Вестник ВолГУ. Серия: История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения @hfrir-jvolsu
Статьи журнала - Вестник ВолГУ. Серия: История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения
Все статьи: 1937
Статья научная
Introduction. For the first time, the article examines the contemporary Russians’ and Americans’ social views on how the Soviet and US Cold War mass culture represented “us” and “them”. Materials and methods. The article is based on an analysis of data from an in-depth interview conducted in the USA and Russia (n = 27, autumn 2023 – spring 2024). To verify the results obtained, projective techniques were employed. Results. The interviewees from both countries demonstrated familiarity with the content of the Cold War ideological clichés; an understanding of the techniques by which these clichés are created; and awareness of the manipulative nature of their use. They identified the features through which mass culture juxtaposed Soviet and American ways of life, as well as the character traits and appearances attributed to Homo Americanus and Homo Soveticus. In general, Russian informants were slightly more knowledgeable about representations of the USSR in US mass culture than American counterparts were about representations of the USA in Soviet culture. The authors conclude that views on the ways of representing “us” and “them” in the Soviet and US Cold War mass culture are stereotypical, being simplified, shared, emotionally coloured and stable, and can be designated as “imagological stereotypes”. These stereotypes serve as a factor that influences Russians and Americans’ mutual perceptions and indirectly affects contemporary international relations.
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I международная Нижневолжская археологическая конференция, г. Волгоград, 1-5 ноября 2004 года
Статья
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Статья обзорная
В статье представлена информация о проведенной 23-24 сентября 2016 г. в г. Волгограде III Международной научной конференции «Военная история России: проблемы, поиски, решения», посвященной 160-летию окончания Крымской войны 1853-1856 годов. Конференция проведена в Волгоградском государственном университете. Организаторами конференции выступили ФГАОУ ВО «Волгоградский государственный университет», Центр коллективного пользования «Военная история России», Центр по изучению Сталинградской битвы, ФГУБК «Государственный историко-мемориальный музей-заповедник “Сталинградская битва”», ГКУВО «Государственный архив Волгоградской области», Волгоградское региональное отделение Академии военных наук, Волгоградское региональное отделение Российского военно-исторического общества. Конференция была содержательной и представительной по своему составу: свыше 100 представителей научных учреждений РАН, вузов, архивов, музеев и библиотек 20 городов России, Азербайджана, Белоруссии, Украины. Среди участников конференции 22 доктора наук, 40 кандидатов наук. Наряду с уважаемыми профессорами и доцентами в работе конференции приняли участие молодые ученые: ассистенты, аспиранты, магистранты и студенты. В статье проанализирована работа пленарного заседания и 10 секций, центральной из которых была секция «Крымская война: Россия и мир». В постоянных секциях были представлены доклады о военной истории в древности и средневековье, новом и новейшем времени, социальной защите населения в условиях военного времени, военно-политических конфликтах как угрозе безопасности общества и государства, международных аспектах военных конфликтов, военном искусстве в методологии международных «wargame» исследований, подведены итоги работы Центра по изучению Сталинградской битвы.
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Другой
В статье представлена информация о проведенной 20-21 октября 2017 г. в г. Волгограде IV Международной научной конференции «Военная история России: проблемы, поиски, решения», посвященной 75-летию победы в Сталинградской битве. Конференция проходила в Волгоградском государственном университете. Организаторами конференции выступили ФГАОУ ВО «Волгоградский государственный университет», Центр коллективного пользования «Военная история России», Центр по изучению Сталинградской битвы, ФГУБК «Государственный историко-мемориальный музей-заповедник «Сталинградская битва», ГКУВО «Государственный архив Волгоградской области», Волгоградское региональное отделение Академии военных наук. Конференция была содержательной и представительной по своему составу: свыше 150 представителей научных учреждений РАН, вузов, архивов, музеев и библиотек 28 городов России, Азербайджана, Белоруссии, Узбекистана и Украины. Среди участников конференции 23 доктора наук, 63 кандидата наук. Наряду с профессорами и доцентами в работе конференции приняли участие молодые ученые: ассистенты, аспиранты, магистранты и студенты. В статье проанализирована работа пленарного заседания и 10 секций, центральными из которых были секции «Сталинградская битва: история и современность» и «Нижняя Волга и Дон во время Сталинградской битвы». В постоянных секциях были представлены доклады о военной истории в древности и средневековье, новом и новейшем времени, социальной защите населения в условиях военного времени, военно-политических конфликтах как угрозе безопасности обществу и государству, международных аспектах военных конфликтов, военном искусстве в методологии международных «wargame» исследований.
