Вестник ВолГУ. Серия: История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения @hfrir-jvolsu
Статьи журнала - Вестник ВолГУ. Серия: История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения
Все статьи: 1830
Статья научная
Introduction. The article systematically studies animals and plants in Vietnam, which were mentioned in historical materials by Westerners who have been present in Vietnam or were interested in researching this country during the 17th and 18th centuries. Based on the analysis of the advantages and limitations of historical materials records by Westerners during this period, the authors of the article aim to initially restore a piece of natural conditions in particular, as well as the overall picture of the country and people of Vietnam in general during the 17th and 18th centuries. Methods and materials. The authors combine the two main research methods: comparison and collating. To complete the research of the content in the article, the authors used original historical materials, including reports, letters, travel diaries, works, etc., of Western missionaries, traders, travelers, and researchers who operated in Vietnam or were interested in researching this country during the 17th and 18th centuries. Analysis. In the 17th and 18th centuries, to preach the Gospel, trade, travel, and research, Westerners set foot in Vietnam or were interested in studying this country. During that process, many aspects of the country and people of Vietnam were recorded in their reports, letters, travel diaries, works, etc. Among them, natural conditions in general and Vietnam’s animals and plants in particular are also the content that attracts the attention of Westerners. That is an essential premise for the article’s author to conduct research and provide a statistical table of animals and plants in Vietnam during the 17th and 18th centuries. On that basis, the author analyzes and highlights the accurate and detailed description while clarifying some non-incompatibilities and shortcomings when comparing and collating historical materials recorded by Westerners about several specific animals or plants. All of the above work is aimed at evaluating as objectively and accurately as possible the value of historical materials recorded by Europeans in conveying the image of the country and people of Vietnam who came to the Western world during the 17th and 18th centuries. Results. The article has provided researchers and readers with an overview of the animal and plant species mentioned in historical documents recorded by Westerners during the 17th and 18th centuries through the creation of statistical tables and analysis of data from those statistical tables. Based on the analysis of the advantages and limitations of these historical documents, the article’s authors initially affirm their significance in partially restoring the appearance of the system of animals and plants in Vietnam during this period. Authors’ contribution. Truong Anh Thuan searched and collected historical materials recorded by Westerners during the 17th and 18th centuries related to Vietnam’s flora and fauna and formed the article’s main contents. The author analyzes the advantages and limitations of these historical materials, thereby affirming their value in initially restoring the picture of Vietnam’s flora and fauna in the 17th and 18th centuries from the perspective of history and bibliology research. Vo Van Minh conducted statistics and classification and created statistical tables on Vietnam’s flora and fauna mentioned in historical materials recorded by Westerners during the 17th and 18th centuries. He analyzed data from those statistical tables as a basis for making scientific judgments and assessments presented in the article.
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Статья научная
Introduction. Currently the notion of the “soft power” is perceived as an effective way of nation’s non-forcible influence on other countries with a view to implement one’s own objectives. Suchlike implementation is confined to particular spheres to form a positive image of the nation. Higher education today is one of the most efficient instruments of the “soft power” implementation in the countries of Central Asia, for it allows securing friendly political and economic elite as well as enhancing the quality of labour migrants to the Russian Federation. The aim of the research is to analyze particular features of the “soft power” implementation in the domain of higher education in case with the region of Central Asia on the example of Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov (the city of Arkhangelsk, Russia, henceforth NArFU). Methods and materials. The study is based on systematic and comparative approaches to the analysis of the Russian “soft power” strategy in the domain of higher education. The studyin hand also draws on general approaches to the “soft power” implementation in the region of Central Asia. The main sources for the analysis are annual reports on implementing the NArFU programme of development. These reports pay a great deal of attention to academic recruiting and academic mobility. Analysis. The Central Asia region is crucial from the view point of Russia’s interests. The region is rich in hydrocarbon deposits, it boasts