Journal of Digital Technologies and Law @lawjournal-digital
Статьи журнала - Journal of Digital Technologies and Law
Все статьи: 234
Статья
Objective: to conceptualize cyberbullying from the viewpoint of law and technoethics; to analyze the power imbalance in the digital environment as a fundamental factor of causing harm online. Methods: the work uses a conceptual and analytical methodology based on an interdisciplinary analysis of the theoretical provisions of law, technoethics, philosophy of technology, and social psychology. The methodological tools are complemented by constructing unique conceptual models through analyzing the structural factors of the digital space, developing causal relationships and creating a taxonomy of cyberbullying forms. Special attention is paid to the comparative analysis of regulatory approaches of different jurisdictions and the identification of gaps in existing legal norms. Results: the research established that cyberbullying is a complex multilevel phenomenon that occurs at the intersection of the architectural features of digital platforms, the asymmetry of technological competencies between participants in interactions, and the systemic fragmentation of legislative regulation. It identified the critical gaps in key international legal instruments, manifested in the lack of unified definitions of cyberbullying, insufficiently elaborated mechanisms for cross-border cooperation, and irrelevant addressing of the digital environment specifics. The author analyzed the fundamental ethical issues related to automated content moderation based on machine learning algorithms, the distribution of responsibility between platforms, government regulators and individual users, and the contradictions between ensuring security and maintaining user autonomy. Four main types of power imbalances were identified: technological, informational, social, and institutional; each of them requires specific strategies to overcome. Scientific novelty: for the first time, the article proposed a comprehensive approach to analyzing cyberbullying as a structurally determined abuse of digital power through the prism of technoethics. The developed conceptual models provide new tools for understanding the distributed nature of responsibility in the digital ecosystem and forming ethically sound prevention strategies. The author introduced a concept of information misuse as a central mechanism of systematic abuse of power in the digital environment. Practical significance: the research is aimed at legal scholars, public officials, and digital platform developers. It offers practical solutions in the fields such as ethical audit of algorithms, creation of hybrid moderation systems involving artificial intelligence and humans, formation of international task forces, and development of human rights-based principles of digital literacy. The author’s proposals may help to create a safer, more accountable and inclusive digital environment for all participants.
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Technological Transformation: Growing Opportunities and Legal Response to Emerging Risks
Статья
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Статья
Objective: to identify the complex relations between international trade and military law in the context of technology transfer; to analyze the legal implications of technology transfers for international humanitarian law in order to clarify the impact of technology transfer in international trade on the warfare means regulation and identify legal gaps in existing international conventions. Methods: the study uses a comprehensive legal analysis of international documents, including the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, the Hague Conventions, and modern international agreements in the field of trade and technology. The authors used comparative legal method to study the national legislations of various states and a systematic approach to analyze the interaction of international humanitarian law and international trade law. Results: the study revealed significant legal gaps in regulating the transfer of dual-use technologies during wartime. It was established that modern technologies, including artificial intelligence, autonomous weapons systems and cybernetic means, create a regulatory vacuum that undermines the effectiveness of existing international conventions. A significant technological gap between the Global North and South was demonstrated. Scientific novelty: the work is the first comprehensive study of technology evolution in the context of international humanitarian law, with an emphasis on the need to develop special regulatory mechanisms. The authors present a conceptual model for the integration of technology transfer norms into the system of international disarmament treaties, taking into account the principles of proportionality and distinction. Practical significance: the study proposes specific amendments to the articles of the Geneva Conventions, including the modification of Article 35(2) of Additional Protocol I to include new technologies and extend the requirements of Article 36 regarding legal reviews of technological transfers. The recommendations developed can serve as a basis for creating international monitoring mechanisms and increasing transparency in the field of military technology transfer.