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Статья научная
Introduction. The article examines cultural communication between the USSR and the USA from the 1960s to the 1980s. The case selected for the study includes criticism of the most significant aspects of the socio-political life of the USA – specifically, the political system, the institution of the presidency, and civic values – during the Cold War period. Methods and materials. The analysis uses historical constructivism and a range of supporting methods: descriptive analysis, discourse analysis, and semiotics. In addition to publicly available versions of the novel, plays, and films, the authors use unpublished archival sources. Analysis. The study focuses on the Soviet media campaign around the novel Seven Days in May by Fletcher Knebel and Charles W. Bailey II, which includes literary translations, plays, and films. The experience of “symmetric” film adaptations in the USSR and the USA has been studied. Particular attention is paid to the technique of on-screen modelling, which enabled the authors to offer a critical reflection on contemporary realities in the rival powers. Results. The analysed approaches to interpreting the novel, despite the variety of channels through which its content was disseminated, reveal commonalities and patterns in the construction of the symbolic Other. The criticism of the ambiguity surrounding political processes in the USA by the authors of the novel largely corresponded with established propaganda techniques employed by the Soviet media. The reflection of real processes in the relations between the two states is traced in the dynamic development of the images of the colonel, general, and president in the various versions of the novel. Authors’ contribution. Maksim Kaziuchits analysed a range of literary and media sources – the original novel Seven Days in May by Knebel and Bailey and its translations into Russian. He compared the translated versions with the source text and identified omissions in the 1966 and 1990 editions. His research also encompassed the radio play and the television production The Last Argument of Kings, as well as archival materials from the Russian State Archive of Cinema and Photo Documents and the Archive of the State Television and Radio Company. Nina Sputnitskaia worked at the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, where she collected and analysed documents related to theatrical productions, studied the personal archives of the creators of media products, and examined both the television film The Conspiracy and the script Hello, Comrade President!
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Implementing justice and realizing political process in the Islamic-Iranian model of progress
Статья научная
Introduction. The Islamist model of Iran assumes understanding national values and recognizing rights of indigenous peoples, seeks to meet the material and spiritual needs of society. This model has epistemological, ontological, and anthropological foundations rooted in the revelatory and ideological teachings of Islam. Its content, therefore, is based on monotheism, resurrection, and the inseparability of the worlds. The process of political development in the Islamic-Iranian model is progress based on divine and Islamic knowledge, arising from the heart, historical, indigenous, and cultural conditions of our country, which are realized in the context of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The importance of the research is that, by explaining the indicators of political development, it outlines how the will to achieve it forms in society. Methods and materials. To achieve the desired development and stand up against adversities and sanctions, we must identify our needs, limitations, and political, social, and economic harms and take action to solve them, then keep pace with the new global developments. The strategies considered for data analysis in the present study are in the framework of a qualitative method and based on a descriptive-analytical approach. Analysis. The study raises these questions: what indicators comprise the Islamic-Iranian model of progress’s political development, and how can this model achieve sustainable political development? The results of the study show the indicators of political development in the model are in accordance with the Sharia, and the context of sustainable political development is achieved by committing to implementing justice in the policy-making environment of society.
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Influence of the USA on Indian-Russian Relations
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This study analyses the influence of the USA on the development of contemporary Indian-Russian relations in the current geopolitical and geo-economic situation. Russia’s Special Military Operation (SMO) in Ukraine in February 2022 led to a series of unprecedented Western sanctions against Russia. In addition, the United States aimed to isolate Russia politically and economically from traditional partners. Therefore, this research, which analyses Russia’s relationship with a special and privileged strategic partner like India, is considered relevant. The work is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The methodological basis for writing the article was the IR theory of neorealism and the systems theory. The source base of the research, in addition to publications in periodicals, consists of official documents guiding the foreign policies of India, Russia and the USA. As part of the study, the authors analyse the nature of relations between the two countries and determine the role of the USA in their development and transformation. Even though the “Collective West” has been putting pressure on India to join the sanctions, the Indian government continues to be dictated by its national interests, mainly the need to provide its citizens with affordable energy resources. Despite India and Russia’s official statements and growing trade relations due to the import of cheap oil, the authors conclude that the USA continues to play an important role in their interaction. This is mainly due to the USA’s influence on the Indian elite and diaspora, as well as other geopolitical factors, including the expansion of BRICS and the military-strategic partnership with India. I.V. Rogachev developed the research concept and established its theoretical and methodological foundations. J.V. Bhagwat analysed the policies of India, Russia and the USA in various areas and formulated the conclusions.