a great transit potential in international trade, and this is the region where the biggest number of migrants come from to Russia. For these reasons Russia is strengthening its “soft power” influence on Central Asian countries in general and in the sphere of higher education in particular. From the very day of the NArFU foundation in 2010, the region of Central Asia has been considered as a high-priority region. The example of NArFU demonstrates that the number of international students in the total number of full-cycle students has risen by 8.4 times, wherein the growth is secured mainly by students from Central Asian countries. Central Asian students’ percentage of the total number of international students is 82-89.3%. The percentage of students from the region in question, doing short-term educational programmes is also high - 49.5-61.4%. Diverse mechanisms are exploited to attract would-be students to NArFU: agreements with educational establishments of the region; visits of NArFU’s representatives (both lecturers and students) to the region; NArFU’s participation in international exhibitions on education; presenting NArFU’s educational programmes on the basis of “Rossotrudnichestvo” regional offices; inviting school graduates to study within the quota for fellow-countrymen residing abroad; arranging off-site university testing and multi-disciplinary intellectual contests; higher educational allowances and medical insurance compensation; active promotion with the help of social media. The international Friendship Club and the team of tutors were set up to ensure better social and cultural adaptation, regular events and excursions take place on the same purpose. Results. Despite the fact that there is no general state-level integral concept on attracting school graduates from the countries of Central Asia to the universities of Russia, NArFU managed to occupy the niche on the educational market of the region. University’s administration has been pursuing a clear course towards attracting would-be students from Central Asia, exploiting a wide range of mechanisms to enhance academic recruiting, relying upon the advantages of Arkhangelsk region in the sphere ofmigrants’ adaptation. Over the recent ten years the factors mentioned above have brought about more than eight times growth of students from the region of Central Asia in NArFU.
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Статья научная
The recent data related to the legend of St Anastasia in Byzantium require a fresh analysis of the mutually connected cults of Anastasia and Febronia in both the Christian East and West. Part One of the present study is focused on the East, whereas Part Two will be focused on the Latin West. In Part One, the cult of Anastasia is discussed especially in Constantinople from the mid-fifth to the fourteenth centuries, with special attention to the epoch when the Imperial Church was Monothelite (seventh century). In this epoch, a new avatar of St Anastasia was created, the Roman Virgin, whose Passio was written on the basis of Syriac hagiographic documents. The cult of this second Anastasia was backed by Monothelite Syrians, whereas the fifth-century cult of Anastasia in Constantinople was backed by the Goths. Transformations of Anastasia cults in the era of state Monothelitism were interwoven with a new Syriac cult of Febronia of Nisibis that appeared in the capital shortly after its creation in Syria in a Severian “Monophysite” milieu.
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Статья научная
In this concluding part of the study of the western hagiographical dossier of St Anastasia, the attention is focused on two main problems: the earliest cult of St Anastasia in Sirmium (replacing the cult of St Bassilla with the cult of St Anastasia) and the cult of Anastasia and Petronilla in the St Andrew church created by Pope Symmachus near St Peter’s cathedral. The development of the cult of St Petronilla (the legendary daughter of Apostle Peter) is related to a specific commemoration of St Peter established by Pope Leo the Great.
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Статья научная
The present article is a part of the study of the hagiographical dossier of St Anastasia, where the authors focus on three major problems: 1) the earliest Roman legends containing the name of Anastasia and other names occurring in her dossier; 2) the cult of the historical martyr in Sirmium that was lately transformed into the cult of St Anastasia; and 3) the place of the Anastasia church in the pre-Byzantine stational liturgy in Rome. The latter point involves a study of the original place, in the fifth-century stational liturgy of Rome, of the basilica Santa Maria Maggiore.
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Статья научная
Sections from 1 to 4 of Part Two of our study, which is dedicated to the western legends of Anastasia, are focused on an investigation of the Aquileian legend and, then, going in the reverse chronological order, on the early Roman legend before its reception in Aquileia. The plot line dedicated to Chrysogonus is an Aquileian addition lacking from the earlier Roman legend. The pious mother of Anastasia called Fausta belongs to the same plot line, whereas the mother of the “original” Anastasia was pagan.
