International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies @ijwmt
Journal articles - International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies
All articles: 648
Routing in Hybrid Software Defined Networking using Hop-Count Approach
Scientific article
Software-Defined Networking is a network framework that involves in separating a network’s control functions from its data forwarding functions, centralizing its intelligence, and abstraction its underlying architecture from applications and services. Hybrid Software-Define Networking is a framework which supports both the legacy protocols and the Software Defined Networking protocols to operate in the same environment. In this paper, we present an efficient technique for finding the shortest path between any two nodes in Hybrid SDN by reducing the complicated network topology to a basic topology while taking hop count into account. In the suggested proposal, a subgraph is generated from a complicated network, and the best path is found using a modified Bellman-Ford method, which saves time. The emulation test bed in Mininet was established for various numbers of nodes, and the results were analysed. The modified Bellman-Ford algorithm selects the optimal path between the two nodes. For networks with different numbers of nodes, the proposed approach offered a significant increase in the TCP throughput when compared with that of Spanning Tree Protocol. The number of packets received by the SDN controller is less with the proposed work. This increases TCP throughput by reducing the broadcast packets.
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SDN Interfaces: Protocols, Taxonomy and Challenges
Scientific article
The ever-increasing demands of Internet services like video on demand, big data applications, IoE and multi-tenant data centers have compelled the network industry to change its conventional non-evolving network architecture. Software Defined Network (SDN) has emerged as a promising network architecture which provides necessary abstractions and novel APIs to facilitate network innovations and simplifies network resource management by breaking the conventional network into multiple planes. All these SDN planes interact through open interfaces or APIs which are commonly categorized into southbound, northbound and west/eastbound interfaces. In this manuscript, we have identified and emphasized various communication protocols used at south and northbound interfaces. We have provided a taxonomy of south and northbound communication protocols based on their dependence, capabilities and properties. The pros and cons associated with each communication mechanism are highlighted and the numerous research challenges and open issues involved at these two interfaces are elucidated. In addition to it, we have proposed the necessary abstractions and extensions required in communication protocols at these two interfaces to simplify real-time monitoring and virtualization in next generation networks.
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SQL Injection Detection Tools Advantages and Drawbacks
Scientific article
SQL injection attack is a major threat to web application security. It has been rated as one of the most dangerous vulnerabilities for a web-based application. Based on the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP), it is measured as one of the top ten. Many types of research have been made to face this attack either by preventing the threat or at least detecting it. We aim in this paper to give an overview of the SQL injection (SQLI) attack and classify these attacks and prevention and detection tools. We introduce the most current techniques and tools that are used to prevent and detect SQLI and highlight their strengths and weaknesses.
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Sagacious Communication Link Selection Mechanism for Underwater Wireless Sensors Network
Scientific article
In underwater environment, the sensor nodes are deployed for collecting information and sending back to the base station. Establishing astute communication link among these sensor nodes in a multi-link routing environment is a key challenge for all underwater routing protocols. A sagacious communication link can only guarantee the maximum data transfer rate. The link selection mechanism of three underwater routing protocol i.e, Energy-aware Opportunistic Routing (EnOR) protocol, Shrewd Underwater Routing Synergy using Porous Energy Shell (SURS-PES) and Underwater Shrewd Packet Flooding Mechanism (USPF) have been investigated. After analyzing performance results of these protocols interms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, network lifespan and energy consumption using NS2 with AquaSim 2.0 simulator. The protocol existing, with sagacious link selection mechanism in multi-link routing environment has been identified. The identification of this sagacious link selection mechanism is a novel approach which can give specific knowledge for targeted output without wasting resources for irrelevant objectives.
