International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies @ijwmt
Journal articles - International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies
All articles: 648
Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna with Partial Ground, Slot, and Step for 5-6GHz IoT Applications
Scientific article
A wideband microstrip antenna is proposed with the partially ground structure for ISM (Industry, Science, Medical) band other wireless applications like worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and wireless local area network (WLAN). The need for compact antennas is continuously growing due to the rapid expansion of applications in today's environment. In this paper, a novel compact broadband patch antenna with an oval patch, rectangular slot, step, and partial ground is presented, which is compatible with ISM band, WLAN, and WiMAX applications. For S11(10dB) the suggested antenna has a bandwidth of 4.78GHz to 6.80GHz. The prototype is constructed on a commercially available FR4 substrate with dimensions of 20*15*1.6 mm3. The proposed antenna is ideally suited for ISM band WiMAX and WLAN applications. For bandwidth enhancement, a rectangular cut, a step below an oval patch is used and a partial ground structure is used to improve reflection co-efficient parameters (S11).
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Scientific article
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consist of a large number of sensor nodes with finite and limited energy levels distributed throughout a finite area. The energy of the nodes is mostly consumed to send information to a central station. Extending the network lifetime through decreasing the energy consumption of the nodes has always obtained attention, due to the energy limitations in WSNs. In this paper, a multi-level genetic based clustering algorithm is proposed to extend the lifetime of these types of networks. The proposed multi-level clustering algorithm divides the geographical area into three levels according to the radio range and the clustering of the nodes in each level is performed independently. Technically, Cluster Heads (CH) consumes more energy than other nodes to transmit data. So, the proposed algorithm aims to extend the network lifetime by reducing the number of CHs. Finally, a better energy consumption balance between the nodes is realized by altering the CHs in each routing round. The results of the experiments show the superiority of the proposed algorithm in terms of and the network lifetime over other analogous protocols.
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Reduction of Feedback Based-on User Traffic Rate in OFDM Relay System
Scientific article
In order to reduce feedback while maintaining user performance in multiuser orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) relay system, feedback mechanism based on user traffic rate is proposed. From the aspects of feedback outage probability, user weighted channel gain related to user traffic rate is compared with the system threshold. The higher user traffic rate is, the bigger the user traffic weight becomes. So the high traffic rate user has greater probability to be fed back, which can support different traffic rate. Simulation results show that the proposed feedback mechanism can bring more feedback sub-carriers to the user with high traffic rate.
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Scientific article
The work proposes Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) reduction scheme, ISI being a major problem in Optical systems, which produces various type of non-linear distortions. So the implementation of OFDM system using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) scheme with M-QAM modulation technique is proposed and compared with the conventional OFDM system without using ANN. This proposed scheme is implementation of Back-propagation (BP) algorithm over AWGN channels to achieve an effective ISI reduction in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Simulation results prove that ANN equalizer can further reduce ISI effectively and provide acceptable BER and better MSE plot compared to conventional OFDM system.
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Article
The development of sixth-generation (6G) terahertz (THz) wireless systems requires equalization techniques that can effectively handle severe channel impairments while maintaining low computational complexity. In this work, we propose a hybrid equalization framework that fuses regularized zero-forcing (ZF) with maximum likelihood (ML) refinement for ultra-massive multiple-input multiple-output (UM-MIMO) systems. The proposed Regularized ZF and ML Fusion (RZF-ML) equalizer leverages a regularization factor to mitigate noise enhancement and ill-conditioned channel effects, followed by a lightweight ML-based candidate search that refines symbol detection. This design provides a trade-off between the simplicity of linear equalizers and the optimality of ML detection. Simulation results under Rayleigh and Rician fading channels with high-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) demonstrate that the RZF-ML equalizer achieves significantly improved bit error rate (BER) performance compared to conventional ZF and minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizers, while approaching ML detection accuracy at a fraction of its complexity. The findings suggest that the proposed method is a promising candidate for robust equalization in 6G THz UM-MIMO networks, enabling reliable high-capacity communication in challenging propagation environments.