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France in the process of the resolution of conflicts on the african continent
Статья научная
Introduction. Historically, France has always had an impact on the African continent. Despite the independence of most French colonies in Africa, France managed to maintain its position in the region. The system called “Françafrique” was created. The first element of this system is economic cooperation, namely the fact, that Africa provides an opportunity to use its natural resources. Another important element is the military one. The White paper of France has repeatedly emphasized the strategic importance of Africa for the Fifth Republic. In the 2010s, the situation in the region deteriorated. France’s assistance in overcoming internal crises in Mali, Chad, Libya can be considered an evidence of the increasing role of France in conflict resolution, and that is the thing which is analyzed by the author in this work. Methods and materials. While writing the article, both official documents of the French government and analytical works of famous French authors were used. Both general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis) and quantitative scientific methods (event analysis and content analysis) are used in the paper. Analysis. The article is devoted to the activities of France on the African continent in the period from 2011 to 2017. A Special attention is paid to the role of France in the conflict resolution of Africa. In particular, the paper considers France’s support for the adoption of the UN resolution in response to the civil war in Libya in 2011 and military intervention in the country; militaryoperations of the Fifth Republic in the Sahel zone - Serval operation and in the Central African Republic - Sangaris operation, military presence of France in Djibouti. The paper emphasizes the keyprovisions of the French policy towards the African continent aimed at the preservation of French influence in the region. Results. In the article, the author comes to the following conclusions: France is not ready to abandon its military ambitions, it continues Barkhane operation, without stopping the fight against terrorism in the Sahel region; despite the competition from other countries (in particular, China and Japan), France’s military presence in Eastern Africa remains the same, France does not intend to leave the base in Djibouti.
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Historical memory and orthodox faith: Byzance apr`es byzance in Sofia under ottoman rule
Статья научная
In our article we propose a case study on the character of the veneration of neomartyrs of Sofia in the 16th century and a review of the related literature. We try to argue that the aims of their veneration were religious and political, and that these aims were attained through the exaltation of the Christian faith and the creation and maintaining of a historical memory. The direction of the intended results, however, is not anti-Ottoman, but anti-Islamic; the veneration urged to consolidate the Orthodox Christian congregation. It is to the people of the Orthodox confession, not to the national (in this period mostly “ethnical”) community, that the veneration of the neomartyrs was addressed. The strengthening of the congregation could be achieved excellently through the martyr’s bearing witness (having in mind that “ martyros ” means “witness” in Greek); the martyr adds holiness to the place and sacralizes the space of the city, and finally of the whole political milieu. The witness is not only the creator of sacredness, he is also a keeper of the memory of the past. The martyr is a champion because he / she vanquishes the foes of God through his / her martyrdom. As a champion, he is a reminder of the glorious past; as a victor, he is a Defensor fidei in the present. This is a clear confirmation of God’s power under different historical circumstances. These ideas directed at the restoration, but only spiritual, of the Christian Empire through the Body of the Church. This explains the absence of any overt opposition against Ottoman power. Therefore, we find here, in Sofia, a conception of Byzance après Byzance of the same type as we find in Constantinople after the fall of the Empire, when the Ecumenical Church adopted part of the Empire’s heritage.
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Рецензия
The review presents the analysis of Gyula Szvák’s essays and studies written on Russian historiography over more than thirty years. His main field of research, the reigns of Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great, and their importance in the course of Russian History stand in the focus of the collected works. His method, called by him “historical microphilology”, is reminiscent of the approaches used by some scholars of conceptual history. He argues that by using this method some paradigms can be revealed which can help us better understand the flow of Russian History.