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Scheduling and Queuing Strategies for Energy Efficient Routings in WMSNs
Scientific article
The single-path transmission protocols, cause throughput degradation for multimedia applications, considering the limited bandwidth and energy constraint of multimedia sensor nodes. Congestion on the network is a result of the issue of transferring a large amount of data. For multimedia data with low reliability, single path routing necessitates real-time Quality of Service (QoS) parameters and large bandwidth congestions that arise in intermediate nodes due to low memory. Consequently, leading to queuing delays and packet loss. Each chosen path must independently fulfill the corresponding QoS criteria while building the multiple paths for a multimedia application. Finding multiple paths with low path costs and high reliability while achieving application-specific QoS parameters is the aim of the effort.
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Scientific article
Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are employed to monitor and collect physiological data using wearable and implantable sensor nodes for remote medical applications. Due to the sensitive nature of the data transmitted over open wireless channels, robust security measures are critical. WBANs are particularly susceptible to threats such as eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks, node capture, and replay attacks. Moreover, the constrained nature of sensor nodes and duplicate occurrence of keys makes it challenging for cryptographic key management protocols to function efficiently without increasing the computational and storage overhead of the security protocol. This work proposes a secure and efficient key management protocol designed for key establishment, revocation, and renewal of compromised keys in WBANs. The protocol leverages elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and integrates a keychain hash function mechanism to eliminate the reuse of keys and execute key computations efficiently. Furthermore, it utilizes an authentication method based on authentication tables, which reduces the number of messages exchanged and minimizes computational overhead. To guarantee the protocol's robustness, a formal validation using BAN logic was conducted, validating that the protocol meets key security requirements, which include, confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. An informal security analysis further demonstrates the protocol's resilience against impersonation, eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle, replay, and injection attacks. A performance evaluation of the protocol’s computational and storage costs was also carried out. The results show that while our protocol incurs lower computational costs compared to some related works, it exhibits slightly higher costs compared to others. In terms of storage overhead, our protocol outperforms most existing solutions. Future work will focus on optimizing the protocol and exploring further efficiency improvements in its implementation within a WBAN testbed.
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Securevault: Multi-Layered Infosec Integration
Scientific article
Currently, valuable information requires security because cyber threats have escalated. The CIA Triad is one of the core concepts in information security which defines three main objectives of any security program: Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. Each component of the triad covers a different aspect to ensure proper protection and management of information. Confidentiality ensures that sensitive details are only obtained by authorized personnel or corporations. Maintaining integrity involves ensuring data accuracy and reliability by preventing unauthorized changes. Availability guarantees that information and related systems can be used as needed. This paper presents an innovative hybrid form of security system aiming at selecting the best cryptographic and steganographic techniques. Additionally, the Huffman encoding scheme is employed to increase the embedding capacity of the proposed mechanism. Thus, cryptography and steganography are taken as measures in the field of communication and information security. Cryptography and steganography are two different but connected areas within the broader information security domain. Both methods share some common features in securing information although they differ in their functions and performance characteristics. In this paper, an integrated method that combines Cryptography, compression, steganography, and the InterPlanetary File System has been presented as a basis for information security. Consequently, this system is implemented by using a Python Tkinter module that makes it possible to be used in real-life situations without much difficulty. This application enables its users to encrypt messages, compress them, and hide them inside other files like they were of no significance at all. The interface design ensures that users can move around different functions easily without demanding technological expertise or knowledge. A flexible framework is offered through which sensitive data can be secured against various digital landscapes subjecting to current threats in data security. In general, this paper demonstrates how cryptography, compression, LSB steganography, and IPFS may be combined thus showing the practicality and benefits of such a unified approach for safeguarding valuable digital records. The novelty of this work lies in the unified implementation of ECC-based key exchange, AES-GCM encryption, Huffman compression, LSB steganography, and IPFS decentralized storage in a real-world deployable GUI framework. Unlike prior studies that address these methods separately, this system integrates them into a streamlined pipeline that enhances embedding efficiency, encryption robustness, and secure data retrieval over decentralized platforms. The holistic approach and practical usability make it distinct from existing security models. In general, this paper demonstrates how cryptography, compression, LSB steganography, and IPFS may be combined, thus showing the practicality and benefits of such a unified approach for safeguarding valuable digital records.
