Social and economic development. Рубрика в журнале - Arctic and North
Статья научная
The purpose of the study is the rationale for creating a fisheries cluster in the Northern Basin. The analysis of the creation of classical clusters in foreign countries is carried out, information on the limited use of these structures is provided. The stages of clusterization of the fishing industry in Russia are considered. The reasons for the lack of implementation of numerous cluster projects are clarified. The main one is the refusal of fishing fleets to enter the cluster. The successful functioning of the fishery complex in the Northern Basin in the pre-market period is presented. The reasons for its destruction and the stagnation of enterprises and organizations' economies serving the main structures of the marine economic activity of fishing fleets are clarified. They are caused by a change in the structure of mining fleets, the development of uncontrolled export of fish products directly from the sea, with the departure of fishing vessels for repairs and maintenance to foreign ports. The practicality of creating a local fish cluster, the core of which will consist of fishing vessels with an incomplete cycle of processing aquatic biological resources and coastal fish processing enterprises, is justified. The proposed measures stimulate entry into the cluster. The study's practical significance lies in the creation of conditions for the deep processing of aquatic biological resources and the release of innovative fish products, as well as for the development of ship repair and other enterprises serving the fishing fleet.
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Financial Development Trajectories of the Russian Arctic Regions
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Priority development of the Arctic territories is particularly relevant in conditions of unstable environmental balance, significant climate change, and territorial vulnerability. The Arctic regions have common natural and climatic conditions, geographical location, the availability of natural resources on their territory, the level of technical and technological development of the branches of the national economy, however, they are characterized by heterogeneous conditions of socio-economic development, therefore, the imbalances in the functioning of these regions are manifested more clearly. Elimination or levelling of the emerging interregional imbalances is an objective necessity for the sustainable development of regions, ensuring their financial stability. The authors, on the basis of private financial indices (budget, economic, investment), carried out a pinpoint adjustment of the development of the Arctic territories and determined the trajectories for the implementation and expansion of potential financial opportunities, taking into account the identified threats and drivers that affect the economy of the region. This approach made it possible, firstly, to assess the financial capabilities of the regions in terms of different aspects (budgetary, economic, etc.,); secondly, to identify the dynamics of their financial development; and, thirdly, to rank the regions according to the level of financial solvency. As a result, three clusters were identified: regions with a high value of the economic index; regions with a high value of the investment index and regions with a high value of the budget index. For each group, a vector of financial development has been determined, which makes it possible to effectively use all the possibilities of the Arctic regions to ensure their both social and financial and investment development.
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Статья научная
In modern conditions, the issues of assessing the sustainability of regional development are of particular relevance. The complex problems of interrelation of economic growth, environmental pollution and population well-being require the development and use of new, simpler and more understandable approaches for decision makers to assess, analyze, and predict sustainability at the regional level. The purpose of the article is to investigate the opportunities for sustainable development of the regions of the European North included in the Arctic zone, and to develop methods for forecasting their socio-environmental and economic development based on sustainability window assessment. The dynamics of changes in the relationship between environmental, social and economic indicators with the use of pollution functions is analyzed. The main factors contributing to the reduction of environmental pollution and increase of the population's well-being are identified. It is shown that structural changes in the regional economy and environmental investments have the greatest effect. A methodology for calculating sustainability windows for the regional economy is presented. The possibility of using the method has been demonstrated using data from the Republic of Karelia. A scenario of sustainable development based on the restriction of economic growth for some regions and the requirements for the structure of the economy has been developed. The results obtained can be used as an informational and methodological basis for assessing and elaborating sustainable development policies in the Arctic regions.