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History of emergency powers of the US presidents: from Abraham Lincoln to Donald Trump
Статья научная
Introduction. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic announced by the WHO in 2020, American researchers bring up the question of the legitimacy, adequacy, or, on the contrary, redundancy of measures taken by the US leadership to protect the population. The study of the US President’s history of emergency powers can demonstrate how previous American Presidents managed to preserve or, conversely, subvert the established liberal foundations of American society in emergency situations. Methods and materials. The author used methods of structural analysis and synthesis, historical and legal comparative method, formal legal method, and method of legal modeling. Analysis. The author studied A. Lincoln’s extra-constitutional authority to emancipate slaves, suspend the Habeas Corpus Act, create a volunteer army, and declare a naval blockade. On the basis of legal sources, we carried out the analysis of F. Roosevelt’s decisions on the creation of courts-martial and the internment of people of Japanese descent; reviewed the activities of G. Bush after the September 11 attacks and D. Trump’s emergency measures related to building the border wall in the south of the USA. Results. During the research, we found, that each military, economic, or social crisis increased the political significance and role of the executive branch in emergencies. We can characterize the increase of the emergency powers, delegated to the US Presidents, as steadily growing due to the crises that took place in various periods of American history. It was proved, that the precedents of emergency measures created by A. Lincoln, F. Roosevelt and George W. Bush had a long-term impact on the actions of the next US Presidents, opening up new legal opportunities for the use of emergency powers. At the same time, Congress and the US Supreme Court have taken a controversial stance on the validity of the President’s actions at various historical stages. Most of the time, the status of the legislative and judicial branches of government, as well as the understanding of “emergency situation” itself depended on the specific case and practical political needs
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I международная Нижневолжская археологическая конференция, г. Волгоград, 1-5 ноября 2004 года
Статья
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Статья обзорная
В статье представлена информация о проведенной 23-24 сентября 2016 г. в г. Волгограде III Международной научной конференции «Военная история России: проблемы, поиски, решения», посвященной 160-летию окончания Крымской войны 1853-1856 годов. Конференция проведена в Волгоградском государственном университете. Организаторами конференции выступили ФГАОУ ВО «Волгоградский государственный университет», Центр коллективного пользования «Военная история России», Центр по изучению Сталинградской битвы, ФГУБК «Государственный историко-мемориальный музей-заповедник “Сталинградская битва”», ГКУВО «Государственный архив Волгоградской области», Волгоградское региональное отделение Академии военных наук, Волгоградское региональное отделение Российского военно-исторического общества. Конференция была содержательной и представительной по своему составу: свыше 100 представителей научных учреждений РАН, вузов, архивов, музеев и библиотек 20 городов России, Азербайджана, Белоруссии, Украины. Среди участников конференции 22 доктора наук, 40 кандидатов наук. Наряду с уважаемыми профессорами и доцентами в работе конференции приняли участие молодые ученые: ассистенты, аспиранты, магистранты и студенты. В статье проанализирована работа пленарного заседания и 10 секций, центральной из которых была секция «Крымская война: Россия и мир». В постоянных секциях были представлены доклады о военной истории в древности и средневековье, новом и новейшем времени, социальной защите населения в условиях военного времени, военно-политических конфликтах как угрозе безопасности общества и государства, международных аспектах военных конфликтов, военном искусстве в методологии международных «wargame» исследований, подведены итоги работы Центра по изучению Сталинградской битвы.
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Другой
В статье представлена информация о проведенной 20-21 октября 2017 г. в г. Волгограде IV Международной научной конференции «Военная история России: проблемы, поиски, решения», посвященной 75-летию победы в Сталинградской битве. Конференция проходила в Волгоградском государственном университете. Организаторами конференции выступили ФГАОУ ВО «Волгоградский государственный университет», Центр коллективного пользования «Военная история России», Центр по изучению Сталинградской битвы, ФГУБК «Государственный историко-мемориальный музей-заповедник «Сталинградская битва», ГКУВО «Государственный архив Волгоградской области», Волгоградское региональное отделение Академии военных наук. Конференция была содержательной и представительной по своему составу: свыше 150 представителей научных учреждений РАН, вузов, архивов, музеев и библиотек 28 городов России, Азербайджана, Белоруссии, Узбекистана и Украины. Среди участников конференции 23 доктора наук, 63 кандидата наук. Наряду с профессорами и доцентами в работе конференции приняли участие молодые ученые: ассистенты, аспиранты, магистранты и студенты. В статье проанализирована работа пленарного заседания и 10 секций, центральными из которых были секции «Сталинградская битва: история и современность» и «Нижняя Волга и Дон во время Сталинградской битвы». В постоянных секциях были представлены доклады о военной истории в древности и средневековье, новом и новейшем времени, социальной защите населения в условиях военного времени, военно-политических конфликтах как угрозе безопасности обществу и государству, международных аспектах военных конфликтов, военном искусстве в методологии международных «wargame» исследований.