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Scientific article
Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) pipelines have become fundamental to modern software engineering, enabling rapid and reliable delivery of applications. However, their automation introduces critical vulnerabilities, particularly credential leaks and misconfigurations, which undermine the security of development and deployment environments. This study investigates security risks in Dock-er-based GitHub Actions workflows and proposes a tailored, DevSecOps-aligned security checklist to mitigate these threats. A systematic literature review was combined with hands-on experiments, in which controlled credential exposures and workflow misconfigurations were deliberately introduced and analyzed. Security controls such as secret scanning with GitGuardian and TruffleHog, configuration validation with GHAST, and access control enforcement were tested in a CI/CD testbed. The findings demonstrate that these integrated methods significantly reduce the risk of credential leakage and pipeline hijacking, while maintaining minimal performance overhead. The novelty of this work lies in consolidating fragmented best practices into a work-flow-specific model that is immediately applicable to real-world projects. This contrib-utes actionable guidance for secure-by-design CI/CD pipelines, offering practical protection against supply-chain threats while preserving delivery speed and scalability.
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Securing DSR for Mobile Ad hoc Network with Message Digest Algorithm
Scientific article
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are very useful in various scenarios where there is need of fast deployment of the network and expensive set up is not required. With these benefits, there are some issues related to these networks. One of these issues is of secure communication. Malicious nodes can easily attack existing routing protocols for MANETs like DSR. In this paper we have proposed a modification of DSR by using message digest. The proposed work produces better results in terms of different metrics when compared with the results of DSR. When a route is set up between the two communicating mobile nodes, the data is sent through a secure key which is not impossible for the intruder nodes to intercept. This halts intrusion in the network. A message digest is created of the data packets.
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Securing Drone Communications: A Vulnerability Analysis of MAVLink
Scientific article
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly being integrated into a wide range of industries and ap- plications, including but not limited to surveillance, logistics, environmental monitoring, infrastructure inspection, and disaster management. The growing deployment of UAVs in both civilian and defence sectors highlights their versatil- ity and operational efficiency. However, one of the core enablers of UAV functionality is their dependence on wireless communication systems and network protocols to facilitate control, telemetry, and coordination with ground control sta- tions or other UAVs. This reliance on open and often unsecured communication channels exposes UAVs to a variety of significant security threats. This paper focuses on performing a comprehensive vulnerability analysis of the MAVLink protocol, which is currently the most extensively adopted communication protocol for UAVs. We analyse key security weaknesses inherent in the MAVLink protocol’s design, as well as additional vulnerabilities that may arise from specific implementations of the protocol. These vulnerabilities can enable a wide range of potential attacks, including spoofing, message injection, replay attacks, and unauthorised access. In addition, we assess the effectiveness of existing security mechanisms that have been proposed or implemented, such as encryption techniques, authentication frameworks, and intrusion detection systems. By systematically highlighting these vulnerabilities and their real-world implications, this study aims to offer meaningful insights into improving MAVLink protocol security and fostering more resilient and secure UAV communication systems.
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Securing Musical Streams: Leveraging ElGamal Encryption in REST API Frameworks for PWAs
Scientific article
Subscription music platforms, like many web applications, increasingly rely on Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) to enhance user experience. These PWAs function by exchanging data with servers or REST APIs. However, the current reliance on REST APIs poses significant security risks due to vulnerabilities in data transmission. To address this issue, this research integrates the El Gamal cryptographic algorithm into the architecture of a subscription music platform. By incorporating the El Gamal cryptographic algorithm, this research endeavors to fortify the security posture of data exchanged between users and servers through REST APIs. This encryption method was selected for its robust resistance to various cryptographic attacks, providing a strong defense against unauthorized interception and tampering of sensitive information. To evaluate the efficacy of the El Gamal integration, a rigorous white box testing regimen was employed, encompassing metrics such as cyclomatic complexity and basic path testing. These assessments comprehensively examined the code's structure and execution to identify potential vulnerabilities and ensure the correct implementation of the cryptographic algorithm. The findings of the white box testing unequivocally demonstrated the successful integration of El Gamal cryptography on both the client and server components of the subscription music platform, effectively safeguarding the confidentiality and integrity of data transmitted via REST APIs. This research contributes to the advancement of secure communication protocols within web applications, particularly subscription-based platforms. Through the implementation of robust encryption, the study enhances data integrity and confidentiality, ultimately building user trust.