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Foreign Economic Partners of Russia in the Arctic Zone
Статья научная
The study expresses the readiness of foreign investors to participate in Russia's Arctic innovation projects in difficult international economic and political conditions. Key high-tech projects of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) with the participation of international economic partners are presented. The tendency of economic interaction in the field of high technologies is expressed, which has not been subjected to political pressure from outside. The key investor companies of the Asia-Pacific region (APR) and the European Union (EU), with which agreements on participation in projects have been signed, are presented. The intentions of the world powers for economic partnership in the Arctic projects of Russia are discussed, the most promising areas and areas of activity are outlined. It is determined that the dominant economic attention is shown by Asian countries. The leader is the People's Republic of China (PRC), interaction with which contributes to the acceleration of investment growth in these projects and has a wide range of industry areas. The implementation of AZRF projects with the participation of foreign partners has a positive multiplier effect on the development of the Northern Sea Route (NSR), the main economic highway of the Russian Arctic. The high value of Russian and international scientific research in the Arctic is determined, as well as the critical importance of the achievements of scientific and technological progress (STP), and as a result, a high-tech economy; the increased interest of the world powers in the work of the Arctic Council is indicated; the general attention to the thin ecological system of the Arctic is presented. The aim of the study is to assess the current economic agreements with the participation of international partners and to attract foreign investment in promising long-term Arctic projects in Russia.
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Статья научная
Based on historical material, the article presents the regional experience of searching for a model of economic development on the example of the Arkhangelsk Province's desire to get rid of the image of a “resource province” in the context of the growing importance of this region for the state. The article considers the period of the military-revolutionary era and the early NEP, which is short by historical standards, when, in the conditions of the inaction of other Russian ports, foreign policy sanctions, and a “trade blockade”, the economically active community of Arkhangelsk sought to diversify the economic life of the region as much as possible, choosing a different vector of further development. The author noted the forms of responding to the challenges of the era that forced look for new ways of solving problems. There is a desire to find its way for the Arkhangelsk Province within the framework of a single state, and the unification of the European, Ural, and Siberian territories gravitating towards the White Seaports. These issues should be considered in terms of only economic interregional cooperation. Among the variety of development projects, the foreign trade aspect was selected for consideration. During the study, the general motivation for planning foreign trade activities through Arkhangelsk changed. In the conditions of post-revolutionary devastation, the main motivator is the food supply of the population, which could return the value of raw materials to the region, while making it more dependent on external partners. In these circumstances, the local commercial and industrial community was ready to give up part of their rights in favor of the state foreign trade monopoly. On the other hand, the state was ready to transfer part of its powers so that local authorities interested in obtaining food and other items of life support ensure the formation of the necessary “export fund”. Thus, projects to diversify the regional economy were thwarted; in the 1920s the province retained the significance of the “all-Russia sawmill”; during the period of industrialization, industrial development was also associated mainly with the forest industry, and this one-sided development subsequently led to a severe structural crisis.
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Статья научная
The study examines the substantive components of the formation of technological sovereignty by key industries in Russia in the current geopolitical and economic conditions. The directions of state management on creation of institutional basis for implementation of innovative technological projects, production of domestic high-tech products within the framework of the concept of guaranteed independence of the Russian economy in critical infrastructure areas are defined. Promising directions for the implementation of projects aimed at large-scale development of carbon deposits in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation in the medium- and long-term perspective from the perspective of achieving technological sovereignty are identified. The interconnection of strategic plans of government and business structures, training centers and manufacturing enterprises, scientific and industrial institutions for building procedures for further strengthening the technological development of the country is presented. Examples of testing individual domestic components to achieve technological sovereignty in the fuel and energy complex of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, in the construction of ice-class ships, industrial engineering, etc. are outlined. The implementation of natural gas liquefaction projects in the Russian Arctic is becoming a strategically important and relevant topic for the development of carbon deposits. The created and implemented domestic technologies for liquefying natural gas “Arctic Cascade”, “Modified Arctic Cascade”, as well as the new technology “Arctic Mix”, which will be implemented in the future at the new Murmansk LNG terminal, are a good foundation for the innovative and technological development of Russia.
