International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing @ijem
Journal articles - International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing
All articles: 649
Simulation of Eddy Current Separation of Gold Particles from Sands
Scientific article
The particles of gold can be reuse and recovered from electronics products and cards by sorting from many other metals or from sands. In mixtures of small gold spheres and sands have been sorted by an efficient method called eddy current separation able to separate the gold from a mixture of non ferrous particles. It's a mining sort and recycling industry. This study is based on the ejected force created by the eddy currents induced and the rotation of drum. These eddy currents create a opposing magnetic field to create magneto-dynamic repulsive force between permanent magnet of separator and gold particles, these last will be ejected in collector by gravity force.
Free
Single Component, Multiphase Fluids Flow Simulation in Porous Media with Lattice Boltzmann Method
Scientific article
In this paper, a single component, two-phase flow simulator is developed to investigate the behavior of isothermal two-phase fluid flow in porous media. The simulator is based on the lattice-Boltzmann method and the Shan–Chen multiphase model of nonideal fluids that allow coexistence of two phases of a single substance. We reproduce some different idealized situations in which the results are already known from theory or laboratory measurements and show the validity of the implementation for the physical two-phase flow in porous media. Application of the method to fluid intrusion in porous media is discussed and shows the effect of wettability on the fluid flow. The capability of reproducing critical flooding phenomena under strong wettability conditions is also proved.
Free
Scientific article
Hand-drawn circuit diagrams must be manually converted into hardware description languages (HDLs) for digital design workflows. This manual conversion is time-consuming and error-prone and there has been little focus on hardware validation along the entire end-to-end circuit design process (such as circuit recognition and code generation). In response to these challenges, we present Sketic-FPGA, an end-to-end machine learning-based automated framework for converting hand-drawn logic circuits into functionally verified implementations on FPGA devices. The Sketic-FPGA system operates in a six-stage pipeline consisting of: adaptive image preprocessing, gate detection using an improved Faster R-CNN with ResNet-50 backbone, topology extraction, synthesis-aware Verilog code generation, automated FPGA implementation using Xilinx Vivado toolchain, and hardware-level validation. The proposed model was trained with 800 annotated samples across eight classes of logic gates, utilizing rotation-aware detection and curriculum learning to improve robustness. When evaluated against a dataset of 200 previously-unseen, test circuits, Sketic-FPGA produced 99.2% detection accuracy and 98.8% classification accuracy. All designs generated with Sketic-FPGA were successfully synthesized and implemented onto actual FPGA hardware, achieving functional correctness across the entire test circuit dataset using LED testing, Integrated Logic Analyzer (ILA) waveform verification, and exhaustive truth-table validation. On average, processing each circuit took 29.4 seconds from start to finish which has reduced the time required for a designer to create a circuit manually. An examination of how long it took students to design a circuit revealed that they spent 67% less time across multiple design iterations. Although we have only demonstrated the effectiveness of our framework on combinational circuits and in a controlled environment, our results indicate that there are many opportunities for rapid prototyping and automated hardware design as well as support for digital educational methods.
Free
Skin Lesion Detection Using Fuzzy Approach and Classification with CNN
Scientific article
Skin lesion detection at early stage is very effective for patients. As a result, patients can get time for treatment. Moreover, this early detection helps a patient in the long-time survival. However, skin lesion detection from a dermoscopic images is not a general task. Due to inter and intra-observer variations in human interpretations, research on skin lesion detection from dermoscopic images become important. In this paper, we proposed a method to segment and detect lesion of skin from images. The proposed method is based on a set of rules of fuzzy logic approach. Firstly, a set of rules is applied on dermoscopic images. The output is then thresholded. Closing operation as a morphological tool is used on the thresholded image. Then area filtering takes a place which results in the desired output. With respect to different learning models, CNN shows better performance in classifying ISIC and Dermis-dermquest dataset. The system delivers a significant performance, which is remarkable and comparable.
Free
Smart Home Automation Using IOT and its Low Cost Implementation
Scientific article
The use of automation is emerging with the help of internet providing possibility of objects to work it-self. With recent advancements to the fast speed internet, IoT will be playing a vital role in our daily tasks in present and future. IoT is offering feasibility and effectiveness to the system that are based upon it. These modern technologies are creating comfort and standard way of living because of its time, energy and cost efficiency. In this modern world, where things are going to be on our finger tips, our daily household appliances will also be controlled with our smartphones. This will allow us to manage the usage smartly, and can help in building of an eco-friendly environment. This paper will conduct a study based on how household appliances may be automated smartly with software applications that are integrated with hardware board. It presents the complete architecture of the system with its working capabilities. Also, it explains the internal mechanism of the system which mainly considers the software application and hardware board interaction. As we know the smart home automation is a costly process, so in this paper we would be looking at its low-cost implementation.