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Securing Peer-to-Peer Distributions with Trusted Platform Modules
Scientific article
We present a novel solution that allows one platform to securely distribute or redistribute digital contents to another in P2P networks. The solution is based on platforms with Trusted Platform Modules (TPMs). It maintains the confidentiality and freshness of digital contents during the processes of distribution. Given an ideal (tamper-proof) trusted platform, the solution can even withstand attacks by dishonest users during the processes of usage. Moreover, it can also be used to redistribute n-time-use digital content offline, so it is more flexible and scalable than other related distribution solutions to enable widespread deployment. Lastly, by adding a few simple features to TPMs, our solution can easily prevent the malicious sender and receiver from colluding when the redistribution takes place, so we can ensure that they can not gain more than a previously defined amount of rights without contacting the content provider.
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Scientific article
Vehicular Ad hoc Network could manage the various critical issues of road transport. That is why it is the most crucial field of research for most of the researchers. This survey paper discusses various issues related to Security Challenges, Security Architecture actors, Security Authentication, Application Constraints, various trust models etc. this paper encourages you to think about various fields of work need to be carried out in this field for the better VANET environment. Various schemes have been mentioned which could be improved further as per considering various real time conditions.
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Selecting the COTS Components Using Ad-hoc Approach
Scientific article
This paper presents the current scenario of our software industry which is deploying CBSE approach to construct high quality deliverable software products at shorter time to market. As both Vendor-specific and OSS COTS components are equally popular now-a-days. Hence, the availability of a wide range of COTS components in market is quite high. To select the best suitable candidate among the various available components, various formal methods and techniques like OTSO have been introduced by researchers. In this paper, COTS based software development & SDLC under CBSE tradition are discussed. Along with this discussion, it uncovers the fact that our software developers are applying Ad-hoc techniques as per their taste for making the selection of the most appropriate components for their projects rather than following the formal methods. Through this paper, various possible reasons behind the ‘Not-so-In-Use’ nature of these formal methods are being reported.
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Signal Strength Variation and Propagation Profiles of UHF Radio Wave Channel in Ondo State, Nigeria
Scientific article
This study investigated the received signal strength and the propagation profiles for UHF channel 23, broadcast signal in Ondo State, Nigeria, at various elevation levels. The signal strength was measured quantitatively across the state along several routes with the aid of a digital field strength meter. A global positioning system (GPS) receiver was used to determine the elevation above ground level, the geographic coordinates and the line of sight of the various data points from the base station. Data obtained were used to plot the elevation and propagation profiles of the signal along measurement's routes. Results showed that the signal strength was strongest towards the northern parts with respect to distance compared to other routes with the same distance contrary to inverse square law. The threshold signal level for the station was 20dBµV which was recorded up to 50km line of sight from the transmitter towards the northern parts of the state where higher levels of elevation of data locations were recorded and 42km towards the southern parts with lower values of elevation. The propagation profiles for all the routes follow the elevation pattern of the study areas, with some farther locations recording higher signal strength compared to closer locations to the transmitter contrary to theoretical expectation. The overall results show that elevation above ground level is a key factor to be considered for UHF transmission and reception (location of transmitters, transmitting antenna's height, directivity and gain. Others are, transmitter output power, receiving antenna's height and gain) in the study areas.