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Terrorist crimes in the era of digitalization: forms of activity and measures for counteraction
Статья научная
Objective: to elaborate recommendations on counteraction against terrorist crimes committed in the digital (cyber-) space and/or using digital technologies. Methods: the methodological basis of the research are the universal dialectic method of cognition, the integrity of general and specific scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis, logical method, ascent from the abstract to the specific, induction, deduction, etc. Results: it was determined that the development of the digital (cyber-) space and digital technologies promotes the intensity of terrorism and has led to the change of the mechanism of terrorist crimes commitment. A conclusion was made that, to provide the efficiency of measures for counteracting terrorist crimes committed in the digital (cyber-) space and/or using digital technologies, a distinct strategy is necessary, as well as the appropriate regulatory basis. Scientific novelty: the article analyzes such forms of criminal activities of terrorist groups, committed in the digital (cyber-) space and/or using digital technologies, as dissemination of the ideology of violence and propaganda of terrorist activity, recruiting new members and their training, implementing digital technologies for preparation and immediate terrorist activity, and funding. The advantages were revealed of the use of digital space and/or digital technologies when committing terrorist crimes. In the author’s opinion, the change of the mechanism of terrorist crimes commitment associated with the use of digital technologies should be taken into account during criminalization (change of the intensity of penalization) of publicly dangerous deeds. The important areas of state policy in the sphere of counteraction against these crimes are education and enlightenment activity, training of the personnel of law-enforcement agencies, broadening their authorities to ensure a clear and effective control over digital content. Practical significance: is due to the possibility to use the formulated conclusions and proposals for further scientific elaboration of the state criminal policy in the sphere of counteraction against terrorist crimes committed in the digital (cyber-) space and/or using digita technologies.
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The Evolving Role of Copyright Law in the Age of AI-Generated Works
Статья
Objective: to identify the prospects and directions of copyright law development associated with the increasing use of generative artificial intelligence. Methods: the study is based on the formal-legal, comparative, historical methods, doctrinal analysis, legal forecasting and modeling. Results: the article states that the emergence of generative artificial intelligence makes one rethink the processes occurring in the field of creative activity and the traditional copyright system, which becomes inadequate to modern realities. The author substantiates the necessity of legal reassessment of copyright and emphasizes the urgent need for updated means of copyright protection. Unlike previous digital tools, which expanded human creativity by improving original works, generative artificial intelligence creates content through complex algorithmic processes, blurring the boundaries of authorship and originality. The research shows limitations of existing intellectual property law, as courts deny copyright in works created by artificial intelligence and insist on the need for “human authorship”. Such decisions emphasize the contradiction between existing laws and the reality of co-creation involving artificial intelligence. It is argued that taking into account the creative potential of generative artificial intelligence will facilitate the evolution of copyright law towards hybrid approaches, with artificial intelligence as an integral, albeit secondary, tool. It seems promising to create flexible intellectual property standards that give artists the opportunity to restrict or authorize the use of their works as training data for artificial intelligence, as well as ensure that authors retain control over their works included in datasets for training artificial intelligence, in case copyright metadata is integrated into digital works, etc. Scientific novelty: based on the analysis of the latest judicial precedents, modern international regulations and evolving institutional practices, the author proposes a balanced adaptive approach to copyright reform to ensure the ethical integration of generative artificial intelligence into the creative ecosystem and to develop flexible copyright protection measures that correspond to the rapid technological progress. Practical significance: the proposed combined approach will allow generative AI tools to become part of the human creative process in the same way that previous generations used digital tools. At the same time, it will contribute to the creation of an environment where the autonomy of authors is respected. This will not only protect the creators of creative content, but also broaden the understanding of creativity as a collaboration with generative artificial intelligence, where artificial intelligence is positioned as a force that complements but not replaces humans in creativity.