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Статья научная
Introduction. This article provides a review of publications by Ural scientists exploring the subject of cooperation between Russia and other countries in the field of Russian industrial heritage. The scientific significance of the topic lies in the need to assess the impact of the global movement for the preservation of industrial heritage on the origins and development of the domestic one. Methods and materials. The directions of ongoing international cooperation were identified. In addition, the author explored over 30 currently available scientific publications concerning these directions in one way or another. For this purpose, general scientific and special historical methods were used (comparative/historical, historical/typological, and chronological domainspecific). There are no special studies comprehensively investigating the problem stated in the article. However, there exist three historiographic reviews that cursorily touch upon the subject of international cooperation in the sphere of industrial heritage. Analysis. The scrutiny of the scholarly papers identified several directions related to the study of the posed problem: the history and activities of the International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, Russia’s membership in it; exchange of experience between scientists of different countries; organisation of international events; joint scientific research; the formation of the domestic conceptual framework in this scientific sphere and the use of international terminology; and the role of personality. Results. The analysis of the published materials shows that Russian researchers have studied quite thoroughly the influence of the International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage on the emergence of activities focused on the study and conservation of industrial heritage in Russia. Much attention has been paid to the history of the organisation of international congresses and conferences and the implementation of joint research projects, mainly with scientists from European countries. Some attention has also been paid to the problem of using and borrowing foreign terms and methods and their subsequent transformation in relation to domestic material. A conclusion is made regarding national researchers’ insufficient attention to analysing the impact of the personality factor in this sphere.
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International networks for sustainable development: the world bank and Russian flaring legislation
Статья научная
Introduction. This paper deals with the international environmental norms on combatting the flaring of Associated Petroleum Gas (APG) and its adoption by Russia (decrees no. 7 and 1148). Flaring, or the systematic burning of associated gas during oil production, leads to the release of carbon dioxide and other harmful substances, endangering the surrounding and global environment. Methods. The authors use qualitative methods resting upon the analysis of primary and secondary documents, including articles from the media, legal texts, official communications and scholarly literature, to trace back the conditions that brought about the emergence of a distinct international norms condemning flaring. Analysis. The analysis of the norm through its life cycle reveals that the multi-faceted framing strategies employed by the Transnational Advocacy Network allowed the issue of flaring to gain salience in a relatively short timeframe. The flexible, durable, technical and apolitical approach adopted by the World Bank’s Global Gas Flaring Reduction Private Public partnership explains the Russian Government’s willingness to address the issue of flaring and to legislate on APG utilization. Results. The findings suggest that international campaigning for environmental protection need not be confrontational and that transnational advocacy networks may gain in efficiency if they adopt targeted strategies and systematically recode their message for each group of actors they plan to sensitize. Authors contribution. This article is based on research carried out by one of the authors, Anne Crowley-Vigneau for her dual doctoral thesis on international norms and Local Content policies completed at MGIMO University and the University of Reading. As the coordinating author she gathered the primary data through expert interviews. Andrey Baykov participated in coding, triangulating the data and studying legal documents. Prof. Yelena Kalyuzhnova, the supervisor of this research, provided guidance and created the research methodology. The writing of the paper was a joint effort of all three authors.