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Implementing justice and realizing political process in the Islamic-Iranian model of progress
Статья научная
Introduction. The Islamist model of Iran assumes understanding national values and recognizing rights of indigenous peoples, seeks to meet the material and spiritual needs of society. This model has epistemological, ontological, and anthropological foundations rooted in the revelatory and ideological teachings of Islam. Its content, therefore, is based on monotheism, resurrection, and the inseparability of the worlds. The process of political development in the Islamic-Iranian model is progress based on divine and Islamic knowledge, arising from the heart, historical, indigenous, and cultural conditions of our country, which are realized in the context of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The importance of the research is that, by explaining the indicators of political development, it outlines how the will to achieve it forms in society. Methods and materials. To achieve the desired development and stand up against adversities and sanctions, we must identify our needs, limitations, and political, social, and economic harms and take action to solve them, then keep pace with the new global developments. The strategies considered for data analysis in the present study are in the framework of a qualitative method and based on a descriptive-analytical approach. Analysis. The study raises these questions: what indicators comprise the Islamic-Iranian model of progress’s political development, and how can this model achieve sustainable political development? The results of the study show the indicators of political development in the model are in accordance with the Sharia, and the context of sustainable political development is achieved by committing to implementing justice in the policy-making environment of society.
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Influence of the USA on Indian-Russian Relations
Статья научная
This study analyses the influence of the USA on the development of contemporary Indian-Russian relations in the current geopolitical and geo-economic situation. Russia’s Special Military Operation (SMO) in Ukraine in February 2022 led to a series of unprecedented Western sanctions against Russia. In addition, the United States aimed to isolate Russia politically and economically from traditional partners. Therefore, this research, which analyses Russia’s relationship with a special and privileged strategic partner like India, is considered relevant. The work is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The methodological basis for writing the article was the IR theory of neorealism and the systems theory. The source base of the research, in addition to publications in periodicals, consists of official documents guiding the foreign policies of India, Russia and the USA. As part of the study, the authors analyse the nature of relations between the two countries and determine the role of the USA in their development and transformation. Even though the “Collective West” has been putting pressure on India to join the sanctions, the Indian government continues to be dictated by its national interests, mainly the need to provide its citizens with affordable energy resources. Despite India and Russia’s official statements and growing trade relations due to the import of cheap oil, the authors conclude that the USA continues to play an important role in their interaction. This is mainly due to the USA’s influence on the Indian elite and diaspora, as well as other geopolitical factors, including the expansion of BRICS and the military-strategic partnership with India. I.V. Rogachev developed the research concept and established its theoretical and methodological foundations. J.V. Bhagwat analysed the policies of India, Russia and the USA in various areas and formulated the conclusions.
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International networks for sustainable development: the world bank and Russian flaring legislation
Статья научная
Introduction. This paper deals with the international environmental norms on combatting the flaring of Associated Petroleum Gas (APG) and its adoption by Russia (decrees no. 7 and 1148). Flaring, or the systematic burning of associated gas during oil production, leads to the release of carbon dioxide and other harmful substances, endangering the surrounding and global environment. Methods. The authors use qualitative methods resting upon the analysis of primary and secondary documents, including articles from the media, legal texts, official communications and scholarly literature, to trace back the conditions that brought about the emergence of a distinct international norms condemning flaring. Analysis. The analysis of the norm through its life cycle reveals that the multi-faceted framing strategies employed by the Transnational Advocacy Network allowed the issue of flaring to gain salience in a relatively short timeframe. The flexible, durable, technical and apolitical approach adopted by the World Bank’s Global Gas Flaring Reduction Private Public partnership explains the Russian Government’s willingness to address the issue of flaring and to legislate on APG utilization. Results. The findings suggest that international campaigning for environmental protection need not be confrontational and that transnational advocacy networks may gain in efficiency if they adopt targeted strategies and systematically recode their message for each group of actors they plan to sensitize. Authors contribution. This article is based on research carried out by one of the authors, Anne Crowley-Vigneau for her dual doctoral thesis on international norms and Local Content policies completed at MGIMO University and the University of Reading. As the coordinating author she gathered the primary data through expert interviews. Andrey Baykov participated in coding, triangulating the data and studying legal documents. Prof. Yelena Kalyuzhnova, the supervisor of this research, provided guidance and created the research methodology. The writing of the paper was a joint effort of all three authors.