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Relative Distance Based Routing for Delay Tolerant Mobile Sensor Network
Scientific article
Delay Tolerant Mobile Sensor Network (DTMSN) is the network for pervasive information gathering. Traditional static routing approaches may not fit for DTMSN due to its intermittent connectivity. This paper proposes an relative distance based routing (RDBR) strategy for DTMSN, in which nodes delivery probabilities are calculated and updated according to the latest relative distance from themselves to the sink node, and data are delivered according to nodes’ delivery probabilities. RDBR also introduces a redundant copies controlling technique based on the message priority. Simulation results show that RDBR achieves a well tradeoff between the data delivery ratio/delay and the delivery overhead.
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Remote sensing global ranged door lock security system via mobile communication
Scientific article
In this paper, a door locking system with some remarkable features is proposed which makes the locking or unlocking of a door more reliable to the user than the conventional system. Robust security access with accurate detection system is provided here. It’s a global ranged operation process that can be operated by simple mobile phone through short message service (SMS) transferring operation from any corner of the world where mobile network is available. A smooth and durable locking mechanism is provided and the inscrutable door moving control device is used for the efficient operation of controlling the door. This developed system provides a notification to the user if any person is intended to pass the door. The system also has the ability to provide information about the current condition of the door by sending simple text messages. Also, the user will be able to operate the system with more than one subscriber identity module (SIM) card. Most advantageously, this device is proposed with lowest cost estimation benefit. Finally, the performance of the designed system is analyzed by performing some real-time operation of it and found satisfactory performance.
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Research and Design of The Firewall Penetration Technology Serving to Informati on Sharing Systems
Scientific article
In the current information sharing systems, there is a problem of firewall penetration. As for this problem and based on the existing TCP and UDP penetration schemes, we analyze all kinds of possible transmission environments in practical applications, and then present a technique of UDP coordinating with TCP to penetrate firewalls. Finally, we present the realization of this method: a network switch --XIPSwitch, which is independent from various applications. The realization method can further solve the firewall penetration problem of the internal terminals in the existing information sharing systems.
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Research of NCS Real-time Performance with Judging Priority Based on Generalized Stability
Scientific article
The conceptions of generalized stability and priority judgment function of real-time node which guaranteed the generalized stability were put forward aiming at the problem of Networked Control System (NCS) real-time performance based on shared Ethernet. From the perspective of control theory and communication theory, generalized stability and priority judgment function were applied into Real-time ETHERnet (RETHER) by using real-time performance improving method of avoiding collision based on protocol in Ethernet communication protocol. Therefore, token was passed to the real-time node with highest priority and real-time data was sent, NCS real-time performance was improved. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Research of Virtual Channels Scheduling Algorithm Based on Priority in Packet Telemetry System
Scientific article
We make research on the virtual channels scheduling algorithm based on priority in packet telemetry system. Probability of occupying physical channel and packets losing rate of the virtual channel with the highest priority are considered, on condition that the packet arrival rate contribution is Poisson contribution. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that when the running time of the scheduling module is long enough, probability of occupying physical channel by the virtual channel with the highest priority converge on a fixed value. Formulas of calculating packets losing rate are also given, which can offer reference to engineering design.
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Research on Audience Rating Statistics of Two-way Digital TV Based on OpenSSL
Scientific article
The drawback of the present various forms of digital program audience statistical method is that only the traditional phone questionnaire survey, the diary method or the artificial equipment is applied to counting the situation of watching program. By means of combining the timely recognized operation property of various digital terminals and automatic return viewing program feature, a new scheme is proposed to count audience situation for program in two-way digital television network. The main technologies and functions of the scheme are described by introducing audience information gathering mechanisms, security return protocol stack based on openSSL, fusion and automatic transmission and its appropriate statistical methods. Meanwhile, the development of the audience rating statistical system is provided, which is used by some program providers according to this scheme. The experiment and users’ feedback show that this scheme in the lower hardware configuration digital terminals can promptly and accurately count the subscribers watching program and effectively protect audience view information.
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Research on Diffusion Strategy About Resource Index of MP2P
Scientific article
The inherent mobility of nodes leads to frequent changes in network structure and resource location delay larger in MP2P network. Existing search algorithms for MP2P is not efficient enough, and is only for single application model. In this paper an epidemic diffusion strategy about index of resource is proposed to implement diffusion resources to solve low efficiency and long latency positioning defects in a large search. Results demonstrate the principle of the proposed algorithm can improve the resource search efficiency.