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Involvement of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia in the events in Afghanistan in the late 1970s
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Introduction. In this article, the author examines the position of the countries of the Middle East region in the late 1970s with regard to the armed conflict in Afghanistan. The emphasis is on the period on the eve of the entry of the Soviet troops to Afghanistan - from the April Revolution of 1978 until December 1979. The author’s focus is on two states: Pakistan directly bordering on Afghanistan, and Saudi Arabia, which is a major geopolitical actor in the region. Methods and materials. The author relies on documentary sources such as “Department of state bulletin”, documents of secret correspondence of the U.S. foreign policy agencies, documents of the U.S. National Security Archive, and special volumes on Afghanistan and the Middle East in “Foreign Relations of the United States. Diplomatic Papers, 1977-1980”. Thanks to these sources, it is possible to prove that the involvement of the states of the region in the Afghan armed conflict and its internationalization began even before the Soviet troops entered Afghanistan. Analysis. First, an overview of the objectives pursued by these states in Afghanistan and in the internal Afghan armed conflict is given. Following this, the author consistently reveals the position of these states in relation to the April Revolution of 1978, the ever-increasing Soviet involvement in the Afghan events (1978-1979) and the civil war that started against the Kabul government. Results. In conclusion the article reveals the role of these states in the process of internationalization of the Afghan armed conflict, which, according to the author, began before the Soviet troops entered Afghanistan.
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Статья научная
Introduction. No doubt that the Iran-USA nuclear deal of 2015 got fame in the international politics. Some countries were in favor of such a deal and some were against this development. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has more concerns over the Iran nuclear deal, it feels that after the deal Iran will become a regional power and will increase its military and political power which will disturb the regional securityand stability. As the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) itself provokes the creation of such conditions, thus their influence in the Middle East will be affected. Analysis. The article analyzes the concerns of Israel, implications for Turkey, the question why deal is beneficial for Pakistan, economic concerns of Saudi Arabia, implications for Persian Gulf and Middle East, economic implications for Turkey, economic opportunities for Pakistan. After the nuclear deal, Iran becomes a regional power and increases its political and economic influence in the region, especially in the Persian Gulf. The world says that Iran cannot get nuclear weapons after the deal because it has no such a capacity. However, according to some findings from the documents of the deal Iran is not blocked to become a nuclear power and the deal legitimizes the nuclear program. So, on the other hand after the Iran nuclear deal the regional political and economic environment is totally favorable to Iran. On the other hand, scholars believe that the United States of America (USA) operate in terms of diplomatic competition. From the economic standpoint, the deal will be favorable for Iran. Thus, some countries have objections related to the deal, while others express a positive attitude towards it. Results. Pakistan will be able to generate economic opportunities from Iran, especially with the help of Iran-Pakistan-India Gas pipeline project (IPI project). Consequences of the deal will be beneficial for the regional economic development of the Middle East and South Asia respectively.
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Iranian Politicians’ and Academics’ Views on the Strategic Partnership Between Iran and Russia
Статья научная
Introduction. Iranian politicians and academics describe the current relations between Iran and Russia in various ways. Research on the nature of the relationship between the two countries has produced conflicting findings and results. This research aimed to explore the perceptions of Iranian politicians and academics regarding the feasibility of forming a strategic partnership between Iran and Russia and to explain the reasons behind their similarities and differences. Methods and materials. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted using purposive, non-probability sampling among 30 respondents, including politicians and academics, from July to September 2024. The in-depth interviews were coded using an inductive method. Using thematic analysis, these codes were identified based on superficially shared meanings and constant comparison, categorized into themes and sub-themes, and then interpreted. Analysis. Two themes emerged in the interviewees’ perceptions: the first saw a strategic partnership as possible. It was divided into two sub-themes: supporters and opponents of the realization of this partnership so far. The second theme perceived a strategic partnership between the two countries as impossible. It was divided into two sub-themes regarding the feasibility of alternative names for this relationship, such as strategic relations or cooperation. Results. The researcher concluded that the different perceptions within Iran’s political and academic circles stemmed from politicians’ pragmatism and greater sensitivity to Iran’s interests in maintaining good relations with Russia under international sanctions. However, due to their more independent and deeper understanding of empirical evidence and greater distance from policymaking centers, academics of Iran primarily did not consider a strategic partnership with Russia feasible.