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The Possibility and Necessity of the Human-Centered AI in Legal Theory and Practice
Статья научная
Objective: the paper aims to define the problems juridical theory and practice face with the progress of AI technologies in everyday life and correlate these problems with the human-centered approach to exploring artificial intelligence (Human-Centered AI). Methods: the research critically analyzes the relevant literature from various disciplines: jurisprudence, sociology, philosophy, and computer sciences. Results: the article articulates the prospects and problems the legal system confronts with the advancement of digital technologies in general and the tools of AI specifically. The identified problems are correlated with the provisions of the human-centered approach to AI. The authors acknowledge the necessity for AI inventors, as well as the owners of companies participating in the race to develop artificial intelligence technologies, to place humans, not machines, into the focus of attention as a primary value. In particular, special effort should be directed towards collecting and analyzing high-quality data for the organization of artificial intelligence tools development, taking into account that nowadays, the tools of AI are as practical as the data on which they are trained are effective. The authors formulate three principles of human-centered AI for the legal sphere: 1) a human as a necessary link in the chain of making and executing legal decisions; 2) the need to regulate artificial intelligence at the international law level; 3) formulating “a taboo” for introducing the artificial intelligence technologies. Scientific novelty: the article manifests one of the first attempts in the Russian-language scientific literature to outline the prospects of developing human-centered AI methodology in jurisprudence. Based on an analysis of special literature, the authors formulate three principles of including artificial intelligence into juridical theory and practice according to the assumptions of a human-centered approach to AI. Practical significance: the principles and arguments the article advances can be helpful in the legal regulation of artificial intelligence technologies and their harmonious inclusion into legal practices.
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The Rise of AI Avatars: Legal Personhood, Rights and Liabilities in an Evolving Metaverse
Статья
Objective: to determine the legal implications of the development of autonomous and creative AI-based avatars and to shape the direction of the discourse on the responsible management of AI technologies in the meta-universe based on proactive interdisciplinary approaches. Methods: the research is based on a doctrinal legal approach, which allowed presenting a prospective analysis of the legal landscape in the field of AI avatars in the metaverse and to identify four key thematic areas of research: the evolution of AI avatars and the impact of the metaverse, the applicability of legal personhood, the liability for autonomous actions, and the problems of AI avatars in the field of creativity related to intellectual property and privacy. Results: the paper presents and analyzes predictive scenarios of AI avatars maximizing their influence in the metaverse space. The author notes that the emergence of AI-based avatars in the metaverse raises complex legal, ethical, philosophical and social issues that require urgent solutions. The potential impact of the increasing complexity of AI avatars on legal approaches is considered. As avatars become increasingly autonomous, questions arise about their legal status, rights, responsibilities, risks, and benefits to humans and society. The author analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of giving AI avatars the status of legal entities, as well as applying the concept of distributed responsibility to the consequences of their actions. Special attention is paid to the possible future dominance of super-intelligent AI-based avatars in the metaverse, taking into account the existing risks and needs in the field of governance. Scientific novelty: the article presents a new perspective on the problem of legal personality in the metaverse based on interdisciplinary analysis of the evolution of AI avatars. The research is aimed at achieving a balance between transformational potential and the protection of human rights and welfare through joint efforts. It is proposed to create legal and ethical norms that prioritize the safety and consistency of artificial intelligence technologies involved in the processes occurring in the metaverse. Practical significance: the conclusions and proposed solutions to the legal problems of personhood and liability can become the basis for revising the concept of legal personality, developing reliable mechanisms of responsibility and accountability, as well as ensuring the protection of human rights and values in the face of increasingly powerful entities based on artificial intelligence. This is associated with the formation and improvement of the legal landscape of process management and overcoming risks in the socially oriented and inclusive ecosystem of the metaverse.
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Third-Party Payment Regulation: Analysis of Risks and Legal Mechanisms in China
Статья
Objective: to identify the main risks and problems in the field of third-party payments in China; to analyze the current legislation on the regulation of this sector; and to propose scientifically sound ways to improve the effectiveness of regulation of such payment systems. Methods: the study used a set of general scientific methods, including analysis, induction and synthesis. The authors comprehensively analyzed the current state and legal regulation of third-party payments in China in order to develop practical recommendations for the introduction of effective regulatory mechanisms in this area. A comparative-legal analysis of existing regulations and international experience in regulating financial technologies was performed. Results: it was found that third-party payments have become an integral part of e-commerce, effectively solving the problems of high transaction costs and shortage of credit resources in Chinese e-commerce. The analysis showed that the payment industry is facing serious challenges, including insufficient regulation, financial and technological risks. The authors revealed a market competitive structure according to the “2+1+N” model with the dominance of large payment platforms. Practical recommendations were developed to improve legal mechanisms ensuring the stability and security of the third-party payments sector, including the creation of a single regulator and increased supervision of deposited funds. Scientific novelty: the study complements the scientific base in the field of financial technology regulation, systematizing the main risks of the third-party payments sector and analyzing the modern regulatory framework. It takes into account the latest changes in the industry, which allows the authors to form a comprehensive understanding of the legal challenges in this area. For the first time, an integrated risk assessment model for third-party payment systems was proposed. Practical significance: the findings have practical implications for improving regulatory efficiency, which is relevant both for third-party payment service providers and for financial regulators when developing policies in the field of financial technology and digital payments. The results can be used to improve the legislative framework and create specialized financial supervisory authorities.