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Research on Excessive Road Fuel Problem Based on Extension Strategy Generating Method
Scientific article
The increase of the demand for gasoline in transportation and traffic vehicles results in excessive fuel consumption problem. However, by the extension strategy generating methods, the way of urban transportation changing from bus into metro may be analyzed and evaluated through extension reasoning, extension transformation and optimal calculation in order to solve the problem of excessive fuel consumption of the urban roads.
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Research on QV-Band Power Division and Combination Network Based on Ridge Waveguides
Scientific article
This paper leverages the advantages of single-mode, high-bandwidth transmission in ridge waveguides to design a QV-band ridge waveguide 1-to-2 power divider and a four-port directional coupler. This addresses the issue of narrow single-mode operating bandwidth in traditional waveguide power divider-combiner structures, which is caused by internal multimode characteristics and electromagnetic discontinuities, thereby establishing an integrated power distribution and combining network; The power divider employs a ridge waveguide H-plane T-shaped structure to optimize impedance discontinuities and field distribution, while the radial combiner achieves efficient conversion from the TM₀₁₀ mode to the coaxial TEM mode through four-path radial ridge waveguide inputs and a central metal disk. Simulation results indicate that the ridge waveguide power divider has a relative bandwidth of 64% (31.1–60.39 GHz), while the radial combiner has a relative bandwidth of 31.4% (39.07–53.57 GHz). Using a back-to-back cascaded test setup, experimental verification was completed via a ridge-to-standard waveguide transition adapter. Within the 40–50 GHz operating band, the network exhibits a return loss greater than 15 dB and an insertion loss less than 1.2 dB, with excellent amplitude-frequency characteristics and phase consistency. This structure offers broadband performance, miniaturization, low loss, ease of fabrication, and potential for multi-channel expansion, providing a novel engineered solution for high-power microwave systems in the QV band.
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Research on Trustworthy Distributed System
Scientific article
To arrive at the goal of intensifying the trustworthiness and controllability of distributed systems, the core function of secure algorithms and chips should be fully exerted. Through building the trustworthy model between distributed system and user behaviors, constructing the architecture of trustworthiness distributed systems, intensifying the survivability of services, and strengthening the manageability of distributed systems, the secure problem of distributed systems is to be radically solved. By setting up the trustworthy computing circumstance and supplying the trustworthy validation and the active protection based on identity and behavior for trustworthy distributed system, we will reach the goal of defending the unaware viruses and inbreak. This research insists that the security, controllability, manageability, and survivability should be basic properties of a trustworthy distributed system. The key ideas and techniques involved in these properties are studied, and recent developments and progresses are surveyed. At the same time, the technical trends and challenges are briefly discussed.
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Research on Wireless Network Security Awareness of Average Users
Scientific article
Network insecurity has become an increasing problem in the world of computer networks. Technical experts have tried to combat this by improving the technical awareness of the threats and technical solutions involved in Wireless Local Networks (WLAN) through technical reports and policy enforcement. The average users' knowledge and awareness of network security, how they react to the warnings and implement security measures is also very important. Current studies on users' awareness of security policies, whether it has been communicated well enough and how aware WLAN users are to the threats and issues involved are still not fully ascertained. To fill this gap it is important to find out the users basic knowledge of the security measures and policies. In this paper, statistical methods were developed and adopted in other to compare the knowledge of Information Technology (IT) related employees and that of non-technical employees on how aware they are of WLAN security threats and security measures. The techniques the paper has adopted revealed the knowledge gap between non-technical and technical users. This revelation is significant and therefore requiring more efficient methods for creating awareness on WLAN threats and countermeasures among average users.