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Статья научная
The author aims to summarize, analyze, and supplement the knowledge about the Slavic copy of the Byzantine Farmer’s Law in Ms. Slav 466 from Hilandar monastery, second quarter of the 15th century. It has long been in the focus of Serbian philology and history of law. The current observations refer to the following spheres: the relationship between text and manuscript, the axiological significance of precedential texts in culture, the importance of this copy for Byzantine-Slavic interactions in the legal system, the uninterrupted cultural role of Holly Mountain’s monasteries for Eastern Christian culture. The Slavic copy of the “Farmer’s Law” in Hil. 466 is unique by structure and peculiarities. The manuscript testifies to the only known combination of the Farmer’s Law and the Prochiron in the South Slavic tradition. It is hypothesized that this combination was a conscious choice of the compilers of the collection influenced by tendencies in the post-Byzantine tradition. It corresponded to the strong anti-heretical line of the overall manuscript, inherited from the struggles against heresies on Mount Athos in the 14th century. The manuscript is a typical monastic miscellany. The linguistic nature of the “Farmer‘s Law” copy reveals its undoubted South-Slavic character, without russification, strongly influenced from the Greek protograph. Copy and translation may probably be of close chronology. Owing to being a precedential text, the Slavonic copy of the “Farmer’s Law” in Ms. Slav. 466 holds a special place in the attempts of reconstructing the stages and processes of reception of the Byzantine juridical legacy among South Slavs, of establishing the geographic-areal scope and the cultural itineraries of the spread of this text.
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Ivan the terrible: reform and reaction
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Introduction. Hugh F. Graham (1925-1994) was a famous American historian, Professor at California State College (Bakersfield, USA), specialist in Greek and Latin sources for early Russian history, he also translated a number of R.G. Skrynnikov’s works into English. In this article, devoted to the epoch of Ivan IV the Terrible, H. Graham presented his view on the political processes that took place in the highest strata of the Moscow State that constituted the closest circle of Ivan IV the Terrible and that could influence the internal reforms and foreign policy in the state. Materials. The study is based on the works of Russian and foreign historians, which allowed the author of the article to show controversial issues and prepare the article using the problem approach (their names and titles of the works are specified in references). In addition, H. Graham drew attention to the data from the following published sources: the works of I. Peresvetov, Protestant pastor in Lithuania Pavel Oderborn, and others. Analysis. In this article, the author consistently outlined the events of the reign of Ivan IV: he paid attention to the reforms of the Elected Rada, the oprichnina, and the postoprichnina period. H. Graham noted that along with the active study of the oprichnina period by historians, the issue of functioning was missed, while Zemstvo acted in accordance with the former administrative and institutional norms, continued to function under the traditional aristocratic leadership of the princes I.F. Mstislavskii and I.D. Belskii, whom Ivan IV, in fact, called co-rulers, proclaiming: “We three hold all the power”. H. Graham did not agree with the view of the oprichnina as a struggle with the aristocratic circles. The historian saw the following paradox: almost all the victims were leading figures in the new world, and not advocates of the old order. They were responsible for developing management tools and served in key institutions, participating in the centralization process promotion. They helped the tsar to acquire more authoritarian power he so longed for. Results. It is the contention of this paper that the reign of Ivan the Terrible was not atypical, but simply a continuation in its own way of the regular path of development the Muscovite monarchy had long been following. However, a man still able to provoke such wildly disparate assessments of his character and accomplishments will continue to fascinate psychologists, bellettrists, historians, and popularizers alike. They will keep returning to him and hope that someone someday will at last manage to capture the elusive essence of the era and of the man himself in such a way as to win general acceptance. The abstract is prepared by Candidate of Sciences (History), Associate Professor N.V. Rybalko. The works of famous historians Hugh Graham and Knud Rasmussen, published below, are united by the fact that both of them are devoted to the Russian history of the 16th century, were written in the mid-1980s * and handed over to me by the authors who honored me, their young colleague, to come to Budapest at my invitation. I was originally supposed to publish each of these articles separately in Hungarian. Then I didn’t manage to do it, and after that I forgot about them. Though during my further relocation, when arranging the office, these articles always moved with me to a new place, therefore, I remembered about them and kept them in sight. Over time, they were becoming more and more clearly linked in my eyes as valuable historiographical sources that should be preserved for the next generations. I express my sincere gratitude to Igor Olegovich Tyumentsev, a faithful follower of R.G. Skrynnikov, for the opportunity to put my intention into practice. * Dating them is challenging because there are no dates of writing on the manuscripts with the exception of Hugh Graham’s work (see more about him: http://naukarus.com/hyu-grehem-indianskiy-eksperiment-i-sovetskoe-antikovedenie-50-60-h-godov). Knud Rasmussen (see more about him: http://novist.history.spbu.ru/trudy_kafedry/16_2_2016/2016_16_2_Vozgrin_V_E_-_Knud_Rasmussen_i_Hans_Bagger_datskie_istoriki_Rossii.pdf) probably gave me his article in 1984, when he came to Budapest shortly before his unexpected death in 1985.