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Towards Legal Regulations of Generative AI in the Creative Industry
Статья
Objective: this article aims to answer the following questions: 1. Can generative artificial intelligence be a subject of copyright law? 2. What risks the unregulated use of generative artificial intelligence systems can cause? 3. What legal gaps should be filled in to minimize such risks? Methods: comparative legal analysis, sociological method, concrete sociological method, quantitative data analysis, qualitative data analysis, statistical analysis, case study, induction, deduction. Results: the authors identified several risks of the unregulated usage of generative artificial intelligence in the creative industry, among which are: violation of copyright and labor law, violation of consumers rights and the rise of public distrust in government. They suggest that a prompt development of new legal norms can minimize these risks. In conclusion, the article constants that states have already begun to realize that the negative impact of generative artificial intelligence on the creative industry must not be ignored, hence the development of similar legal regulations in states with completely different regimes. Scientific novelty: the article provides a comprehensive study of the impact of generative artificial intelligence on the creative industry from two perspectives: the perspective of law and the perspective of the industry. The empirical basis of it consists of two international surveys and an expert opinion of a representative of the industry. This approach allowed the authors to improve the objectivity of their research and to obtain results that can be used for finding a practical solution for the identified risks. The problem of the ongoing development and popularization of generative artificial intelligence systems goes beyond the question “who is the author?” therefore, it needs to be solved by introduction of other than the already existing mechanisms and regulations – this point of view is supported not only by the results of the surveys but also by the analysis of current lawsuits against developers of generative artificial intelligence systems. Practical significance: the obtained results can be used to fasten the development of universal legal rules, regulations, instruments and standards, the current lack of which poses a threat not only to human rights, but also to several sectors within the creative industry and beyond.
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Universal Information Security Governance System: Organizational and Legal Principles
Статья
Objective: to develop universal organizational and legal principles for building an information security governance system that will allow each organization to create its own effective information security governance system, taking into account its unique business goals and tasks. Methods: the research integrates the key elements of information security governance, such as vision, strategy, goals, policies, standards, processes, and matrices. Vision and goals set the direction of an organization’s development; policies and standards provide a conceptual framework for information protection; processes allow for systematic achievement of objectives; and matrices provide tools for evaluating and monitoring the entire structure. The proposed principles are consistent with international standards, regulatory requirements, and best practices in the field of information security. Results: the research showed that the developed information security governance system allows for a clear distribution of roles and responsibilities among the employees, ensuring effective implementation of the governance system. The authors also analyzed the existing principles of information security, integrating them into a security strategy that meets the corporate goals. The proposed universal system complies with regulatory legal requirements and can be adapted for organizations of any scale and profile. Scientific novelty: the paper represents a practical approach to the implementation of an information security governance system based on the authors’ experience, international standards, control systems and legal acts. Unlike existing approaches, the proposed system is flexible and can be adapted to any organization, which makes it a universal tool for information security governance. Practical significance: the research provides a structured approach to creating a universal information security governance system that can be used by organizations lacking knowledge and resources to implement such initiatives. The authors propose a general structure that can be adapted depending on the organization’s assets, the employees’ training and awareness of information security issues. This makes the paper a valuable resource for professionals seeking to increase information security in their organizations.
