU/m³ and posing a higher risk of invasive mycoses. Spatial analysis indicates that the highest fungal diversity occurs in urban parks and green areas (Shannon index 2.75–2.95), whereas the lowest diversity is recorded in industrial districts (1.85–2.10), where heavy-metal-tolerant species dominate. Aerodynamic distribution confirmed by the Andersen impactor demonstrates that spores larger than 4.7 μm predominantly deposit in the upper respiratory tract, whereas particles smaller than 2.1 μm penetrate into the alveolar region of the lungs. Risk assessment categorizes species into critical (A. flavus, A. fumigatus; HQ 0.9–1.0), hazardous (Stachybotrys, Fusarium), and moderate (Cladosporium) groups. The synergistic interaction between PM2.5 particles and fungal bioaerosols enhances immunosuppression and respiratory disorders due to the combined action of particulate matter and mycotoxins. These findings highlight the necessity for continuous aeromycological monitoring, AI-based predictive models, and expansion of urban green zones.
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Investigation of the Possibility of Developing Natural Remedies Based on Mud Volcano Products
Статья научная
Volcanic mud has long been the focus of scientific interest as a natural therapeutic agent. Its composition includes microelements and organic components such as syngenetic bitumen, resins, asphaltenes, humic substances, certain enzymes, and fulvic acids. Scientific studies have confirmed the presence of bactericidal substances and other biologically active compounds in the mud samples that may exert beneficial effects on the human body during treatment. Research findings indicate that the organic composition of volcanic mud shares similarities with the therapeutic properties of White Naftalan oil. As part of the study, the elemental and phase composition of breccia mud obtained from the Pirekeshkul mud volcano was analyzed. It was established that the mud does not contain components harmful to human health. This suggests that the specified volcanic mud is suitable for use in the formulation of cosmetic products. During experimental procedures, various cosmetic ointments were developed using breccia mud from the volcano in combination with White Naftalan oil and plant-derived essential oils, as well as compositions of essential oils with T-46 oil. Research findings revealed that the oxygen present in the samples existed primarily in the form of oxides.
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Статья научная
This study investigates the acid-catalyzed condensation between allantoin and dicyandiamide, focusing on the structural identification of nitrogen-rich intermediates and final products. The reaction system was examined under controlled reflux conditions, allowing the isolation of two major fractions, designated LG-5A and LG-5B. FTIR spectroscopy was applied as the primary analytical technique to evaluate functional-group transformations, including shifts in carbonyl, amide, imide, and guanidine-related bands. LG-5A demonstrated sharper, well-defined peaks, suggesting a more ordered condensation product, while LG-5B exhibited broader absorptions, consistent with higher hydrogen-bonding or partial unreacted material. The results support a mechanism in which dicyandiamide undergoes nucleophilic addition to the ureido carbonyl of allantoin, followed by dehydration and formation of extended C-N conjugation. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of urea- and guanidine-based frameworks, which are relevant in polymer science, functional materials, and nitrogen-rich compound design.
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Main Directions of Modern Hydrological Research in Azerbaijan
Статья научная
Modern hydrological research in Azerbaijan is primarily focused on the efficient management of water resources. Advanced equipment is being installed for monitoring water bodies, and the network of hydrological stations is expanding. These studies monitor the hydrology of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, assessing both the quantity and quality of water. In recent years, automated hydrological stations equipped with sensors have been put into operation, especially in territories liberated from occupation, where monitoring activities have been restored. These efforts are important for the sustainable management of water resources and the preservation of ecological balance. Overall, hydrological research in Azerbaijan is developing through the application of modern technologies, providing valuable data for water resource planning. In recent years, hydrological research in Azerbaijan has been further developed through the application of modern technologies and is primarily focused on the efficient management of water resources. These studies aim to examine the regimes of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and groundwater, assessing both the quantity and quality indicators of water. Hydrological observations are mainly carried out through automated stations in real time, which ensures greater accuracy and efficiency in monitoring and planning water resources. One of the main objectives of hydrological research is to identify climate and water balance changes occurring in different regions of the country and to forecast flood and drought risks in advance. This is of great importance for the population, as well as for sectors such as agriculture, industry, and energy. Additionally, aspects like the base flow of rivers, reservoir water levels, and the management of irrigation systems are also among the key directions of these studies.