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Liberal arts and science university and the global challenges of the 21st century
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Introduction. Over the last 30 years, the educational model based on liberal arts and sciences has spread beyond its traditional United States to other parts of the world. However, recently, many liberal arts and science universities face a challenge: due to the pressures of the fast developing world, young people prefer more STEMs (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) oriented universities. The paper addresses the following question: How have private liberal arts universities adjusted to the global challenges of the 21st century? Methods and Materials. This paper conducts a case study of one of American leading private small universities - Reed College (Portland, Oregon, USA) by using reports on and studies of liberal arts universities and its graduates; interviews with students, faculty and administration of Reed College as well as academic writings on the subject. Paper examines the Reed College curriculum, faculty and student body, examines evidence from the current Reed faculty, student body and alumni, as well as the information about jobs that Reed alums land. Analysis. In the process of analysis, the paper discusses as to whether this adaptation has led to giving up on some of Reed College traditional principles. The role of international partnerships / programs in this process is analyzed. Results. The paper demonstrates that Reed College has been adapting to the global challenges of the 21st century by keeping its main focus on individual learning, research collaboration between faculty and students as well as expanding its majors to reflect the demands of the time, staying financially sound by incorporating alumni donations, and engaging internationally.
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Lyndon B. Johnson and the Civil right act of 1964
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The Civil Rights Movement is deeply intertwined with Lyndon B. Johnson. Throughout his career, Johnson supported the quest of African-Americans for political and civil rights. They found in him an ally whose role was fundamental in fullfilling the goals of Martin Luther King, Jr, and the Civil Rights Movement. This paper will examine the role of the Johnson presidency in the passage of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1964.
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Make America great again? How do we explain trumpism
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Introduction. Donald Trump was the nadir for the Republican Party; his election in 2016 and his subsequent tenure as President from 2017 to 2021 was the low point of the evolutionary descent and destruction of the party. When Ronald Reagan was elected the 40th president in 1980 at his inaugural address, he warned the nation: “government is not the solution to our problems; government is the problem”. One of his first legislative actions was to cut federal taxes on the wealthiest Americans. From that hour on, the Republican Party set their mantra as “lower taxes and shrink government, at all levels” (except for National Defense). Since Ronald Reagan’s Presidency, the Republican Party knows only one policy, cut taxes and shrink government; with that as its most sacred Creed, the party has blocked itself from dealing with anynational needs. Methods and materials . The methods used in the article are comparative, analytical, and functional systematic. The materials used were: 1) the official documents of President R. Reagan Library; 2) secondary accounts of contemporary events; 3) the materials of US media and selected articles of political experts. Analysis. The article provides some reflections on the evolutionary political process inside the Republican Party from R. Reagan till D. Trump. The authors analyze the context of political and ideological crisis, the new wave of conservative leaders, and the reasons for the structural crisis of the Republican Party. Special attitude devoted to D. Trump phenomena and the description of his political mind. Heed analyzed the main trends of the development Republican Party in the last 30 years. He also selected some historical and current sources from mass media for identification of the controversy inside the GOP. A. Kubyshkin analyzed the connection inside the US party system with global challenges for US policy in the domestic arena and on the international scene . Results. D. Trump’s bankruptcy of the Republican Party is perhaps best shown by the platform he ordered for the 2020 campaign. There should be none. This action best describes what Trump did to the GOP. By Trump’s command, all the Republican partyneed offer was Trump. The only campaign slogan needed was to support the beloved leader. Only he could heal the nation. No statement of policies was needed; there were none. The Republican Party was left with only Trump as the one all and be all.