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Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Activities of Religious Associations and Control Over Them
Статья
Objective: to identify gaps and formulate proposals on legal regulation of the use of artificial intelligence in the activities of religious associations and control (supervision) over them. Methods: the study is based on sectoral and risk-oriented approaches, formal-logical and comparative general scientific methods, as well as on the method of legal forecasting. Results: the author noted similarity of ethical principles formulated all over the world in the sphere of artificial intelligence development and application, as well as their general shortcomings, namely, the lacking consideration of the specificity in certain spheres of human life (religious sphere), cultural peculiarities, historical development of a country and people. The shortcomings of principles stipulated by the codes of ethics include their recommendatory nature, which creates a basis for abusing them in certain cases. The author proposes that if control and supervisory authorities caused harm while using artificial intelligence, the relevant public authority should be recognized as liable and obliged to compensate for the harm caused. Scientific novelty: the paper summarizes the practice of religious associations using AI, formulates current and prospective directions of the use of artificial intelligence by religious associations, and makes proposals for the AI use in controlling (supervising) religious associations’ activities. Practical significance: the main conclusions and proposals can be used for the improvement of legislation on religious associations’ activities and control (supervision) over them, as well as for developing legal regulation of the AI use in control and supervision activities. The author identified the possibilities for religious associations using AI to popularize religion, inform about their activities, manage property, analyze sacred texts to improve their understanding and interpretation, as well as for conducting scientific research, systematization and accumulation of information, preservation of cultural heritage, and educational activities. The use of artificial intelligence in controlling the religious associations’ activities can reduce the period of religious organizations’ registration and inspections and optimize the work of control bodies, including by monitoring the religious situation.
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Using Artificial Intelligence for Competitive Procurements: Legal Regulation Issues
Статья научная
Objective: to substantiate the promising directions of legal regulation of relations in the use of artificial intelligence technologies in competitive (commercial and public) procurement. Methods: the study was conducted using induction, synthesis, analogy, decomposition of problems and generalization of conclusions. The reasoning was based on the experience of a complex procurement of high-tech equipment. This real-life example was considered as an experimental model for the study and subsequent prediction of the potential use of artificial intelligence technologies in competitive procurement procedures. Results: advantages and potential risks of using artificial intelligence technologies in procurement work were formulated; recommendations on regulating such use were given. The authors highlighted recommendations of general legal nature concerning the legal personality and delictual capacity of artificial intelligence and proposed the wordings for new norms and options for regulating the use of new procurement tools. It was proved that artificial intelligence technologies, if used thoughtfully, may not only improve the work quality and significantly reduce organizational costs, but also help to develop the basic principles of regulated procurement: transparency of procedures, development of competition for contracts between qualified suppliers, reasonableness of decisions, and economic efficiency of the customer’s expenditures. Scientific novelty: despite a large number of works devoted to both the problems of artificial intelligence in general and its use in procurement in particular, the article considers this topic on the basis of mainly inductive reasoning, built on handling a particular case and experience of complex procurement for knowledge-intensive research, refracted through the prism of essential correlation between the basic concepts of “digitalization”, “automation”, “robotization” and so on. Practical significance: the directions of using artificial intelligence described in this paper can be implemented by corporate and, in the future, by public customers to improve the quality of their procurement. At the same time, the recommendations on the normative regulation of such innovation seem to be in demand both at the legislative and local levels.
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Using Artificial Intelligence in Employment: Problems and Prospects of Legal Regulation
Статья научная
Objective: to identify the legal problems of using artificial intelligence in hiring employees and the main directions of solving them. Methods: formal-legal analysis, comparative-legal analysis, legal forecasting, legal modeling, synthesis, induction, deduction. Results: a number of legal problems arising from the use of artificial intelligence in hiring were identified, among which are: protection of the applicant’s personal data, obtained with the use of artificial intelligence; discrimination and unjustified refusal to hire due to the bias of artificial intelligence algorithms; legal responsibility for the decision made by a generative algorithm during hiring. The author believes that for the optimal solution of these problems, it is necessary to look at the best practices of foreign countries, first of all, those which have adopted special laws on the regulation of artificial intelligence for hiring and developed guidelines for employers using generative algorithms for similar purposes. Also, the European Union’s and USA’s legislative work in the area of managing risks arising from the use of artificial intelligence should be taken into account. Scientific novelty: the article contains a comprehensive study of legal problems arising from the use of artificial intelligence in hiring and foreign experience in solving these problems, which allowed the author to develop recommendations to improve Russian legislation in this area. As for the problem of applicants’ personal data protection when using artificial intelligence for hiring, the author proposes to solve it by supplementing the labor legislation with norms that enshrine the requirements for transparency and consistency in the collection, processing and storage of information when using generative algorithms. The list and scope of personal data allowed for collection should be reflected in a special state standard. The solution to the problem of discrimination due to biased algorithms is seen in the mandatory certification and annual monitoring of artificial intelligence software for hiring, as well as the prohibition of scoring tools for evaluating applicants. The author adheres to the position that artificial intelligence cannot “decide the fate” of a job seeker: the responsibility for the decisions made by the algorithm is solely on the employer, including in cases of involving third parties for the selection of employees. Practical significance: the obtained results can be used to accelerate the development and adoption of legal norms, rules, tools and standards in the field of using artificial intelligence for hiring. The lack of adequate legal regulation in this area creates significant risks both for human rights and for the development of industries that use generative algorithms to hire employees.