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Simulation Design of AOS Cross Layer Transmission
Scientific article
In this paper, the AOS effective throughput rate is analyzed firstly. Then, in order to improve the effective throughput rate, a scheme of AOS cross layer transmission system is presented. In the proposed scheme, based on the space channel state, the dynamic optimization parameters of AOS Space Date Link Protocol sublayer and AOS Sync and Channel Coding sublayer are selected. Then the switch thresholds are presented. Finally, the effective throughput rate of the proposed AOS cross layer transmission system is simulated. Simulations show that the throughput rate can be optimized effectively.
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Scientific article
In this paper, simulation of rectangular ring micro-strip patch antenna for ultra wideband (UWB) wireless applications is done. The attractiveness of this antenna is that it employs solo patch that makes it easy to fabricate and economical as well. It also mitigates the issue of misalignment. By making use of matching rectangular strips, impedance bandwidth enhancement is also attained. At centre frequency return loss is not more than -10dB. It demonstrates superior radiation characteristics and reasonable gain in the whole operating band. In the designing of proposed antenna, micro-strip feeding is used for power supply purpose. CST Microwave studio suit 10 is used for the simulation purpose of the proposed antenna, which is a 3D electromagnetic field tool for simulation of electromagnetic field in all frequency bands. After simulation of proposed antenna, enhancement in impedance bandwidth of 20.60%, frequency range of 1.8533 GHz, radiation efficiency of 92.51%, and gain of 3.765dbi are obtained.
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Smart Factory based on IIoT: Applications, Communication Networks and Cybersecurity
Scientific article
Smart factory represents one of the main Industrial Internet of Things applications that contribute in the industrial activities in the smart cities. This field acquires a special attention with the age of industry 4 from upgrading the passive machine into cyber physical system point of view. However, the process of developing the traditional factory into smart factory faces some issues regarding to handle smart and safe management such as handling the requirements of smart factory applications and the communication networks that should transfer the data among different parts. The current review paper highlights the up-to-date related works in the field of industry 4 in terms of industrial internet of things (IIoT) to filling the gap between the operational technologies and information technologies. Hence, the different architectures of IIoT are taken into consideration of research paper scope in terms of investigation and analysis. This work concentrates on the smart factory application and aims to connect between applications requirements and communication networks in the field of the smart factory in order to hold the optimum management to this aspect. Moreover, the expected cyberthreats and cyberattacks in the smart factory are captured in this work to explain the suitable countermeasures against such cyberattacks.
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Smart Home Security Using Facial Authentication and Mobile Application
Scientific article
In this fast-paced technological world, individuals want to access all their electronic equipment remotely, which requires devices to connect over a network via the Internet. However, it raises quite a lot of critical security concerns. This paper presented a home automation security system that employs the Internet of Things (IoT) for remote access to one's home through an Android application, as well as Artificial Intelligence (AI) to ensure the home's security. Face recognition is utilized to control door entry in a highly efficient security system. In the event of a technical failure, an additional security PIN is set up that is only accessible by the owner. Although a home automation system may be used for various tasks, the cost is prohibitive for many customers. Hence, the objective of this paper is to provide a budget and user-friendly system, ensuring access to the application and home attributes by using multi-modal security. Using Haar Cascade and LBPH the system achieved 92.86% accuracy while recognizing face.
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Smart locker: IOT based intelligent locker with password protection and face detection approach
Scientific article
In today’s world, security becomes a very important issue. We are always concerned about the security of our valuables. In this paper, we propose an IOT based intelligent smart locker with OTP and face detection approach, which provides security, authenticity and user-friendly mechanism. This smart locker will be organized at banks, offices, homes and other places to ensure security. In order to use this locker firstly the user have to login. User has to send an unlock request code (OTP) and after getting a feedback Email with OTP, he/she will be able to unlock the locker to access his/her valuables. We also introduce face detection approach to our proposed smart locker to ensure security and authenticity.
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