Free
Smart Home Monitoring using Android and Wireless Sensors
Scientific article
Common electrical hazards that occur at home are usually associated with the usage of faulty home appliances and electrical distribution. Circuit breakers are normally used to protect overloading at residential homes. We envisage that by monitoring continuously the usage characteristics of electrical power at every power point in real time could be the best method for protection. Presently, wireless sensor network (WSN) has been used in home monitoring to optimally manage the ‘well-being’ of power distribution in home in order to minimize hazards caused by electrical faults. This technique incidentally helps controlling the tariff by maintaining the power usage optimally. It has also been found that not much study has yet been made towards the use of WSN for monitoring electrical power and the consequent hazards with a view to ensure the welfare of residents at home. Based on this idea, we have developed a real time WSN based Electrical Hazard monitoring system that also uses android mobile application environment. The android based smart home monitoring, christened as ABASH system the details of which we present in this paper, detects the threshold violation in electrical parameters and produces an appropriate alert signal for home owners to enable them to take proper remedial actions depending on the situation, much before the circuit breaker operates. The proposed system has been validated specifically for the Brunei Electric standard as a case study. The details are provided in the paper.
Free
Smart Lighting System Using LoRa WAN Technology
Scientific article
The augmentation of the populace and the addition of the street have expanded the no of the streetlamp, for the street and individual’s security, which builds the venture and energy. Lighting burns-through satisfactory measure of energy in both open-air and indoor. Anyway, various methodologies are being proposed for making the framework energy effective and updated with the most recent innovation. This exploration gives the exact and the best command over the energy proficient road lighting framework. It will give the functional execution utilizing LoRa and the Arduino just as the data utilizing different sensors. This exploration provides conservation of energy and with efficient monitoring of light as well as accident that happen in road due to less efficacy presences of light.
Free
Smart Vehicle Accident Prevention and Road Safety System with Real Time Data Acquisition
Scientific article
Smart Vehicle Accident Prevention System is an innovative solution aimed at enhancing road safety and reducing the occurrence of accidents. Leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, this system combines real-time data acquisition, analysis, and intelligent decision-making algorithms to provide an effective accident prevention mechanism. The Vehicle Accident Prevention System is a com-prehensive project that aims to enhance road safety by utilizing Arduino microcontrollers and various sensors, including an alcohol sensor, temperature sensor, IR sensor and ultrasonic sensor. This report provides a detailed overview of the system’s design, implementation, and functionality.
Free
Smartphone Controlled Spy Robot with Video Transmission and Object Collector
Scientific article
Android, an operating system developed by Google for smartphones, tablets and such type of touchscreen phones. Android app is a software running on Android platform. Typically an app is designed for specific purpose on Android platform such as smartphones and tablets. In this work a designing and implementing process of an Android based spy robot is described. An Android based application, RC Bluetooth controller is used to control in this spy robot. This robot can be controlled with the help an app of Android phones. Arduino based microcontroller is used for instruction processing and giving proper instructions. Bluetooth technology is used to interface between Arduino and Android. A hand for collecting and holding objects and a camera for live video steaming is used to observe any object & movement of robot. This robot can move to any place and perform smartly within Bluetooth network range.
Free
Software Evolution of Next.js and Angular
Scientific article
Software evolution is the process of updating a software from it’s initial phase incorporating updates taken from the users. E-type software takes feedback and requirements from the users and updates the software accordingly. In the 70’s, Lehman proposed some laws of software evolution, which are still considered as the standards of measuring software evolution. Now-a-days, E-type softwares are getting very popular as users now use softwares by giving feedback. We are measuring Lehman’s laws of software evolution for two E-type softwares, Next.js and Angular. By downloading the source codes from github repositories, we analysed the source codes and evaluated if the softwares follow Lehman’s Laws of Software Evolution or not. This analysis completes the research which aims at measuring if the softwares evolve by maintaining Lehman’s Laws.
Free
Software for Simulating Neural Network Workload Impact on Mobile Devices
Scientific article
Mobile processors are now capable of running complex machine learning tasks locally, yet our mobile operating systems often hold them back. To preserve battery life, heavy workloads are typically restricted to charging or idle periods, severely limiting time-sensitive applications such as real-time health monitoring or federated learning. While we need more innovative scheduling algorithms to overcome this, validating them on physical hardware is extremely difficult. Factors like thermal throttling, background kernel activity, and battery degradation create an unpredictable environment where no two tests are ever quite the same. To solve this reproducibility challenge, we introduce a new simulation framework. Instead of relying on inconsistent test runs on physical devices, our system records a device's natural baseline activity and mathematically superimposes the resource footprint of a heavy task. It allows us to model CPU saturation, energy loss, memory pressure, and thermal dynamics in a controlled software environment. When compared against ground-truth recordings from Samsung Galaxy S10e and Fold 5 devices, the simulator achieved correlation scores exceeding 0.90 for computing and thermal metrics. By isolating the workload's impact from environmental noise, this platform provides a scalable method for benchmarking neural network schedulers without the logistical bottlenecks associated with continuous hardware testing.