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Formation of Territorial Heat Supply Systems in the Northern and Arctic Regions of Russia
Статья научная
The article deals with the most important problems of the communal complex in the subjects of the Far North and the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The main attention is paid to the aspects of formation of territorial heat supply systems, which are the basic components of the infrastructure of life support in harsh polar natural and climatic conditions. The impact of the growth of utility tariffs on the structure of consumer spending of households in the northern and arctic regions is assessed. It is shown that the state of the municipal energy sector determines the formation of the socio-economic environment and investment attractiveness of the Arctic municipalities. Its renewal and modernization are the main conditions that contribute to reducing the rate of migration outflow of the local population, increasing industrial production and the state military–strategic presence in this important macro-region. Despite the predominance of energy sector specialization in the list of leading industrial enterprises, the presence of the necessary fuel and raw materials base and increased inflow of investment resources in the energy sector, there is further obsolescence and reduction of fixed assets of municipal energy supply units as well as the highest level of utility consumer costs in comparison with all-Russian indicators. The conclusion about the loss of previously available territorial infrastructure advantages of the Russian Arctic regions is substantiated: there has been a reduction in the total number of heat sources, territorial energy production, the length of heat communication networks. The increase of these energy threats is a factor limiting the socio-economic growth of Russia’s northern and arctic territories.
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Статья научная
The paper considers the issues of ethno-demographic development and settlement of small-numbered indigenous peoples of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation in the period between the 2002 and 2020 population censuses. The article analyzes the current state and development of the ethno-economic areas of the Arctic zone of the Krasnoyarsk Krai, assesses the potential for the development of traditional economic activity of indigenous peoples and identifies hindering factors. It is shown that the key mechanism for achieving the goals of sustainable development of traditional economic activities in the Arctic region is an active balanced cluster approach adapted to the specifics of ethno-economic habitats of indigenous minorities of the Arctic. The prerequisites and prospects for creating an ethno-economic cluster in the Arctic zone of Krasnoyarsk Krai are assessed. Promising areas of investment development of socio-economic potential and cooperative relations of traditional economic activities of indigenous minorities are identified. The results of the cluster formation will be increase in the degree of processing and in the output of traditional economic activities, increase in employment and improvement of the standard of living of indigenous small-numbered peoples, transformation of traditional economic activity into a full-fledged sector of the economy of the Arctic zone of the Krasnoyarsk Krai.
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Impact of Economic Factors on Sustainability of the Fishing Industry of the Russian Arctic Zone
Статья научная
The analysis of the influence of actual external and internal economic factors on the work of the fishing industry in general and in the Arctic zone in particular shows the stability and ability of the Russian fishery complex to fulfil the tasks of implementing the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation and other strategic regulatory documents. Timely work of the state legislative bodies in decision-making at all levels of management in the current situation is noted. Key economic factors (export and import, supply and demand, shipbuilding and ship repair, logistics, etc.) that have direct and indirect impact after the introduction of sanctions are considered. The paper analyses the key performance indicators of the Russian fishery complex, provides an analytical review of the demand for fresh-frozen fish in the North-West region, the relationship between the population’s income and the consumption of fish and fish products in the country. The primary role of scientific support of the fishing industry in the successful realization of the general goals and achievement of the set tasks is emphasized. An assumption about opening of new logistic routes and expansion of geography of fish and fish products supplies to African and Latin American countries, countries of Asia-Pacific region is made on the basis of assessment of modern international relations. It is determined that the construction and repair of the fishing fleet in modern conditions is of concern to the state structures and fishing business community. The measures of state support of shipbuilding plants of the country are considered, the proposal on creation of ship repair cluster in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is substantiated.
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Статья научная
The article examines the impact of fish products export by fishermen of the Murmansk Oblast on the realization of two main indicators prescribed in the Food Security Doctrine: the volume of products supplied to the domestic market and their economic accessibility to the population. As a result of the study, it was found that the main indicator of the Doctrine implementation — the threshold value of fish products supply to the domestic market — is not met due to its excessive export. The level of under-supply, compared to the recommendations of the Doctrine, amounted to 53.4% in 2021. Fish is supplied to the Murmansk Oblast and other regions in volumes that ensure its sale at high wholesale prices set by fishermen and with little competition. The bulk of the Arctic fish catch — up to 75%, and over 90% of cod and haddock — is exported, which is facilitated by high world prices and the low rate of the Russian ruble. Even when Russian fish is sold abroad at a discount, fish producers prefer to export it. In the absence of incentives for the supply of fishery products to the domestic market, it is advisable to increase the legal status of the Doctrine and make the implementation of its recommendations mandatory, or change the rules for allocating fishing resources to economic entities. The economic availability of cut fish for the population of the producing region — the Murmansk Oblast — is lower than the Russian average. There is a declining level of consumption. This is a consequence of the use of high prices set in the domestic market in a non-market way. There is a need to establish prices for fish products on the domestic market using auctions or exchange trading.