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Статья научная
Objective: to acquire new knowledge about the liability for violating the rules of managing technical means of counteracting the threats to information security; to elaborate theoretical recommendations and proposals for improving legislation and law enforcement. Methods: the methodological basis of the research is a set of scientific cognition methods, including abstract-logic, dogmatic, comparison, etc. Results: based on studying documents and publications, the following conclusions were made: 1) the measures taken at the national level for regulating the relations associated with introduction of technical means of counteracting the threats generally comply with the provisions of the Doctrine on information security of the Russian Federation; 2) one of the main directions of development of the foreign legislation on telecommunications is building a system of public-private interaction, in which communication operators would perceive the information security problem not as their internal task but as an element of the overall security of the state. In this regard, one may clearly trace the statement of the need to efficiently control the activities of communication operators, first of all, in the sphere of the newly introduced standards providing cyber resilience; 3) regulation of relations in the sphere of managing the technical means of counteracting threats in Russia is characterized by their multiplicity, multi-leveledness, hence, rather predictable complexity; 4) the model of communication operators’ liability for violations in the field of exploitation of technical means of counteracting threats, implemented in Article 274.2 Of the Russian Criminal Code, is not optimal. Rather disputable is the approach to describing the administratively prejudicial elements of crime. Despite the significance of the relations, the possibility of a criminal-legal reaction to a particular incident appears not in connection with the occurrence of certain publicly dangerous consequences and not even with the traditional recurrence, but only with the third documented violation. We consider more preferable the model of criminalization of violating the management of technical means of counteracting threats depending on infliction of substantial harm to the rights and legal interests of citizens or organizations, or the legally protected interests of the society or the state. Scientific novelty: the novelty of the research is mainly due to the actual underdevelopment of the issues related to the legal definition and implementation of criminal liability for violating the rules of centralized management of technical means of counteracting the threats to sustainability, security and integrity of functioning of the telecommunication network Internet and the general purpose communication network in the territory of the Russian Federation. Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the research can be used for improving the mechanism of criminal-legal protection of information security, further development of the Russian doctrine of criminal law on liability for crimes in the sphere of computer information.
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Статья научная
Objective: to illustrate the challenges to international law and the shortcomings of current regulation caused by the rapid development of drone technology, by the example of using unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) in airspace. Methods: the study is based primarily on a set of methods for interpreting the provisions of international law, which allow analyzing the provisions in the field of using unmanned aerial vehicles (drones). Results: based on international air law and humanitarian law, the article examines the issues of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) using airspace. The main sources of law in this area are analyzed, including the provisions of international air law, especially the Paris, Madrid, Havana and Chicago Conventions. An attempt is made to answer the questions arising from the development of unmanned technologies as to which rules of international law apply to their use and whether existing international law is capable of responding effectively to them. The article shows the current understanding of the legal status of airspace over the territory of a state. The author puts forward the question whether the sphere of unmanned aerial vehicles, automatic and autonomous weapons, which combines scientific and military achievements with new technologies, is exceptional. In this regard, the problem of using unmanned aerial vehicles as a universal weapon in international conflicts is touched upon. A conclusion is made that the use of intelligent, guided and robotic weapons capable of automatic decision-making, such as drones, requires the revision of existing conventions or the establishment of new legal standards for these weapons. It is proposed to consider such drones as military aircraft of a special type. Scientific novelty: international legal responsibility of states for the military use of drones has not received an unambiguous assessment in the doctrine. However, much in this issue depends on the legal interpretation of the most important international legal categories. Further development of this issue is directly related to the issues of international responsibility and the concept of state sovereignty over airspace. Practical significance: the development of unmanned aviation at the present stage demonstrates the imperfection of the existing legal framework, which is designed to regulate these relations. With regard to the study of the global trend in the current international law, the identification of the shortcomings in the provisions of the latter is important primarily for their further modernization, taking into account modern scientific achievements and the development of the concept of a state sovereignty over its airspace.