Free
Scientific article
Rickshaw is the most common three wheeler in Bangladesh. Easy availability, less fare, openness in structure etc. have made this very popular vehicle for short distance travel purposes. Two types of Rickshaws are seen plying on the road, one is manual peddling type another is an electric motorized type which needs to be charged using electricity from the national grid. Each type possess its own disadvantages. The first one need to be pulled by a man, which can be very hard & laborious for the pullers. The second one needs electricity for charging purposes which is a burden on the national grid. In this paper, we tried to represent a new model of Rickshaw by mitigating the disadvantages of both types. The features, working mechanisms, structure, components etc. of the Solar Powered Rickshaw is discussed briefly with the necessary figures in this paper. The main objective of this paper is to relieve Rickshaw pullers from this kind of laborious job by using Solar Power Rickshaw (SPR) and help improving the power crisis in Bangladesh.
Free
Scientific article
Night-time perimeter monitoring in low illumination remains challenging because cluttered terrain, partial occlusion, and thermal crossover conditions simultaneously distort object boundaries and visual cues. Visible spectrum sensing loses discriminative texture at night, while infrared sensing preserves thermal salience but lacks structural context. Conventional pipelines that rely on single-modality detection or simple blending commonly produce unstable recall or avoidable false alarms when the background changes. The present paper presents an EfficientDet Fusion Intrusion Detector (EFID) which combines registered infrared and visible frames using an attention-guided weighting module and a spatially adaptive activity-weighted pixel fusion step. The feature-level attention weights estimate the reliability of each modality and guide the activity-weighted pixel fusion stage. The fused RGB image is resized from 1024 × 768 to 896 × 896 before being processed by EfficientDet-D3. The resultant fusion retains visible structural edges, while infrared target evidence is simultaneously enhanced. The resulting three-channel representation is processed by an EfficientDet D3 detector augmented with a bidirectional feature pyramid network (BiFPN) for multi-scale localisation under night conditions and clutter. Experiments use the public Multi-scenario Multi-modality Fusion and Detection (M³FD) benchmark containing 4,200 aligned infrared and visible pairs at 1024×768 resolution, annotated with 33,603 bounding boxes across six classes. The proposed EFID achieves 91.7% mAP@0.5 and 67.3% mAP@0.5:0.95, with 93.4% precision and 89.8% recall at 34.2 FPS on an NVIDIA RTX 3080. Systematic ablation confirms the independent contribution of the attention module, the activity-weighted pixel fusion term, and each BiFPN iteration. Cross-dataset experiments demonstrate that zero-shot transfer retains 84.1% mAP@0.5, rising to 86.0% with 10% target fine-tuning. The results indicate practical night robustness and real-time feasibility, while extreme occlusion and calibration drift remain limiting factors that motivate alignment-aware training and lightweight deployment optimisation as future work.
Free
Speaker Diarization Using Bi-LSTM and Spectral Clustering
Scientific article
Speaker diarization is the ability to compare, recognize, comprehend and segregate different sound waves on the basis of the identity of the speaker. This work aims to accomplish this process by segmenting, embedding and clustering the extracted features from the speech sample. In this work, Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) are extracted and fed into Bi-Directional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) model for segmentation. Then d- vectors are extracted using pre-trained models from pyannote libraries. Spectral Clustering is used to group and segregate the audio of one speaker from another. The experimentation is carried out on two speaker speech audio files and the results indicate that the diarization is successful. The diarization error rate of 9.4% for a 2-speaker audio file is the lowest DER achieved for the given data set. This indicates the efficiency of the system and also justifies the combination of methods chosen at each step. By considering such exciting technical trends, we believe the work presented in the paper represents a valuable contribution for the community by providing the recent developments using Bi-LSTM and spectral clustering methods, which enables the future development towards speaker diarization.
Free
Spiral flows at the cardiovascular system as the experimental base of new cardiac-gadgets design
Scientific article
The results of studies of the functional mechanodynamics of the arteries of the cardiovascular system are presented. Methods of mathematical neural computer modeling, developed by the authors, were reproduced the features of blood flow in statics and dynamics, taking into account the spiral laying of vessels smooth muscle with the transfer of its relief through a thin endothelial membrane lining the inner surface. It is shown that the the nature of the blood flow significantly differs with the both quantitative and qualitative characteristics from the blood flow without regard to the spiral endothelial relief repeating helical laying of smooth shell. The developed methods of neurocomputer modeling allow reconstruct and detect events to recreate the picture of the functioning of living bio tissue. Based on the obtained results and neural networks modeling, a new paradigm for the design of implantable cardiac-gadgets purposed.