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Статья научная
The successful development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is directly related to the reliable and efficient operation of local heat supply systems, including those with minimal anthropogenic impact on the environment. Today, the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation uses mainly imported fossil fuels for heat generation, most of which (with the exception of coal and wood in some places) are delivered from other regions of Russia, which is associated with great financial difficulties and complicated logistics of fuel delivery to consumers. On the example of Teriberka settlement, located in the Murmansk region on the coast of the Barents Sea, it is shown that one of the solutions to these problems can be the use of wind turbines for heat supply needs together with the local boiler house, operating on organic fuel. The main effect from the use of wind power plants is expressed in the reduction of the boiler house participation in covering the heating load schedule of Teriberka settlement by 75-80% and, accordingly, by the same amount in saving fossil fuel consumed at the boiler house, as well as in reducing the negative impact on the natural environment.
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Статья научная
The article discusses the problems of increasing the multiplier effect of the agro-industrial complex of the Komi Republic as a result of investment, as well as ways to accelerate the economic growth of its spheres and individual enterprises. The problems of motivation to increase capital investments in order to increase production and competitiveness of marketable products remain without due attention. The aim of the study is to substantiate the transition of the agro-industrial complex of the Komi Republic to an innovative and investment path of development, to more active methods of using advanced technologies and resource provision of investments, increasing the share of the intellectual component in their composition. The subject of the study is to determine the level of the multiplier effect of the agro-industrial complex of the Komi Republic as a method for assessing its effectiveness and competitiveness. Research methods — quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of total costs, scientific abstraction, analysis and synthesis, systems approach, historical and logical method, statistical observations. The article reveals the main trends of the multiplier effect in the agro-industrial complex of the Komi Republic. It is proposed to increase the multiplier effect of the agro-industrial complex for business entities to focus on the tasks of coordinating the flows of available investment resources.
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Indigenous tourism and the Barents Euro-Arctic Region (BEAR)
Статья научная
In this article, it is argued that indigenous tourism must be understood as shaped by European ideas of the Other, as well as a more recent development in global politics. Such broad and increasingly global structures frame those heterogeneous populations that are labeled and label themselves indigenous. Furthermore, the current situation of these peoples is also shaped by their relationships to surrounding majorities and nation states. Therefore, definitions of indigenous tourism should rather be built on minorities’ degree of control of tourism activities than by ideas of emblematic cultural features. The growth in the tourism industry in many parts of the Barents Euro-Arctic Region also represents an opportunity for representing and maintaining cultural features among minorities. Nevertheless, minorities might also face challenges by being relegated to a position in the tourism industry where other more powerful actors define a rather narrow field of what indigenous tourism is. This article is based on literary studies of contemporary research on indigeneity, tourism, and Sámi tourism and draws upon the author’s extensive previous research on Sámi tourism in Norway.
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Статья научная
The purpose of the work is to assess the consequences of the industrial development of the territories of traditional nature management of the indigenous peoples of the North. In order to achieve the goal, the investment projects planned on the territory of the Arctic and considered in the ethnological expertise of the Yakutia are analyzed. The structure of the Yakutia economy is dominated by the mining industry. The Arctic and northern territories of Yakutia are characterized by high vulnerability to technogenic impacts. In 2012–2021, 39 investment business projects were considered in the republic’s ethnological expertise, including 12 ones in the Arctic and northern regions. In order to improve the health and quality of life of indigenous peoples in the areas of industrial development, it is necessary to conclude a trilateral Cooperation Agreement between the project customer, state authorities and authorized representatives of indigenous peoples. In order to monitor the quality of life of indigenous peoples, it is necessary to adopt the Program of ethno-ecological monitoring in the territories of traditional nature management. The study was carried out using historical-geographical, analytical, synthetic, statistical methods. The results of the work can be applied by specialists of state structures, scientists, students.