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«Умные города»: правовое регулирование и потенциал развития
Статья научная
Цель: исследование тенденций развития концепции «умных городов» и их правового регулирования. Методы: в работе использовались общенаучные (индукция, дедукция) и специальные (системно-структурный, сравнительно-правовой анализ) методы. Кроме того, в исследовании применялись методы обзорного анализа, чтобы изучить статус-кво для «умных городов». До сих пор инновационные исследовательские подходы в рамках рассмотрения концепций «умного города» встречаются редко, как и перспективы, касающиеся целевого управления знаниями и сотрудничества соответствующих заинтересованных сторон. Если говорить о специальных методах исследования цифровых отношений, был использован контент-анализ (метод создания воспроизводимых и обоснованных выводов из текстов (или другого значимого материала) в контексте их использования). Поскольку результаты предыдущих исследований и концепций, касающиеся «умных городов», доступны, также применялся дедуктивный контент-анализ. Результаты: дана характеристика общественных отношений, складывающихся в процессе развития концепции «умных городов». Обозначены ключевые правовые акты, принципы формирования и функционирования «умных городов» с учетом российского и зарубежного опыта. В связи с этим приведены примеры успешных практик из деятельности как российских, так и зарубежных муниципальных образований с учетом проводимых конкурсов, и рейтингов, определяемых центральными структурами. Обобщены популярные направления, широко внедряемые на местном уровне, и выделены возможные проблемы реализации данного проекта в нашем государстве. Научная новизна: в статье осуществлен анализ имеющегося правового регулирования, а также результатов внедрения концепции «умных городов». Определены перспективные технологии и методы, необходимые для достижения целей реализации концепции. Выделены элементы, обеспечивающие устойчивость «умных городов», отвечающих требованиям будущего. Высказана авторская позиция о тесной взаимосвязи данного явления с институтом местного самоуправления в контексте возможного развития последнего с подключением искусственного интеллекта в процесс по принятию управленческих решений. Прежде всего речь идет об использовании потенциала интернета вещей. На практике возникает немалое количество проблем, связанных с реализацией нормативно закрепленных положений, что подразумевает необходимость проведения дальнейших научных исследований в анализируемой сфере. Практическая значимость: обусловлена недостаточной разработанностью данных об особенностях и перспективах внедрения идеи «умных городов». Положения проведенного исследования позволят осуществлять эффективную работу по совершенствованию механизмов правового регулирования рассматриваемой концепции и ее повсеместному распространению.
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Статья
Цель: в работе представлен анализ решения Наблюдательного совета Фейсбука* по делу 2022-001-FB-UA, известному как «Дело мультфильма о городе Книн». Цель исследования – определение места данного дела в историческом и культурном контексте и выработка критического подхода к проблеме модерирования контента в компании «Фейсбук»*. Методы: основным методом, используемым в работе, является изучение источников. Исследование опирается на сравнительное изучение и анализ кейсов. Использованы положения различных дисциплин, таких как философия права, международное право, право в области средств массовой информации, регулирование деятельности платформ, история. Результаты: в работе представлен контекст дела мультфильма о городе Книн и основные решения Наблюдательного совета Фейсбука* с их обоснованиями. Кроме того, отражена концепция языка ненависти в понимании Наблюдательного совета и сделана попытка показать контекст и описать основные проблемы и возможные решения в области модерирования контента в компании Мета* на примере данного дела. Научная новизна: с момента опубликования решения по делу мультфильма о городе Книн в 2022 г. он не подвергался глубокому историческому и контекстуальному анализу. До настоящего времени вышли лишь несколько работ, анализирующих его с юридической точки зрения. Практическая значимость: полученные результаты важны в трех основных аспектах: (1) они могут быть использованы для дальнейшего критического анализа модерирования контента в компании «Фейсбук»*, (2) они могут служить в качестве рекомендаций в области регулирования деятельности платформ и разработки инструкций и (3) они показывают исключительную актуальность и важность целостного подхода к определению языка ненависти. В рамках последнего аспекта работа доказывает, что историческая, культурная, общественная и символическая интерпретация и понимание проблемы определения языка ненависти является не только практически применимым, но и единственным целесообразным методом для распознавания, определения и вынесения суждения о предполагаемом использовании языка ненависти.