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Methods of missionary activity of the Jesuits in Vietnam in the 17th and 18th centuries
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Introduction. The purpose of this study is to reproduce precisely and accurately the process of conquering the faith of various social strata in Vietnam by analyzing the missionary methods of evangelization applied by Jesuit missionaries operating in Vietnam in the 17th and 18th centuries. Methods and materials. The author used the original historical materials recorded by Western missionaries working in Vietnam during the 17th and 18th centuries and research works by Vietnamese and international scholars related directlyor indirectly to the missionary methods of Jesuits in Vietnam of the 17th and 18th centuries. The author combines the historical and genetic method with other research methods (systemic approach, analysis, synthesis, comparison, etc.). Analysis. In the 17th and 18th centuries, to conquer the faith of the people in Tonkin and Cochinchina (Vietnam), Jesuit missionaries adopted several measures such as establishing relationships and attracting the upper classes to the Christianity, “missionary academic”, “missionarybibliography”, disputes and religious conversion of the leaders of indigenous denominations, etc. These measures have been more or less effective and allow Jesuit missionaries to introduce and develop the Christianity in Vietnam during this period. Results. The research results presented in the article will contribute to the study of the historyof Christianity and missionary activities of the Jesuits in Vietnam in the 17th and 18th centuries.
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Migrations and Resettlements in the Territory of Medieval Shirvan
Статья научная
Introduction. Studying the diverse ethnic composition of Shirvan in the Middle Ages provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics of ethnicity, culture, and identity in the region. By scrutinizing the historical roots of the region’s ethnic diversity, it is possible to observe the shifting from one ethnic identity to another in historical perspective. Methods and materials. Aiming to shed light on the migrations to the region based on the primary sources of the time, the paper studies medieval migrations and resettling populations in the case of Shirvan. This study is based on the medieval textual sources and archaeological findings, implementing methods of comparison and interdisciplinary approaches to mapping ethnic diversity. Analysis. The location of the region at the Darband passage and along the transit trade routes determined its ethnic diversity. Due to its strategic importance, the region was subject to invasions by neighboring leading powers of the medieval era. To strengthen their control, these powers enforced the propagation of their religion and resettled new populations. The resettlement of Persian-speaking populations during the Sassanid and Arab conquests, along with the influx of Arab tribes, contributed to the ethno-linguistic landscape of Shirvan. The arrival of Turkic tribes over the centuries played a significant role in shaping the demographic composition of Shirvan. Results. The migrations and interactions of these and other groups have created a complex societal structure in Shirvan, marked by a variety of languages, traditions, and religious practices. Authors’ contribution. L.A. Aliyeva developed the basic concept and methodological foundations of the study, prepared the introduction article and the main results of the study, and analyzed the pre-Seljuk period. Kh. Karim analyzed the Seljuk and Mongol periods based on Persian-language sources.
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Network diplomacy: approaches to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Статья научная
Introduction. The aim of the article is to to analyze the concept of modern network diplomacy as well as to illustrate possible solution approaches to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through the abovementioned mechanism. Network diplomacy is defined as the multi-level communication, representation, and negotiation of an idea or a set thereof through a set of actors, which may extend beyond traditional, rigid state sponsored institutions and encompass other actors integrated with the idea or parties involved. Methods and materials. The research involved a combination of analytical empirical research containing justification for case selection and qualitative research. The author mostly approaches the topic through liberal paradigm of international relations, accentuating mutual benefits of international cooperation, arguing that flexible formats of diplomacy can be an effective way to help states to interact with each other in an honest manner and support nonviolent solutions to conflicts. Analysis. The analysis is based mainly on case study research, which helped to generate the results. The article will be structured in several parts. The introduction will render an overview of the network diplomacy concept followed by a historic background of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and its ideological underpinnings, and so inform a set of theories as pertaining to the potency of network diplomacy in the solution process, which will be outlined in the parts following it. These theories will then be evaluated in the context of the overall environment and specific cases- NGOs as a reach out function in water management at the municipal level, academic institutions establishing communication channels independent of the larger political environment, and a short summary of European Union outreach to non-state actors as an illustrative case of state to non-state actor diplomacy. Moreover, the article includes the study of citizen diplomacy, civil society-based approaches, economically driven incentives and other cultural initiatives such as sports-based diplomacy as possible mechanisms. Results. Network diplomacy may feature a multi-pronged approach to diplomacyrepresented through a mixture of, for example, state actors and non- governmental organizations (NGOs). Network diplomacy is particularly potent in spreading ideas as it allows engagement of a multitude of actors directly, and is subject to comparatively low transaction costs. Network diplomacyappears to be a promising approach to the solution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict which is characterized by juxtaposing ideological underpinnings in addition to issues of realpolitik, and a multitude of actors including non-state actors.
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