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Involvement of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia in the events in Afghanistan in the late 1970s
Статья научная
Introduction. In this article, the author examines the position of the countries of the Middle East region in the late 1970s with regard to the armed conflict in Afghanistan. The emphasis is on the period on the eve of the entry of the Soviet troops to Afghanistan - from the April Revolution of 1978 until December 1979. The author’s focus is on two states: Pakistan directly bordering on Afghanistan, and Saudi Arabia, which is a major geopolitical actor in the region. Methods and materials. The author relies on documentary sources such as “Department of state bulletin”, documents of secret correspondence of the U.S. foreign policy agencies, documents of the U.S. National Security Archive, and special volumes on Afghanistan and the Middle East in “Foreign Relations of the United States. Diplomatic Papers, 1977-1980”. Thanks to these sources, it is possible to prove that the involvement of the states of the region in the Afghan armed conflict and its internationalization began even before the Soviet troops entered Afghanistan. Analysis. First, an overview of the objectives pursued by these states in Afghanistan and in the internal Afghan armed conflict is given. Following this, the author consistently reveals the position of these states in relation to the April Revolution of 1978, the ever-increasing Soviet involvement in the Afghan events (1978-1979) and the civil war that started against the Kabul government. Results. In conclusion the article reveals the role of these states in the process of internationalization of the Afghan armed conflict, which, according to the author, began before the Soviet troops entered Afghanistan.
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Статья научная
Introduction. No doubt that the Iran-USA nuclear deal of 2015 got fame in the international politics. Some countries were in favor of such a deal and some were against this development. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has more concerns over the Iran nuclear deal, it feels that after the deal Iran will become a regional power and will increase its military and political power which will disturb the regional securityand stability. As the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) itself provokes the creation of such conditions, thus their influence in the Middle East will be affected. Analysis. The article analyzes the concerns of Israel, implications for Turkey, the question why deal is beneficial for Pakistan, economic concerns of Saudi Arabia, implications for Persian Gulf and Middle East, economic implications for Turkey, economic opportunities for Pakistan. After the nuclear deal, Iran becomes a regional power and increases its political and economic influence in the region, especially in the Persian Gulf. The world says that Iran cannot get nuclear weapons after the deal because it has no such a capacity. However, according to some findings from the documents of the deal Iran is not blocked to become a nuclear power and the deal legitimizes the nuclear program. So, on the other hand after the Iran nuclear deal the regional political and economic environment is totally favorable to Iran. On the other hand, scholars believe that the United States of America (USA) operate in terms of diplomatic competition. From the economic standpoint, the deal will be favorable for Iran. Thus, some countries have objections related to the deal, while others express a positive attitude towards it. Results. Pakistan will be able to generate economic opportunities from Iran, especially with the help of Iran-Pakistan-India Gas pipeline project (IPI project). Consequences of the deal will be beneficial for the regional economic development of the Middle East and South Asia respectively.
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Статья научная
The author aims to summarize, analyze, and supplement the knowledge about the Slavic copy of the Byzantine Farmer’s Law in Ms. Slav 466 from Hilandar monastery, second quarter of the 15th century. It has long been in the focus of Serbian philology and history of law. The current observations refer to the following spheres: the relationship between text and manuscript, the axiological significance of precedential texts in culture, the importance of this copy for Byzantine-Slavic interactions in the legal system, the uninterrupted cultural role of Holly Mountain’s monasteries for Eastern Christian culture. The Slavic copy of the “Farmer’s Law” in Hil. 466 is unique by structure and peculiarities. The manuscript testifies to the only known combination of the Farmer’s Law and the Prochiron in the South Slavic tradition. It is hypothesized that this combination was a conscious choice of the compilers of the collection influenced by tendencies in the post-Byzantine tradition. It corresponded to the strong anti-heretical line of the overall manuscript, inherited from the struggles against heresies on Mount Athos in the 14th century. The manuscript is a typical monastic miscellany. The linguistic nature of the “Farmer‘s Law” copy reveals its undoubted South-Slavic character, without russification, strongly influenced from the Greek protograph. Copy and translation may probably be of close chronology. Owing to being a precedential text, the Slavonic copy of the “Farmer’s Law” in Ms. Slav. 466 holds a special place in the attempts of reconstructing the stages and processes of reception of the Byzantine juridical legacy among South Slavs, of establishing the geographic-areal scope and the cultural itineraries of the spread of this text.