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Industrial Gas Potential of the Western Arctic in the Strategic Perspective
Статья научная
The state of the mineral resource base of natural gas requires special control, as it is a strategic resource necessary for the sustainable functioning and development of the Russian Federation’s economy, ensuring national security and defense, competitive advantage in foreign trade in hydrocarbons and deep-processing products, and meeting the domestic needs of high-tech sectors of the economy for hydrocarbon raw materials. An analysis of the state of the mineral resource base in terms of the country’s energy and economic security was carried out, and an assessment of natural gas reserves replenishment based on the reproduction coefficient was given. A study was conducted on the level of resource potential and prospects for increasing the mineral resource base of natural gas in the Western Arctic. It has been determined that the requirement for guaranteed gas production necessitates a change in subsoil use strategy. The depletion of profitable Cenomanian deposits in several traditional fields has become an incentive to develop projects for the development of hard-to-recover natural gas reserves — Upper-Cenomanian and deep-lying Neocom-Jurassic and Achimov. It has been concluded that it is necessary to compensate for the depletion of profitable gas reserves in traditional gas production regions, primarily in the Nadym-Purskaya and Pur-Tazovskaya fields, by shifting the raw material base to the Yamal and Gydan regions; development of transit fields in the Kara Sea, Ob, Tazovskaya and Gydanskaya bays; development of complex hydrocarbon deposits within the developed fields of traditional gas production centers.
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Industrial Policy and Transformation of the Consumer Market of the Russia’s Arctic Regions
Статья научная
The article considers the state of industrial policy in the subjects of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation both in terms of the status and dynamics of the regional consumer market and the mechanisms of state regulation and support. In the current situation of economic sanctions and external threats, the main problems of the consumer market are the following: rising prices, transformation of transport and logistics schemes, declining quality of goods and services, reduction of their assortment. Opportunities for solving them could include: location of production sites closer to the end consumer, inter-production and interregional cooperation and specialization, state regulation and compensation of fuel, energy and transport tariffs, infrastructure development. The article considers a number of generalized cases of consumer preferences formation depending on the goods belonging of local producers to this or that sector of the “Price x Quality” matrix. A number of systemic problems associated with the need for local producers to respond to the transformational changes to which the regional consumer market is exposed today has been identified. In order to create a set of support measures and effective tools, it is necessary to develop a system of long–term guidelines and strategizing in the field of regional industrial policy: on the one hand, it is integrated into the state vertical of industrial management, on the other hand, it takes into account territorial features, industrial potential and consumer expectations of the population in the regions. Based on the analysis, the authors propose to create a single document in each region of the Russian Federation with the working title “Fundamentals of regional industrial policy and consumer market development”.
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Infrastructure projects — general resource for increasing the economic potential of the Arctic
Статья научная
The study examines modern challenges affecting the development of the Arctic marine transport system and the economic situation of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF). The basic normative legal acts that determine the activities of economic organizations in the Arctic are presented. It was determined that in the context of the world economy regression caused by geopolitical, economic, natural and other reasons, increasing the AZRF economic potential is a priority goal, and the implementation of tasks for the Arctic zone development and ensuring national security corresponds to the implementation of the Fundamentals of State Policy of Russia. The tendency of competitive struggle by the Arctic countries on the issues of economics and geopolitics is noted. The Northern Sea Route (NSR) is presented as the basis of the Arctic sea transport system, its economic potential, international importance, international integration with the People's Republic of China is shown. The main infrastructural projects of the Arctic for the development of the oil and gas complex, the construction of an icebreaker fleet, the construction of new and modernization of the existing ports of the NSR, etc. are presented to solve the problems of increasing cargo traffic along the Northern Sea Corridor. New projects for modernization of port infrastructure, transport development, etc. are considered. The purpose of the study is to assess the ongoing and planned infrastructure projects carried out by the state and business to increase the economic potential of the Arctic. Many of them are unique, which expresses firm confidence in the modern development of the Arctic zone, in ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation.