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Статья научная
Цель: международное право обязывает государства преследовать лиц, нарушивших закон в ходе вооруженных конфликтов, чему способствовало создание Международного уголовного суда. Цeль данной статьи – рассмотрение ответственности за преступления, совершенные с использованием автономных устройств на основе искусственного интеллекта, согласно положениям Римского статута Международного уголовного суда. Методы: доктринальный анализ позволил изучить позиции экспертов по вопросу ответственности за преступления, совершенные с использованием автономных устройств на основе искусственного интеллекта, согласно положениям Римского статута Международного уголовного суда. Результаты: в работе показано, что Международный уголовный суд может отправлять правосудие только в отношении физических лиц, предположительно совершивших преступления в рамках его юрисдикции, но не в отношении автономных вооружений. В статье утверждается, что лица, способствовавшие совершению предполагаемых преступлений, будут, вероятно, нести уголовную ответственность за предоставление средств для совершения предполагаемых преступлений автономными вооружениями на основе искусственного интеллекта согласно статье 25(3)(c) Римского статута. Авторы приходят к выводу, что Римский статут дает решение относительно автономного вооружения на основе искусственного интеллекта. Научная новизна: в статье изучены актуальные вопросы, связанные с ответственностью за преступления, совершенные с использованием автономных устройств на основе искусственного интеллекта, согласно положениям Римского статута Международного уголовного суда. Практическая значимость: результаты работы могут быть использованы при разработке регулирования автономного вооружения на основе искусственного интеллекта, а также служить основой для будущих исследований в сфере ответственности за использование как автономных вооружений на основе искусственного интеллекта, так и искусственного интеллекта в целом.
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Авторские права на результаты деятельности искусственного интеллекта и способы их защиты
Статья
Цель: обоснование механизмов правовой защиты объектов интеллектуальной собственности, созданных с использованием искусственного интеллекта. Методы: использование искусственного интеллекта для создания произведений, традиционно относящихся к объектам авторского права, исследовалось посредством совокупности общенаучных и теоретико-правовых методов научного познания, включая сравнение, аналогию и синтез. Кроме того, практика использования искусственного интеллекта, в том числе нейросетей, для создания таких произведений была рассмотрена в нескольких аспектах на основе ретроспективного и многофакторного анализа. Результаты: в работе обобщена актуальная практика использования искусственного интеллекта для создания произведений, традиционно относящихся к объектам интеллектуальной собственности (текстов, изображений, музыки, программ для ЭВМ), с учетом сформулированных научных и правовых позиций. Выделено несколько качественно различающихся между собой вариантов использования искусственного интеллекта. Для каждого из этих вариантов был предложен механизм правовой защиты, а также указаны области эффективного их применения. Даны предложения по регулированию правовой защиты результатов деятельности искусственного интеллекта не в парадигме конкурирующих доктрин, а в сочетании нескольких инструментов с применением каждого из них в релевантной ситуации. Научная новизна: в работе представлена онтологическая дифференциация результатов деятельности искусственного интеллекта и соответствующих им механизмов правовой защиты. Созданные искусственным интеллектом результаты деятельности предлагается считать не единым объектом правового регулирования, а совокупностью внешне сходных, но онтологически различных объектов, каждый из которых требует собственного подхода к правовой охране. Практическая значимость: предложенная в настоящей работе онтологическая дифференциация результатов деятельности искусственного интеллекта и соответствующих им механизмов правовой защиты актуальна как в качестве основы для дальнейших исследований, так и в качестве предложений для дополнения норм гражданского законодательства.
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