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Ivan the terrible: reform and reaction
Статья научная
Introduction. Hugh F. Graham (1925-1994) was a famous American historian, Professor at California State College (Bakersfield, USA), specialist in Greek and Latin sources for early Russian history, he also translated a number of R.G. Skrynnikov’s works into English. In this article, devoted to the epoch of Ivan IV the Terrible, H. Graham presented his view on the political processes that took place in the highest strata of the Moscow State that constituted the closest circle of Ivan IV the Terrible and that could influence the internal reforms and foreign policy in the state. Materials. The study is based on the works of Russian and foreign historians, which allowed the author of the article to show controversial issues and prepare the article using the problem approach (their names and titles of the works are specified in references). In addition, H. Graham drew attention to the data from the following published sources: the works of I. Peresvetov, Protestant pastor in Lithuania Pavel Oderborn, and others. Analysis. In this article, the author consistently outlined the events of the reign of Ivan IV: he paid attention to the reforms of the Elected Rada, the oprichnina, and the postoprichnina period. H. Graham noted that along with the active study of the oprichnina period by historians, the issue of functioning was missed, while Zemstvo acted in accordance with the former administrative and institutional norms, continued to function under the traditional aristocratic leadership of the princes I.F. Mstislavskii and I.D. Belskii, whom Ivan IV, in fact, called co-rulers, proclaiming: “We three hold all the power”. H. Graham did not agree with the view of the oprichnina as a struggle with the aristocratic circles. The historian saw the following paradox: almost all the victims were leading figures in the new world, and not advocates of the old order. They were responsible for developing management tools and served in key institutions, participating in the centralization process promotion. They helped the tsar to acquire more authoritarian power he so longed for. Results. It is the contention of this paper that the reign of Ivan the Terrible was not atypical, but simply a continuation in its own way of the regular path of development the Muscovite monarchy had long been following. However, a man still able to provoke such wildly disparate assessments of his character and accomplishments will continue to fascinate psychologists, bellettrists, historians, and popularizers alike. They will keep returning to him and hope that someone someday will at last manage to capture the elusive essence of the era and of the man himself in such a way as to win general acceptance. The abstract is prepared by Candidate of Sciences (History), Associate Professor N.V. Rybalko. The works of famous historians Hugh Graham and Knud Rasmussen, published below, are united by the fact that both of them are devoted to the Russian history of the 16th century, were written in the mid-1980s * and handed over to me by the authors who honored me, their young colleague, to come to Budapest at my invitation. I was originally supposed to publish each of these articles separately in Hungarian. Then I didn’t manage to do it, and after that I forgot about them. Though during my further relocation, when arranging the office, these articles always moved with me to a new place, therefore, I remembered about them and kept them in sight. Over time, they were becoming more and more clearly linked in my eyes as valuable historiographical sources that should be preserved for the next generations. I express my sincere gratitude to Igor Olegovich Tyumentsev, a faithful follower of R.G. Skrynnikov, for the opportunity to put my intention into practice. * Dating them is challenging because there are no dates of writing on the manuscripts with the exception of Hugh Graham’s work (see more about him: http://naukarus.com/hyu-grehem-indianskiy-eksperiment-i-sovetskoe-antikovedenie-50-60-h-godov). Knud Rasmussen (see more about him: http://novist.history.spbu.ru/trudy_kafedry/16_2_2016/2016_16_2_Vozgrin_V_E_-_Knud_Rasmussen_i_Hans_Bagger_datskie_istoriki_Rossii.pdf) probably gave me his article in 1984, when he came to Budapest shortly before his unexpected death in 1985.
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