Free
Stability Analysis of Slope Based on Finite Element Method
Scientific article
Based on the finite element software as calculation tool, Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion and Drucker-Prager yield criterion were converted to equivalent area circle yield criterion, the elastic-plastic large deformation finite element method (FEM) was adopted, at the same time strength reduction technology combined with convergence criterion, catastrophe criterion and plastic zone penetrability criterion was used, and the problem of 2-D slope stability was analysed. Then based on finite element reduction strength method and three criterions, the homogeneous slope safety factors were calculated. The results showed that equivalent area circle D - P yield criterion was suitable for slope stability analysis and that strength reduction technology could be applied in simple homogeneous side slope stability analysis.
Free
Scientific article
We propose a stage structure predator-prey model with a partially dependent predator and prey conservation. It is taken that the environment has been divided into two disjoint regions, namely, unreserved and reserved areas, where a predator is not allowed to enter the latter. The first model describes four species: prey refuge (prey in the reserved zone), prey in the unreserved zone, mature and immature predators. The predator is partially dependent on the prey in the unprotected area. The existence of ecological equilibria and their local and global stability is investigated. By using the Lyapunov theorem, sufficient conditions on the global stability of the equilibriums are obtained. Some numerical simulations show the viability of our results. The results show that the reserved area has a stabilizing impact on the stage structure predator-prey model.
Free
Scientific article
A SMC for the ball-on-sphere system was designed in this work. The mathematical system’s model was first derived and a SMC was designed. Then, Lyapunov’s method was used to test for the convergence on the sliding surface, and convergence of the system's states to the sliding surface was guaranteed. To reduce chattering, a super twisting SMC was designed. A controller that is linear was first given to the system and the simulation results showed that, while there is disturbance, achieving origin’s asymptotic stability is not viable. A SMC was then applied next, while there is disturbance, origin’s asymptotic stability was attained in finite-time. Then a 2nd order SMC was applied and the results showed faster origin’s asymptotic stability in finite time. Therefore, the real effect of applying a 2nd order SMC is faster asymptotic stability of the origin1. To reduce chattering, a ST SMC was applied and the chattering was observed to be reduced efficiently.
Free
Start-up failures due to Quality Failures
Scientific article
Software start-ups are fundamentally different from traditional software development firms and boutique software services enterprises of all sizes. They develop software products with strict time and resource constraints and are focused on beating competitors to the market. They fail fast and often pivot their business models several times in their lifetimes. Their approach to designing, developing, testing, and shipping software products differs vastly from the established software engineering principles that emerged during the field’s earlier decades. One such principle is Software Quality Assurance. Start-ups tend to do away with procedures that ensure that their products are of the utmost quality. Instead, they focus on shipping their products to market as fast as possible, testing these products vis-a-vis real-life customers and use-cases, and eventually improving these products, repeating the process several times over. We hypothesize that this reluctance to adhere to software quality assurance principles can have adverse effects on the health of start-ups or their products. This paper investigates this hypothesis through over 20 questions presented to CEOs, CTOs, Technical Leads, and Product Managers of several start-ups. These questions focus on start-ups’ motivations, their levels of understanding and appreciation of software quality assurance principles, and the limitations they face due to time and resource constraints. Our research’s results indicate the surveyed start-ups’ problems are partially due to the absence of robust software quality assurance practices within their processes.
Free
Statics simulation of the buffer wastewater neutralization process
Scientific article
The pH value is a very common chemical measurement and is an indicator of water quality. For dilute solutions of strong acids and bases, the pH is related to their concentration, and therefore, it’s related to the required for neutralization dose of the reagent, a clear dependence. In this case, the pH value is quite reliable parameter to control the process of neutralization. However, when the wastewater components that have buffer properties, for example, mixtures of weak acids and bases and their salts in mixture with strong acids are present, the neutralization process is described already by a group of characteristics. In the last case, traditional automatic systems cannot cope with the qualitative pH regulation. The article is devoted to the mathematical statics model of a neutralization buffer of wastewater process development. Based on the formulated assumptions, this process was divided into stages. After considering the characteristics of each stage the mathematical model of the process was obtained. The theoretical research results are specified in the developed calculation algorithm of the total reagent dose which is required to neutralize the wastewater, which have strong and weak acids in its composition. The theoretical and practical research results were approbated in the design of automatic control system of the buffer wastewater neutralization process in the enterprise of low-waste technology.
Free