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Innovation Potential of the Arctic Regions of Russia
Статья научная
The paper provides a comparative analysis of foreign and Russian methodologies for assessing innovation potential. It is shown that foreign methodologies cannot be used to determine the innovation potential of the Arctic regions of Russia due to specific indicators that are not calculated by Russian statistics. It is determined that the use of Russian methodologies for an objective assessment of the Arctic regions in terms of innovation potential is difficult. In this regard, the authors developed a comprehensive methodology for assessing innovation potential, the principal novelty of which consists, firstly, in the use of specific indicators (in other methods, the authors use not specific, but absolute statistical indicators); secondly, only indicators that characterize innovation development are used; thirdly, expert research methods are excluded. According to the results of the analysis of statistical data, it is determined that the Arctic regions have low rates of innovation development and lag behind the average Russian values. Based on the proposed methodology, the innovation potential was calculated and the Russian regions were ranked for ten years, including 2011, 2013, 2017 and 2020, in order to compare the dynamics of the Arctic regions. It is shown that the Arctic regions are characterized by rather low values of innovation potential and are mostly below 50th place in the ranking of Russian regions.
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Innovation Processes in the Energy Sector of the Arctic Region
Статья научная
Moving forward, striving for perfection of any human activity is associated with innovative development of technologies, manufactured products, labor relations and other factors. The study presents the results of the joint activities of educational, scientific and industrial organizations in the energy sector of the country. It has been established that with the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, innovations and investment technological processes are becoming key components of government and business activities that contribute to the development of energy sector companies to ensure their long-term competitiveness, which is especially important when implementing Arctic projects. The importance of developing and creating an innovative technological product is especially acute in the energy industry that provides life support for people, businesses, and the country. The energy sector is a rather conservative industry in terms of innovations (this is due to the long life cycle of the main equipment, which is several dozens of years), created by domestic enterprises using exclusively domestic components. Modernization and construction of new facilities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation in the energy sector requires significant investments with long payback periods, which is a significant factor in decision-making. Small and medium-sized businesses operating in the energy sector are set to make a profit in the short or medium term, but such companies are characterized by a low level of research and development. Nevertheless, the reconstruction of the energy sector is an urgent topic for the industry today, due to the fact that the wear and tear of equipment exceeds its service life. The key results of investment activities and key trends in the development of the energy sector, including in the Arctic, are highlighted. The purpose of the study is to identify long-term trends in innovative technological solutions in various areas of the country’s energy sector and to determine methods for their application in Arctic projects.
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Innovations in Western Arctic Fisheries
Статья научная
The purpose of this article is to substantiate the possibility of increasing the efficiency of fishing and crab harvesting in the Western Arctic through innovation. The relevance of this issue is related to the decline in fishing efficiency due to sanctions imposed by the United States and the European Economic Community on fishing, as well as other factors that increase costs and reduce product value. An analysis of selected indicators of the economic efficiency of fishing in the Murmansk Oblast in 2021 was carried out in comparison with 2013, which is considered the last period of the development stage of fishing in accordance with the classic business life cycle. It was shown that the main impact on the decline in the efficiency of crab fishing and fishing in general was the loss of the crab market in the United States and European countries, as well as the need to reorient sales to the Asia-Pacific region. As a result, import prices for crab in China, Korea and Japan became significantly lower than in the United States ($40/kg) and in the EEU countries. It was found that prices for live crab in China are almost 3 times higher than for frozen crab, and an innovative system for delivering it to China alive was developed. It was shown that the main innovative factor in increasing efficiency in fishing is the new fleet. The use of new vessels for crab fishing will ensure a 20–50% increase in fishing results, while labor productivity in fishing should increase by about 2 times, and costs should decrease. Proposals have been made to potentially increase fishing efficiency through other innovative factors: introduction of a new catch accounting system, improved logistics, release of new products, digitalization, development of the domestic market through improved pricing and competition, etc. In 2024, prices for live crab in China reached their pre-sanction level in the United States — $40/kg.
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