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Medicinal plants containing anthracene
Статья научная
Various types of phytochemicals are present in plant parts such as bark, stem, roots, and other plant components. The distribution, chemical composition, and use of anthracene derivative-containing plants growing in Azerbaijan were investigated. Anthraquinones can be used as agents that have an active effect against malignant tumors and stimulate immunity against new malignant derivatives. Oxy- and oxymethylanthraquinones of fennel have antispasmodic and diuretic effects, and the content of calcium and magnesium phosphates in them ensures the fragmentation and removal of urinary stones from the body. Methyloxyanthraquinone derivatives are present in the bark, leaves, shoots, and fruits of Rhamnus cathartica. Freshly picked pods contain anthraglycoside frangulioriside, which oxidizes and turns into glucofrangulin when stored in pods for 1 year. Rhubarb root and its extracts have a laxative effect, increasing intestinal peristalsis. Aloe is used for skin care.
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Melissa officinalis L. (Lemon Balm): Flavonoid Composition and Antioxidant Properties
Статья научная
Melissa officinalis L. belongs to the genus Melissa L. (commonly known as lemon balm) of the family Lamiaceae Martynov. This plant, possessing strong pharmacological properties, has been extensively studied in several countries, including Turkey, Iran, Algeria, France, Germany, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, North America, and many others. To analyze the harmonization of the effects of Melissa officinalis L. in folk medicine and modern medical science and to strengthen the flavonoid content of the plant cultivated by the population in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. Because polyphenol and flavonoid compounds have a special role in each pharmacological effect. Plant material of Melissa officinalis L. was obtained from a private household in the Ordubad district of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The study was conducted at the Biomedicine Center of Nakhchivan State University. Extracts were prepared separately from the leaves and flowers of the plant using 70% ethanol. The total flavonoid content was determined using the colorimetric method described by Fukumoto and Mazza. The total flavonoid content in the leaves of M. officinalis L. was determined to be 6.1777±0.466969 mg quercetin equivalents per g of dry sample, while in the flowers it was approximately two times lower - 3.5557±0.2688 mg QE/g dry sample. Collecting up-to-date scientific data on the medicinal properties of Melissa officinalis L. and studying its flavonoid composition in relation to the region of cultivation will facilitate future research on the extraction process and promote the broader application of this plant in medicine and pharmacology.
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Microbiological Investigation of the Transboundary Rivers of the Eastern Zangezur Economic Region
Статья научная
The article presents the results of research conducted on water and sediment samples collected from transboundary rivers located in the Eastern Zangezur economic region of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Microbiological and physicochemical analyses were carried out on the samples, revealing that temperature varied seasonally between 6.8–27°C, pH ranged from 7.7 to 10.5, and dissolved oxygen levels ranged from 5.6 to 8.5 mg/L. Among the biogenic elements, the concentrations of nitrate (NO₃⁻) and phosphate (PO₄³⁻) exceeded permissible limits. Among the heavy metals, the amount of molybdenum (Mo) was found to be above acceptable levels. These findings indicate that the rivers are exposed to pollution from industrial and agricultural sources. Microbiological analyses revealed a high concentration of saprotrophic bacteria, as well as aerobic and anaerobic bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle. In all the studied rivers, oil- and phenol-degrading bacteria were also detected. Additionally, bacteria of the genera Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella, which are indicators of fecal contamination, were found. The results provide important insights into the ecological condition of the studied water bodies and hold both scientific and practical significance for the protection of water resources in these areas.
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Modern Ecomonitoring of Anatidae in Azerbaijan
Статья научная
The obtained information significantly supplements the existing materials on the eco-biology of ducks and can be used to adjust hunting parameters in suburban hunting grounds. The data are of practical interest to the Ministry of Environmental Protection of Azerbaijan, as they can be used in the cadastral records of the Absheron Peninsula's forest-park green belt - the green areas of the cities of Baku, Sumgait, and Ganja. The available data on parasite fauna and the incidence of infectious diseases can be used in the work of the Veterinary Department of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
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