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Resource Efficient Security Mechanism for Cloud of Things
Scientific article
Cloud of Things (CoT) relates to the convergence between Cloud Computing (CC) and the Internet of Things (IoT) and has significantly transformed the way services are delivered in the ubiquitous realm of devices. This integration has become essential because of the huge data being generated by IoT devices, requiring an infrastructure for storage and processing. Such infrastructure is provided by Cloud Computing services with massive space for data storage and exceptional platform to process complex data. IoT networks are vulnerable to multiple security breaches because of the growing usage of IoT devices in user personal systems. This leads to security and privacy threats that need to be addressed. IoT consists of resource limited devices which have feeble computing power, battery source and storage capacity. This paper addresses security issue by proposing usage of obfuscation and encryption techniques to scramble the data at IoT devices which is later on stored in encrypted form at the cloud server. The data at IoT devices is classified into highly critical or less critical and accordingly the appropriate technique between encryption and obfuscation is applied. The proposed mechanism is evaluated in terms of processing time for cryptographic operations at IoT devices. Evaluation results depict that the proposed mechanism is 1.17 times faster than [22] in terms of encryption and decryption times.
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Review on Intelligent Security Models for Digital Twins
Scientific article
Digital twins are revolutionizing various industries by enabling real-time monitoring, simulation, and optimization of physical entities through their virtual counterparts. However, the increased interconnectivity between the physical and digital realms introduces significant security and privacy challenges, necessitating the development of intelligent security models. This paper explores the architecture of digital twins and identifies the key characteristics of effective security solutions, such as adaptability, real-time response, data integrity, and privacy preservation. Through a comprehensive literature review, we highlight existing intelligent security frameworks that leverage machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies to address the growing range of cyber threats in digital twin environ-ments. Key observations indicate a trend toward integrating advanced analytics for threat detection and response, as well as the application of block chain technology to enhance data integrity and trust. Furthermore, this paper outlines future research directions, emphasizing the potential of innovations like federated learning, graph neural networks, and transfer learning to bolster security in digital twin systems. By examining these aspects, this work underscores the critical impor-tance of developing robust security frameworks to protect digital twins and ensure their safe deployment across various applications.
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Review on Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) - An Advancement of Wireless Network
Scientific article
Nowadays, Li-Fi is becoming very popular and catching the interest of a number of users with its advanced technology-based features. It brings a new resolution in the wireless communication and people are showing so much curiosity to know about it. Li-Fi is an optical wireless communication-based technology which transmits data over the network through a light source like LED’s instead of radio frequency signals (RF) with very high data rate. The aim of this paper is to give full- fledged knowledge about Li-Fi & its applications. This paper also attempts to clarify the basic difference between wireless technologies and their evolution & how this new technology is leading all over the world with its features like less power consumption, less requirement of maintenance, & bi-directional in nature. Li-Fi eliminates the effect of harmful radiations that occur due radio signals as in Wi-Fi and has less latency rate. This paper gives an overview and the general idea about working on Li-Fi technology and how it will help in the development of bright future as it is beyond the expectations of end users.
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Roadmap from 4G to 6G in Smart Cities Impact and Challenges
Scientific article
The world is now turning towards automation also the use of virtual reality is expanding day by day, the need for faster and reliable communication has been increased. This technology will play a key role towards the development of Smart Cities, where government is majorly focusing. The urge of quicker and more secure communication (wireless) is making us switch towards the 6G or sixth generation communication. To the benefit of its citizens and businesses, a smart city is a location where the traditional networks and services have been enhanced via the use of digital and telecommunication technology. Infrastructure, social capital, which also includes traditional skills and community institutions, and digital technologies are all combined in smart cities to promote sustainable economic growth and provide a desirable environment for all residents. By 2035, the publisher believes that as smart city infrastructure develops, 6G will be a crucial component of communications, applications, content, and commerce in smart cities. We go over the progress of beyond 5G and advanced 5G features in order to forecast important 6G requirements and showcase 6G potential. In comparison to 5G, we will also discuss 6G scenarios, requirements, and technology components. There are lots of challenges associated with 5G’s wireless communication network one of them is limited data speed. We will also be focusing on these challenges associated with technology and also the plans to use this technology towards the development of smart cities. The 5G wireless communication network is currently facing the challenge of limited data speed and billions of data-intensive applications are used. To resolve this problem many developers and researchers are working on advanced technologies so that they can consummate the wireless service demands. So that we can shift ourselves from 5G to 6G and fulfil our expectations towards smart city. In addition, there are varied use cases of the wireless 6G technology in education, media and entertainment, tourism.
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